Notes on mosses from Ceylon and India, 7. Some species of Trichostomum

Abstract

Trichostomum bombayense C.M. is typified and T. cylindrotheca Mitt. reduced to synonymy under it. The records of Trichostomum species from Ceylon are critically examined and T. tenuirostre (Hook. & Tayl.) Lindb. removed from the Ceylon moss flora. Records of T. orthodontum (C.M.) Broth. and T. cuspidatum (D. & M.) D. & M. hitherto published are based on misidentifications, but new records are given of both. Differences between T. cuspidatum and T. stenophyllum (Mitt.) Broth., which latter binomial is not a homonym as Index Muscorum states, are dealt with and illustrated by S.E.M. photographs. T. stenophyllum is a good species which has been relegated to extraordinary synonymy in the past.     

Miscellaneous taxonomic notes on Elatostema (Urticaceae) from China and its adjacent area

Based on examination of specimens and field observations of Elatostema J. R. Forster & G. Forster (Urticaceae) from China and its adjacent area, one new species, E. vietnamense Q. Lin & L. D. Duan from Bach Ma Natl. Park, Thua Thien‐Hue Province, Vietnam, is described and illustrated. Pellionia ambigua Wedd. from Khasi Hills, Churra, Assam (=Meghalaya), India and P. rhizomatosa Gagnep. from Annam, Vietnam are transferred as Elatostema ambiguum (Wedd.) Q. Lin and E. rhizomatosum (Gagnep.) Q. Lin, respectively. Elatostema glochidioides W. T. Wang from Guangxi and Guizhou and Provinces, China is regarded as a new synonym of E. ramosissimum Rein.     

Elatostema densistriolatum sp. nov., E. latistipulum sp. nov. and E. cyrtandrifolium var. hirsutum var. nov. (Urticaceae) from southwest China

Two new species and one new variety of Elatostema J. R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Urticaceae) are described from Yunnan and Xizang, China. Habitat details and morphological comparison with similar species are given and discussed. The new taxa proposed are: Elatostema densistriolatum W. T. Wang & Zeng. Y. Wu, E. latistipulum W. T. Wang & Zeng Y. Wu and E. cyrtandrifolium (Zoll. & Mor.) Miq. var. hirsutum W. T. Wang & Zeng Y. Wu.     

安徽省楼梯草属新记录

报道了产于安徽省楼梯草属2新记录种,分别为锐齿楼梯草(Elatostema cyrtandrifolium)、深绿楼梯草(Elatostema atroviride).     

天线蛋白和类囊体膜脂对光合系统紫黄质循环的调节作用研究进展

紫黄质循环是紫黄质(V)经过中间物单环氧玉米黄质(A)形成玉米黄质(Z)的可逆转换,是光合系统聚光复合体在低光下的聚光状态与高光下的能量耗散状态之间的转换开关.叶黄素中的玉米黄质可钝化(去激发)激发三线态叶绿素(3Chl*)和激发单线态氧(1O2*),紫黄质循环可直接或间接地通过非光化学淬灭(NPQ)耗散PSⅡ天线蛋白中的过量光能.天线蛋白被认为是依赖玉米黄质(Z)耗散过量光能的部位,天线蛋白通过结合紫黄质循环组分(V,A和Z)来调节紫黄质循环.类囊体膜脂的性质和结构影响紫黄质循环组分(V,A和Z)间的转换,V的脱环氧化速率依赖于V在类囊体膜脂上侧向扩散的速率,紫黄质脱环氧化作用第一步(由V到A的转换)的速度常数是第二步(由A到Z的转换)速度常数的4～6倍.现有的结果表明,天线蛋白和类囊体膜脂是紫黄质循环最基本的调节器.该文对近年来国内外关于紫黄质循环的基本反应及其功能、紫黄质循环酶结构性质和辅因子以及天线蛋白和类囊体膜脂对紫黄质循环的调节作用及其机理等方面的研究进展进行了综述.     

