Pattern of sulfate uptake during root elongation in maize: its correlation with productivity

The efficiency of sulfate uptake was evaluated in excised roots of 22 maize genotypes, 12 inbreds and 10 hybrids, in order to study the relationship between the kinetic characteristics of the uptake and the grain productivity. During root elongation, the uptake capacity showed a pulse which appeared when the root reached 1/3 to 1/2 of its final length. The size of the accumulated pool of sulfate was significantly correlated with the productivity. The kinetic parameters of the uptake, Vmax and Km, followed the same trend, showing pulses, whoxe maximum had the same position for Vmax and Km in each genotype. The variability with the genotype of the size and duration of the Vmax pulse was not strictly connected with that of Km. The main correlation between Vmax and Km patterns was the following; inbreds were generally characterized by low Vmax and low Km; hybrids by high Vmax and high Km. As a consequence, in most cases, the benefit of the heterotic stimulation of Vmax was contrasted by the loss of affinity of the transport system or the nutrients.     

Effect of light intensity on algal biomass accumulation and biodiesel production for mixotrophic strains Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide cultivated in highly concentrated municipal wastewater

In this research, the effect of light intensity on biomass accumulation, wastewater nutrient removal through algae cultivation, and biodiesel productivity was investigated with algae species Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide. The light intensities studied were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 200 μmol m(-2) s(-1). The results showed that light intensity had profound impact on tested responses for both strains, and the dependence of these responses on light intensity varied with different algae strains. For C. kessleri, the optimum light intensity was 120 μmol m(-2) S(-1) for all responses except for COD removal. For C. protothecoide, the optimum light intensity was 30 μmol m(-2) S(-1). The major components of the biodiesel produced from algae biomass were 16-C and 18-C FAME, and the highest biodiesel contents were 24.19% and 19.48% of dried biomass for C. kessleri and C. protothecoide, respectively. Both species were capable of wastewater nutrients removal under all lighting conditions with high removal efficiencies.     

光照和温度对氮饥饿及饱和营养条件下石莼(Ulva lactuca)的硝态氮吸收动力学影响

为探讨海藻养分吸收能力并以高效养分过滤器筛选为目标,以N饥饿和N饱和的石莼为材料,研究了3种光照及温度因子及其交互作用对不同N素营养限制状态下石莼NO3-吸收动力学特征的影响。结果表明:N饱和条件下,随着光照的增强,石莼对NO3-的最大吸收速率也增加;30℃条件下,光照强度的增加虽然使得其最大吸收速率提高,但Vmax/Km在中等光强下最大;20℃最有利于石莼对NO3-的吸收。N饥饿条件下,石莼对NO3-的吸收速率显著大于非饥饿状态。在10℃和20℃条件下,呈现与N饱和条件下相似的规律,但在30℃条件下,中等光强石莼对NO3-的最大吸收速率最高。在10℃和20℃条件下,增加光强促进石莼对NO3-的吸收,但30℃条件下光强的增加并未起到促进作用。饥饿状态下的石莼的NO3-吸收速率较高,当石莼吸收NO3-饱和时,依然可以以较低的速率继续吸收环境中的NO3-。     

Efficiency of the first steps of sulfate utilization by maize hybrids in relation to their productivity

The genetic variability of the efficiency of the first steps of sulfate utilization and its correlation with productivity were evaluated in nine maize hybrids. ³⁵SO₄²⁻ uptake by excised roots, uptake by intact plant roots, translocation to leaves, and ATP sulfurylase in leaves were taken into account. Uptake rate by roots of intact plants did not show any pulse within 7 to 12 days from emergence, in contrast with the previously observed behaviour of excised roots during root elongation. The uptake rate of intact plants was positively correlated with that of excised roots, but the variability within the nine genotypes tested was less. Productivity was positively correlated with sulfate uptake by both intact plant and excised roots, the level of significance being higher in the first case. Translocation to leaves and ATP sulfurylase activity were not correlated to productivity. Therefore, in the case of sulfate, the grain yield of commonly cultivated maize hybrids appeared to be controlled more by the root uptake step than by the activation and translocation steps.     

