Anti-angiogenic property of edible berries

Recent studies show that edible berries may have potent chemopreventive properties. Anti-angiogenic approaches to prevent and treat cancer represent a priority area in investigative tumor biology. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a crucial role for the vascularization of tumors. The vasculature in adult skin remains normally quiescent. However, skin retains the capacity for brisk initiation of angiogenesis during inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis and skin cancers. We sought to test the effects of multiple berry extracts on inducible VEGF expression by human HaCaT keratinocytes. Six berry extracts (wild blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seed, and strawberry) and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) were studied. The extracts and uptake of their constituents by HaCaT were studied using a multi-channel HPLC-CoulArray approach. Antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by ORAC. Cranberry, elderberry and raspberry seed samples were observed to possess comparable ORAC values. The antioxidant capacity of these samples was significantly lower than that of the other samples studied. The ORAC values of strawberry powder and GSPE were higher than cranberry, elderberry or raspberry seed but significantly lower than the other samples studied. Wild bilberry and blueberry extracts possessed the highest ORAC values. Each of the berry samples studied significantly inhibited both H2O2 as well as TNF alpha induced VEGF expression by the human keratinocytes. This effect was not shared by other antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol or GSPE but was commonly shared by pure flavonoids. Matrigel assay using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells showed that edible berries impair angiogenesis.     

Nutritional composition of edible Hawaiian seaweeds

Fresh seaweeds, both wild and cultivated,are commonly eaten as food in the HawaiianIslands. Before Western contact, limu (seaweed) was a regular part of thediet, and is thought to have contributedvitamins and essential mineral nutrientsnot found in other staple food items. Twenty-two species of edible Hawaiianmacroalgae (6 Chlorophyta, 4 Phaeophyta, 12Rhodophyta) were analyzed for protein,lipid, carbohydrate, ash, caloric, mineraland vitamin content. Halymeniaformosa and Porphyra vietnamensisranked highest in total protein contentamong the species analyzed. Most speciescontained less than 5% crude lipid,although two Dictyota species hadover 16% crude lipid based on dry weight. Soluble carbohydrates ranged from 4.5 to39.9% dry weight. Ash values ranged from22.4% to 64.2%. Dictyotasandvicensis and Monostromaoxyspermum had caloric content each over3000 cal g^-1 ash-free dry weight. Allspecies contained measurable quantities of11 essential mineral elements. The majorityof Hawaiian seaweeds tested contained-carotene (vitamin A), and Enteromorpha flexuosa contained thehighest amount of vitamin C (3 mg g^-1).     

Isolation of protoplasts from edible fungi

Summary Mycelium from the periphery of actively growing colonies on cellophane and from shake flask cultures was used for the isolation of protoplasts from strains ofAgaricus bisporus,Auricularia auricula, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina andV. volvacea. The mycelial cells were treated with two mycolytic enzymes, Novozym 234 or lywallzyme. Protoplasts were produced from all the edible fungi tested.Pleurotus sajor-caju gave the highest yield (3.84×10⁷/ml), followed byAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml),Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml) andV. volvacea (1.92×10⁶/ml), when treated with lywallzyme.Agaricus bisporus gave the smallest yield of protoplasts when Novozym 234 was used. The effects of different molarities of osmotic stabilizers were also studied. The cellophane method is simple and quick and can be used as a screening procedure. The yields of protoplasts obtained from liquid cultures were usually higher than those from cellophane cultures.

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Aislamiento de protoplastos a partir de setas comestibles

Resumen Para el aislamiento de protoplastos de cepas deAgaricus bisporus, Auricularia auricula,Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina, y V. volvacea se utilizo micelio periferico de colonias que estaban en crecimiento activo en celofan y en frascos de agitación. Las celulas del micelio se tratarón con dos enzymas mycoliticos: Novozym 234 y lywallzyme. Todas las setas comestibles ensayadas produjerón protoplastos. Mediante tratamiento con lywallzyme la mejor cosecha de protoplastos la proporcionoP. sajor-caju (3.84×10⁷/ml) seguido porAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml),Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml) yV. volvacea (1.92×10⁶/ml). Con Novozym 234Ag. bisporus fué la de menor rendimiento. También se estudiarón los efectos de distintos estabilizadores osmoticos a diferentes molaridades.