FOLIAR TRICHOMES OF PLEUROTHALLIDINAE (ORCHIDACEAE): FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE

Foliar surfaces of nine pleurothallid orchids (Cryptophoranthus lepidotus L. O. Wms., Octomeria sp., Pleurothallis pidax Luer, P. poeppigii Lindl., P. revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Garay, Restrepiella ophiocephala (Lindl.) Garay & Dunsterv., Restrepia muscifera Rchb. f. ex Lindl., Scaphosepalum rapax Luer, Stelis endresii Rchb. f.), four nonpleurothallid orchids (Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl., Encyclia cochleata (L.) Lemee, E. tampensis (Lindl.) Small, Paphiope-dilum hybrid) and five tillandsioid bromeliads (Catopsis nutans (Sw.) Griseb., Tillandsia fas-ciculata Sw., T. streptophylla Scheidw., T. stricta Soland., T. tectorum E. Morr.) were assayed for permeability to Ca, S and P ions. Compared to leaves of the atmospheric bromeliads, those of the orchids proved less permeable to Ca and S. Moisture exchange profiles were determined for two of the bromeliads and three orchids; bromeliad leaves were able to rehydrate completely, orchid leaves only partially. Absorptive capacities of trichomes borne by five taxa were tested by autoradiographic analysis. Unlike bromeliad trichomes, those of the orchids exhibited no capacity to accumulate ³H-leucine. These results and other considerations described here suggest that, unlike tillandsioid bromeliads, neither the pleurothallid nor the nonpleurothallid orchids examined in this survey rely heavily on shoots for mineral and moisture procurement.     

Eight new Tricoma species (Nematoda,Desmoscolecidae) from a deep-sea transect off Calvi (Corsica,Mediterranean)

Eight new species of the genus Tricoma are described from the Mediterranean: Tricoma (Tricoma) apophysis sp.n., Tricoma (T.) latispicula sp.n., Tricoma (T.) corsicana sp.n., Tricoma (T.) pygmaea sp.n., Tricoma (T.) vincxae sp.n., Tricoma (T.) duopapillata sp.n., Tricoma (T.) setosa sp.n. and Tricoma (Quadricoma) tripapillata sp.n.. All are noteworthy for being small.     

Morphological evolution and phylogenetic relationships of the European ground voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia)

Brunet-Lecomte, P. & Chaline, J. 1991 01 15: Morphological evolution and phylogcnctic relationships of the European ground voles (Arvicolidae. Rodentia). Lethaia. Vol. 24. pp. 45–53. Oslo. ISSN 0024–1164. A new morphological study of the first lower molar M₁ of European Quaternary ground voles (Arvicolidac. Rodcntia. Microtus (Terricola)) by means of multivariate analysis renews the systematics. phylogenetic relationships and their evolutionary group history. An Allophaiomyan origin of ground voles has been confirmed and the evolution of Mediterranean and middle Europcan groups has now been clarified. Primitive species of middle European groups display plesiomorphics. except for M. (T.) arvalidens, which shows certain apomorphies of the present species. The occurrence of M. (T.) multiplex in France at the end of the middle Pleistocene before the appearance of M. (T.) suhterraneus completely reverses previous ideas which considered that M. (T.) multiplex was a sibling species derived from M. (T.) subterraneus during the Würmian glaciation. The Atlantic species M. (T.) pyrenaicus is probably derived from the middle Pleistocene species M. (T.) mariaclaudiue whose exact origin is unknown. M. (T.) sauii, M. (T.) tarentina. M. (T.) melirensis and M. (T.) henseli belong to the same geographic group. Perhaps M. (T.) savii derived from M. (T.) tarentina or shares the same ancestor with M. (T.) tarentina. M. (T.) duodecimcostarus probably indirectly derived from an Iberian specics of Allophuiomys such as A. chalinei, while M. (T.) lusitanicus was separated from M. (T.) duodecimcostutus about 60,000 years ago. A sketch of the stratigraphical records and geographical distribution of the Terricola species in Western Europe showing their phylogenetic relationships and migrations during the middle and upper Pleistocene is included. Morphometry, variance analysis, phylogeneric relationships. Mammalia. Rodentia. Arvicolidae. Microtus, Terricola.     