五种淡水微藻的适宜培养温度和光照强度

从淡水中分离得到绿球藻(Chlorococcum sp.)SHOU-F3、纤维藻(Ankistrodesmus sp.)SHOU-F33、小球藻(Chlorella sp.)SHOU-F46、空星藻(Coelastrum sphaericum)SHOU-F10和栅藻(Scenedesmus sp.)SHOU-FX,分别在光照培养箱中研究了温度、光照强度对5种微藻增殖的影响,并分析了5种微藻的细胞组成。结果表明:绿球藻SHOU-F3、纤维藻SHOU-F33、小球藻SHOU-F46、空星藻SHOU-F10和栅藻SHOU-FX的最适生长温度分别为29.8、23.5、31.4、34.4和24.7℃;最适光照强度分别为16、119、42、82和106μmol·m-2·s-1;在适宜培养条件下,绿球藻SHOU-F3的色素、蛋白以及总糖的百分含量最高,纤维藻SHOU-F33的脂肪百分含量最高。     

Kinetics of sulfate uptake by freshwater and marine species ofDesulfovibrio

Apparent half-saturation constants (K _m) and maximum uptake rates (V _max) for sulfate were determined in four species ofDesulfovibrio of freshwater and marine origin using a³⁵S-sulfate tracer technique. The lowerstK _m (5 M) was found in the freshwater speciesDesulfovibrio vulgaris (Marburg) and the highestK _m (77 M) in the marine speciesDesulfovibrio salexigens. Maximum specific rates of sulfate uptake (i.e.,V _max) were proportional to the growth rates observed in batch cultures. The halophilicDesulfovibrio salexigens did not change itsK _m andV _max between 1 and 6,000 M SO ₄ ^2- , and apparently did not induce a low-affinity uptake system at high sulfate concentrations. The low half-saturation constants measured for sulfate uptake explain why high rates of bacterial sulfate reduction occur in surface sediments of freshwater lakes, and why sulfate reduction can be a quantitatively important process in anaerobic carbon mineralization in low-sulfate environments. The results shows that extremely low sulfate concentrations must occur before sulfate reduction is completely outcompeted by methanogenesis.Abbreviations MPB methane producing bacteria - SRB sulfate reducing bacteria     

Inorganic carbon uptake by phytoplankton in Vineyard Sound,Massachusetts. II. Comparative primary productivity and nutritional status of winter and summer assemblages

Using time-course, natural-light incubations, we assessed the rate of carbon uptake at a range of light intensities, the effect of supplemental additions of nitrogen (as NH₄⁺ or urea) on light and dark carbon uptake, and the rates of uptake of NH₄⁺ and urea by phytoplankton from Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts from February through August 1982. During the winter, photoinhibition was severe, becoming manifested shortly after the start of an incubation, whereas during the summer, there was little to no evidence of photoinhibition during the first several hours after the start of an incubation. At light levels which were neither photoinhibiting nor light limiting, rates of carbon uptake normalized per liter were high and approximately equal during winter and summer (22–23 μg C·l^?1 · h^?1), and low during spring (<10 μgC·l^?1· h^?1). In contrast, on a chlorophyll a basis, rates of carbon fixation were as high during spring (15–20μg C·μg Chl a^?1·h^?1), when concentrations of chlorophyll a were at the yearly minimum (<0.5 μg · l^?1) as during the summer, when chlorophyll a concentrations were substantially higher (0.8–1.3 μg · l^?1). Highest rates of NH₄⁺ and urea uptake were observed during summer, and at no time of the year was there evidence for severe nitrogen deficiency, although moderate nitrogen nutritional stress was apparent during the summer months.     