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Isolement de protoplastes à partir de champignons comestibles

Résumé Du mycélium prélevé à la périphérie de colonies dévoloppées sur cellophane ou à partir de cultures liquides agitées a été utilizé pour la préparation de protoplastes d'Agaricusbisporus,Auricularia auricula, Lentinus edodes, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Volvariella bombycina etV. volvacea. Les cellules mycéliales ont été traitées par deux enzymes mycolytiques, Novozym 234 et lywallzyme. Par traitement avec le lywallzyme, des protoplastes ont été obtenus avec tous les champignons comestibles étudiés,P. sajor-caju donnant le rendement le plus élevé (3.84×10⁷/ml), suivi parAu. auricula (7.46×10⁶/ml,Ag. bisporus (2.16×10⁶/ml etV. volvacea 1.92×10⁶/ml). Avec le Novozym 234,Ag. bisporus a donné le rendement en protoplastes le moins élevé. Les effets de différentes molarités de stabilisateurs osmotiques ont également été étudiés. La méthode de la cellophane est simple et rapide et peut être employée comme procédé de degrossissage. Les rendements en protoplastes obtenus à partir des cultures liquides sont habituellement plus élevés que ceux à partir des cultures sur cellophane.

     

食用昆虫的研究与应用进展

对食用昆虫的研究与应用进行综述,介绍了世界各地对食用昆虫的利用概况,分析了食用昆虫的营养价值,以及昆虫在有机废弃物生物转化方面、作为人类食品和作为动物饲料代替鱼粉方面的应用情况、产业化研究现状及存在问题,最后对食用昆虫的研究开发前景进行了展望.     

食用菌的代谢产物

本文概述了食用菌在新陈代谢过程中产生的代谢产物。这些物质主要包括抗生素、抗肿瘤活性物质、干扰素诱导物、降低胆固醇物质、特殊呈味物质、维生素及其它代谢产物等。     

Plants for delivery of edible vaccines

Over the past decade, scientific advances in molecular biology and immunology have improved understanding of many diseases and led to the development of novel strategies for vaccination. The development of plants expressing vaccine antigens is a particularly promising approach. Plant-derived antigenic proteins have delayed or prevented the onset of disease in animals and have proven to be safe and functional in human clinical trials. Future areas of research should further characterize the induction of the mucosal immune system and appropriate crop species for delivery of animal and human vaccines.     

Isolation of protoplasts from edible seaweeds

Protoplasts were isolated enzymatically from three species of Chlorophyta (Enteromorpha linza, Monostroma zostericola andUlva pertusa) with high yield and viability. An enzyme solution appropriate for protoplast isolation from the marine green algae was the following: 2% Cellulase Onozuka R-10, 1.0.M mannitol, pH 6.0. Protoplasts could not be obtained from members of Phaeophyta or Rhodophyta.     

Suspected myotoxicity of edible wild mushrooms

Recently, the widely consumed yellow tricholoma Tricholoma flavovirens caused delayed rhabdomyolysis and fatalities in humans in France and Poland and triggered elevated plasma creatine kinase activities in mice. Furthermore, the highly appreciated king boletus (Boletus edulis) caused similar responses in experimental mice. Because of this, it was hypothesized that other fungi could also contain chemical compounds that would cause similar myotoxic effects. To test the suspected myotoxicity of other wild mushrooms consumed by tradition, 86 mice were exposed for 5 days to 3, 6, or 9 g/kg body mass/day of edible mushrooms representing diverse genera (Russula spp, Cantharellus cibarius, Albatrellus ovinus, and Leccinium versipelle) mixed with regular laboratory rodent diet. The plasma creatine kinase activity increased with all studied mushroom species at 9 g/kg body mass/day, whereas the histologic appearance of muscle and liver samples was unaffected. The results support the hypothesis that the previously observed toxic effects are not specific to T. flavovirens, but probably represent an unspecific response requiring individual sensitivity and a significant amount of ingested mushroom to manifest itself.     