Arthropods associated with medicinal plants in coastal South Carolina

Arthropods were sampled from feverfew [Tanacetum parthenium （L.） Schultz- Bip], Echinacea purpurea （L.） Moench, Echinacea pallida （Nutt.） Nutt., Valeriana officinalis L., and St. John＇s wort （Hypericum perforatum L.） during 1998-2001. In addition, arthropods were sampled on tansy （Tanacetum vulgare L.） from 2001-2004. In general, 50-60 arthropod species where collected and identified among all of the medicinal plant species. Among the predators, Orius insidiosus （Say） （Hemiptera： Anthocoridae）, Geocoris punctipes （Say） （Hemiptera： Lygaeidae） and spiders were most abundant from 1998-2004. The three-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus （Say）, was the most abundant herbivore found from 1998 to 2001. Orius insidiosus and G. punctipes were 3-4 times more abundant on T. parthenium than on any other medicinal plant species. Based on the numbers of predatory arthropods found on T. parthenium, this crop could be suitable as a companion or ＂banker＂ plant to attract and maintain populations of predators, especially O. insidiosus and G. punctipes. Whitefly nymphs attacked by predators with piercing/sucking mouthparts are easily identified using a microscope because of the general appearance of the carcass left by the predators. Thus, populations of predators on T. parthenium suppressed Bemisia tabaci populations on E. purpurea when these crops were planted as companion crops.     

Allorhogas pyralophagus [Hym.: Braconidae], a gregarious external parasite imported into texas,USA, for biological control of the stalkborerEoreuma loftini [Lep.: Pyralidae] on sugar cane

Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh is a recently discovered doryctine braconid with potential for field trials against stalk borers infesting both large- and small- stemmed Graminacea. This external gregarious parasite was originally reared fromEoreuma loftini (Dyar) larvae infesting Johnson grass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] and sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) from the states of Sinaloa and Nuevo Leon, Mexico. The parasite is easily reared in the laboratory using a wide range of host larvae [Diatraea spp.,E. loftini, Chilo sp. andTryporyza nivelli (F)]. Hosts are placed in grass stems or paper straws for exposure to ovipositing females.A. pyralophagus has been field released and recovered from the following hosts infesting sugar cane:E. loftini andD. saccharalis (F.) in Texas.Diatraea spp. in Trinidad,D. rufescens in Bolivia andT. nivella in Sumatra, Indonesia. Approved as Contribution No. TA-20743 of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Establishment of papaya banker plant system for parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphilidae) against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in greenhouse tomato production

The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci biotype B (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and other vegetable crops worldwide. To combat this pest, a non-crop banker plant system was evaluated that employs a parasitoid, Encarsia sophia (Girault & Dodd) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) with whitefly, Trialeurodes variabilis (Quaintance) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), as an alternative host for rearing and dispersal of the parasitoid to the target pest. (a) Multi-choice and no-choice greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine host specificity of T. variabilis to papaya (Carica papaya L.) and three vegetable crops including tomato, green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.). The result showed that papaya was an excellent non-crop banker plant for supporting the non-pest alternative host, T. variabilis, whose adults had a strong specificity to papaya plants for feeding and oviposition in both multi-choice and no-choice tests. (b) The dispersal ability of E. sophia was investigated from papaya banker plants to tomato and green bean plants infested with B. tabaci, as well as to papaya control plants infested with T. variabilis; and (c) the percent parasitism by E. sophia on T. variabilis reared on papaya plants and on B. tabaci infested on tomato plants was also evaluated. These data proved that E. sophia was able to disperse at least 14.5 m away from papaya plants to target tomato, bean or papaya control plants within 48–96 h. Furthermore, E. sophia was a strong parasitoid of both T. variabilis and B. tabaci. There was no significant difference in percent parasitism by E. sophia on T. variabilis (36.2–47.4%) infested on papaya plants or B. tabaci (29–45.9%) on tomato plants. Thus, a novel banker plant system for the potential management of B. tabaci was established using papaya as a non-crop banker plant to support a non-pest alternative host, T. variabilis for maintaining the parasitoid to control B. tabaci. The established banker plant system should provide growers with a new option for long-term control of B. tabaci in greenhouse vegetable production. Ongoing studies on the papaya banker plant system are being performed in commercial greenhouses.     