Changes in alkaline phosphatase activity and phosphate uptake in P-limited phytoplankton,induced by light intensity and spectral quality

Alkaline phosphatase activity and P uptake were determined in P-limited Dunaliella tertiolecta, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Phaeodactylum tricornumtum, and Prymnesium parvum grown under different light intensities and colors. Both intracellular and extracellular enzyme activities varied with the intensity and quality of light in a species-specific manner. The spectral composition of the light also affected P uptake kinetics. No correlation was found between enzyme activity and V_max both within a species and for pooled data for all four species, indicating that the change in uptake kinetics and enzyme activity was not related to P limitation, but induced by the light conditions. Changes in the optimum N:P ratio induced by light were also not related to P uptake kinetics or enzyme activity. These data suggest that light conditions may in themselves have profound effects on species competition for limiting nutrients. Furthermore, since both alkaline phosphatase activity and P uptake were influenced by the prevailing light conditions we suggest that these parameters be used cautiously when determining the P nutritional status of phytoplankton in nature.Address for reprint requests     

Effect of calcium on sulfate uptake by barley roots

Abstract Sulfate uptake by excised roots of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was maximal in the presence of about 3x10^-3M CaCl₂. Kinetic studies contraindicate a stoichiometric binding of calcium to the carrier for sulfate, in contrast to findings of Cuppoletti and Segel (Biochemistry 14: 471–4718, 1975) for the filamentous fungus Penicillium notatum. In barley, calcium affects the K_m but not the V_max for sulfate uptake, presumably by altering the conformation and, thereby, the affinity of the carrier. Calcium also affects the transition site for sulfate uptake.     

罗非鱼对微型生态系统浮游生物群落和初级生产力的影响

本文报道罗非鱼不同放养密度对淡水微型生态系统结构与功能影响的部分研究结果。罗非鱼的捕食使微型生态系统中浮游动物密度下降,引起浮游植物密度、初级生产力和P/R系数的增长,同时使水柱透明度降低而pH值增高,以致于实验后期微型生态系统具有典型的富营养化水体的特征。就罗非鱼放养密度不同的微型生态系统而言,虽然其浮游生物密度和P/R系数存在显著的组(或部分组)间差异,但不同密度组的初级生产力水平和最终的理化状况相差不大,并且罗非鱼的收获量甚为接近。因此,实验条件下微型生态系统的群落结构和代谢的变化,按照营养级联假说不能很好地予以解释,表明微型生态系统是由捕食(下行影响)和理化因素(上行影响)共同调节或控制的。根据微型生态系统的实验结果推断,放养较大密度的罗非鱼,将会加速营养物负荷较高的天然水域富营养化的进程。     

Productivity and photosynthetic efficiency ofSpirulina platensis as affected by light intensity,algal density and rate of mixing in a flat plate photobioreactor

The effect of the rate of mixing on productivity of algal mass in relation to photon flux density and algal concentration was quantitatively evaluated in cultures ofSpirulina platensis grown in a newly designed flat-plate photobioreactor. Special emphasis was placed on elucidating the principles underlying efficient utilization of high photon flux density for maximal productivity of algal-mass. Whereas the rate of mixing exerted little influence on productivity and photosynthetic efficiency in cultures of relatively low algal density, its effect became ever more significant as algal concentration was increased. Maximal mixing-enhanced cell concentrations and productivity of biomass were obtained at the highest light intensity used. At each level of incident light intensity, maximum productivity and photosynthetic efficiency could be achieved only when algal concentration and mixing rates were optimized. The higher the intensity of the light source, the higher became the optimal culture density, highest algal concentrations and productivity of biomass being obtained at the highest light intensity used. The rate of mixing required careful optimization: when too low, maximal productivity resulting from the most efficient utilization of light could not be obtained. Too high a rate of mixing resulted in cell damage and reduced output rate.Author for correspondence     