Mitogenic activity of edible mushroom lectins

A special group of lectins were isolated from three popular Asian edible mushrooms: Volvariella volvacea, Pleurotus flabellatus and Hericium erinacium, and their mitogenic activities towards mouse T cells were compared to the extensively investigated Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL) and the Jack bean lectin, Concanavalin A (Con A). Among the four mushroom lectins tested, V. volvacea lectin (VVL) exhibited strong mitogenic activity as demonstrated by 3H-thymidine incorporation, which was at least 10-fold more effective than that of Con A, and the other mushroom lectins did not exhibit any proliferative activity. Treatment with VVL and ABL resulted in activation of the protein tyrosine kinase, p56lck, and expression of early activation markers, CD69 and CD25, but only VVL induced intracellular calcium influx while ABL triggered cell death. The calcium influx was sensitive to calcium channel antagonists such as nifedipine and verapamil. The P. flabellatus lectin (PFL) and H. erinacium lectin (HEL) did not stimulate p56lck expression and cell proliferation. Neither of these lectins interfered with Con A-mediated lymphocyte proliferation, which further indicated that both PFL and HEL were non-mitogenic. Taken all results together, VVL induced mitogenesis through T cell receptors and the subsequent calcium signaling pathway.     

Consumer value‐based edible insect market segmentation [edible insect market segmentation]

Edible insect food products have been launched and in the market since 2011. Since then the number of companies that produce edible insect food product has increased greatly. However, the guidance of how these firms should effectively target which consumer market is unclear. The goal of this study is to provide information about the US consumer market that could potentially increase edible insect food product sales. This study uses consumer value as a segmenting axle and provides the cluster analysis results. From this analysis, academics and industry practitioners can have better insights about edible insect food product consumer profiles.     

红菇科可食真菌的若干分类问题

红菇科Russulaceae包含大量全球广泛采食的野生食用菌,同时也有一定数目的毒菌。该科特别是红菇属的分类是大型真菌分类的难点。近年来DNA数据大量应用于红菇科的分类,更新了属的界定和概念,发现了大量新物种,为食用菌和毒菌的识别和鉴定带来了可用的名称。然而,DNA证据并不总是与形态证据吻合,这又为食用菌和毒菌的识别和名称的使用带来了困扰和不便。本文针对乳菇属、多汁乳菇属和红菇属中的重要食用菌类群,回顾了近年来的分类研究进展,分析了研究背后的数据实情和存在的分类问题。认为：在食用菌和毒菌的确定上,依靠物种复合群共有的形态特征更具有可操作性;依据DNA序列进行的劈分式分类和依靠少数样品的特征及DNA序列上的少量差异发表新种的做法可能产生不便于使用的后果;在乳菇属和红菇属中,“BLAST相似度低的即为新种”的分类实践存在错误风险;充分结合历史资料和各个类群的特点,确定物种划分的阈值,才能有望解决红菇科真菌的分类问题。     

食药用真菌: 天然抗氧化剂的重要来源

生物体在新陈代谢过程中不断产生自由基。自由基在机体内的生成和去除通常处于平衡状态,不会对机体造成严重损伤,但当机体内的自由基过剩时,常引起生物大分子如脂类、蛋白质和核酸的氧化损伤,进而引发机体衰老以及癌症、动脉粥样硬化、风湿性关节炎、肺气肿等疾病。过去20年中,自由基在细胞损     

菌根食用菌研究进展

与植物根系共生的菌根食用菌（edible mycorrhizal fungi,EMF）,具有较高的营养价值、经济价值和生态价值。总结了菌根食用菌（EMF）种质资源分布与利用、生理与生态学研究、驯化与栽培技术研究最新进展,分析了我国EMF开发利用所面临的挑战与机遇,探讨了EMF研究动向与发展前景。