Notes on mosses from Ceylon and India, 8. Another moss with three names in three continents

Abstract

Entodon dregeanus (Hornsch.) C.M., from Africa arid E. plicatus C.M., from southern India and Ceylon, are reduced to the synonymy of E. macropodus (Hedw.) C.M., an American species.     

Isolation and characterization of microsatellites in Echinochloa (L.) Beauv. spp.

Five primer pairs were developed that amplify microsatellite loci in three agronomically important Echinochloa (L.) Beauv. species: E. colona (L.) Link, E. crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and E. crus‐pavonis (Kunth) Schultes. The microsatellites were tested on 24 individuals representing three species collected in rice fields from different geographical regions and revealed 3–7 alleles per microsatellite. Gene diversity [1 ? Σp_ij²] for four polymorphic loci within E. crus‐galli ranged from 0.12 to 0.61. Alleles at a fifth locus were useful in discriminating the species. The microsatellites should provide useful markers for intraspecific diversity studies and aid classification of species within this complex genus.     

Pearl bodies of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae) as alternative food for a predatory mite Euseius sojaensis (Ehara) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

On the young leaves, shoots, and buds of Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep. (Vitaceae), we observed nutritious bodies called pearl bodies and hypothesized that they are utilized by generalist predators as alternative foods. Some ambulate organisms consume pearl bodies in the wild and the predatory mite Euseius sojaensis (Ehara) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was considered as a primary candidate. Pearl bodies promoted E. sojaensis settlement on C. japonica leaves and E. sojaensis could prey on the phytophagous mite Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida (Acari: Tetranychidae) when the predators settle on a leaf before the prey. In addition, the presence of pearl bodies did not reduce predation of E. sojaensis on T. kanzawai. This was seemingly because food quality of T. kanzawai was higher than pearl bodies. These results implied that pearl bodies on C. japonica leaves are utilized by E. sojaensis as alternative foods.     

Effect of inoculation withKlebsiella oxytoca andEnterobacter cloacae on dinitrogen fixation by rice-bacteria associations

The influence ofKlebsiella oxytoca andEnterobacter cloacae inoculation on dinitrogen fixation by the rice-bacteria association was examined in pots in a greenhouse. For inoculation,K. oxytoca NG13 isolated from a Japan paddy soil,E. cloacae E26 isolated from a China soil and following three strains were employed.K. oxytoca NG1389 is a mutant from NG13 and has no nitrogenase activity (nif). K. oxytoca NG13/pMC71A andE. cloacae E26/pMC71A were produced by inserting anif A containingK. pneumoniae plasmid (pMC71A) to NG13 and E26, respectively. These two strains were able to fix dinitrogen fixation in the presence of ammonium, whereas nitrogenase activity of wild strains (NG13 and E26) were repressed under this condition. Inoculation effects were tested on two rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, a Indica type C5444 and a Japonica type T65. Rice seedlings were planted to nonsterilized potted soil, and grown under flooded conditions. Upon inoculation with NG13 and E26, growth and N increment of plants particularly in T65 were stimulated above NG1389 inoculated plants. Assay by¹⁵N dilution and acetylene reduction techniques indicated that this N increment may be due to fixed N. Inoculation with NG13/pMC71A and E26/pMC71A resulted in more dry weight and fixed N than those of NG13 and E26 inoculated plants. Dr Y. Hirota died on 23 December 1986.     

Temperature sensitive periods ofcubitus interruptus mutants inDrosophila melanogaster

The temperature sensitive period for mutant expression was determined incubitus interruptus ofDrosophila melanogaster. Two stocks carrying the dominant alleleci ^D were compared, in which under the influence of temperature, mutant expression of the most conspicuous character (gap in fourth vein) changes in opposite directions.The effective period (T.E.P.) ofci ^D was found to be very similar in both stocks. It is relatively short and begins after puparium formation. The T.E.P. is also the same for mutant expression on the fourth and the fifth vein. But in contrast to the 4^th vein character, the 5^th vein reacted in the same direction in both stocks.The T.E.P. was again determined in the same two stocks after the recessive alleleci had been introduced instead ofci ^D . The T.E.P. ofci in both stocks occupies a large part of the larval period including the first instar. The genetic background difference that causes opposite temperature reactions ofci ^D , does not show up in the temperature reactions ofci.The significance of these facts and of T.E.P.'s in general are discussed.     

Subsociality in halictine bees

To look for the occurrence and the significance of brood care in social evolution, I reared six eusocial halictine bee species in laboratory cages enabling the observation of intranest behaviour: Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) laticeps, L. (E.) pauxillum, L. (E.) nigripes, L. (E.) euboeensis, Halictus (Halictus) scabiosae and L. (E.) fulvicorne. All of them were subsocial, each mother caring for her brood. Brood cells were sealed after oviposition with earthen plugs; they were then reopened, visited and closed again. These observations plus the reports in the literature on eleven eusocial species indicate that seventeen species of eusocial halictine bees provide parental care, i.e. are subsocial. Brood care, subsociality, is strongly associated with eusociality. To study reversal from eusociality to subsociality, I have reared the non-eusocial form of two species within which there are or have been eusocial forms: Halictus (H.) rubicundus and Lasioglossum (E.) fratellum. They are secondarily solitary, having lost worker brood. However, both species still show brood care. This suggests that in transitions to eusociality, brood care antedated eusociality. To further examine this issue I reared two truly solitary species that are not derived from eusocial ancestors: Lasioglossum (E.) villosulum and L. (L.) quadrinotatum. Unlike secondarily solitary species, females of both these species close their brood cells after oviposition and ignore their progeny thereafter. This association strongly suggests that the subsocial route with maternal brood care is the route to eusociality in halictine bees.     

Ultrastructural observations on the marine fouling diatomAmphora

Ecological and Scanning electron microscope (S. E. M.) studies indicated that the diatomAmphora was an important constituent in the initial colonization of test panels coated with a copper antifouling composition.Amphora was also found as the dominant fouling diatom species on paint samples from in-service supertankers and yachts. Associated with the diatom was copious amounts of mucilaginous material, which often encapsulated the cells. Histochemical analysis of the mucilage indicates that it is predominantly polysaccharide in nature. Using the Transmission electron microscope (T. E. M.) and electron microscope cytochemistry the intracellular origin of the adhesive was investigated. T. E. M. and S. E. M. observations of acid-cleaned-cells indicate that the mucilage may be secreted through specialized regions of the frustule. Material isolated from antifouling panels was compared with laboratory culturedAmphora spp. for copper resistance and internal accumulation using TEMSCAN — X ray analytical equipment.     

Notes on the genus Thamnobryum in Macaronesia (excluding the Cape Verde Islands)

Abstract

The genus Thamnobryum is reviewed from Macaronesia (excludingthe Cape Verde Islands). In this area there are three species, T. alopecurum (Hedw.) Gang., T. maderense (Kindb.) Hedenäs, comb. nov. and T. fernandesii C. Sérgio. T. fernandesii is only known from Madeira; the other two also occur on the Canary Islands and the Azores. Thamnobryum canariense (Ren. & Card.) Long is transferred to Isothecium, as I. atlanticum Hedenäs, comb. et nom. nov.     

Biological studies ofAmblyseius olivi,a new predator of eriophyid mites infesting olive trees in Egypt [Acari: Phytoseiidae]

The development was faster and reproduction was higher whenAmblyseius olivi Nasr & Abou-Awad fed on the eriophyid miteEriophyes olivi Zaher & Abou-Awad. The duration increased and reproduction decreased on the tetranychid miteTetranychus (T.) uriticae Koch. The predator female consumed daily 120 and 8 individuals ofE. olivi andT. (T.) uriticae respectively. The daily reproduction was as low as 0.6–0.3 eggs/♂/day when females were maintained on royal jelly, molasses, honey or their combinations.

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Résumé Le développement était plus rapide et la reproduction était plus élevée quandAmblyseius olivi Nasr & Abou-Awad se nourrissait de l'Eriophyide:Eriophyes olivi Zaher & Abou-Awad. La durée augmentait et la reproduction décroissait avecTetranychus urticae Koch. Le prédateur femelle consommait quotidiennement 120 et 8 individus deE. olivi et deT. (T) urticae. respectivement. La reproduction quotidienne était faible 0,6–0,3 œuf/♂/jour quand les femelles étaient maintenues sur gelée royale, molasses, miel ou leurs combinaisons.