高寒草地植物群落地上-地下净初级生产力权衡

植物生产力分配和权衡是植物生态学研究中的热点,反映植物对环境的适应性,是了解植物响应全球气候变化的关键。青藏高原作为气候变化敏感区,研究其植物地上与地下部分权衡对了解高寒草地植被生存策略和生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。目前,生物量分配调控机制已被广泛研究,但主要使用植物根冠比和地上-地下生物量比等方法来表征植物分配模式,缺乏考虑因植物生长周期导致的差异。使用青藏高原高寒草地103个样点的地上和地下净初级生产力数据,分析高寒草甸和高寒草原两种主要草地类型的地上-地下净初级生产力权衡关系。利用气候因素和土壤因素等相关数据,结合方差分析、相关分析、相对重要性分析和结构方程模型的方法,探究环境因素对两种草地类型地上-地下净初级生产力权衡的影响机制。研究发现：（1）高寒草甸的地上净初级生产力、地下净初级生产力和土壤养分含量显著高于高寒草原（P<0.05）;（2）高寒草地植被生产力均向地下权衡（0.0199）,且高寒草原（0.0354）的权衡值高于高寒草甸（0.0173）;（3）结构方程模型发现,年平均降水量、土壤容重和土壤速效氮含量是影响高寒草甸生产力权衡的主导因子,而年平均温度和年平均降水量是影响高寒草原生产力权衡的主导因子。研究表明高寒草甸的生产力权衡主要受气候和土壤因素共同影响,而高寒草原主要受气候因素调节。研究为理解植物地上-地下生物量分配调控机制提供了新的视角和方法,对系统了解高寒草地生物量分配模式和准确预测高寒草地植被动态过程具有指导意义。     

Effects of sediment resuspension on phytoplankton production: teasing apart the influences of light, nutrients and algal entrainment

1. Wind‐induced sediment resuspension can affect planktonic primary productivity by influencing light penetration and nutrient availability, and by contributing meroplankton (algae resuspended from the lake bed) to the water column. We established relationships between sediment resuspension, light and nutrient availability to phytoplankton in a shallow lake on four occasions. 2. The effects of additions of surficial sediments and nutrients on the productivity of phytoplankton communities were measured in 300 mL gas‐tight bottles attached to rotating plankton wheels and exposed to a light gradient, in 24 h incubations at in situ temperatures. 3. While sediment resuspension always increased primary productivity, resuspension released phytoplankton from nutrient limitation in only two of the four experiments because the amount of available nitrogen and phosphorus entrained from the sediments was small compared with typical baseline levels in the water column. In contrast, chlorophyll a entrainment was substantial compared with baseline water column concentrations and the contribution of meroplankton to primary production was important at times, especially when seasonal irradiance in the lake was high. 4. Comparison of the in situ light climate with the threshold of light‐limitation of the phytoplankton indicated that phytoplankton in the lake were only likely to be light‐limited at times of extreme turbidity (e.g. >200 nephelometric turbidity units), particularly when these occur in winter. Therefore, resuspension influenced phytoplankton production mainly via effects on available nutrients and by entraining algae. The importance of each of these varied in time. 5. The partitioning of primary productivity between the water column and sediments in shallow lakes greatly influences the outcome of resuspension events for water column primary productivity.     

放牧强度对草甸草原生产力和多样性的影响

采用比较样地法研究了不同放牧强度对羊草草甸草原群落多样性和生产力的影响。结果表明:α多样性指数随放牧强度的增加表现为先增加后降低的趋势,其值在轻度放牧区最大,支持了"中度干扰理论";β多样性指数随放牧强度的增加而变大;不同放牧强度的草地植物种类相似性变差、草地地上净初级生产力与Alatalo均匀度指数具有显著的线性相关性(P0.05);放牧和气候对草地地上净初级生产力均有较大的影响,但二者的互作效应不显著(P0.05);不放牧不能持续维持草地的健康状况,但健康的草地状况可以有效地缓冲放牧和气候干扰,并能够维持较高的草地生产力和生物多样性。     

安徽省植被净初级生产力估算——基于改进的CASA模型

定量估算植被净初级生产力(NPP)对预测陆地碳循环趋势具有重要意义,目前广泛应用于NPP估算的CASA模型其精度仍有待提高。在已有CASA模型优化的基础上,考虑最大光能利用率(LUE_max)的动态变化来改进CASA模型,对改进前后的模拟结果进行比较,并利用改进后的模型估算2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP。结论如下：(1)改进的CASA模型可应用于研究区的植被NPP估算,NPP模拟值与实测值之间的相关性达到显著水平(R²=0.736,P<0.01)。(2)改进后模拟的安徽省植被NPP在空间表达上能够呈现更多细节,时间上较改进前在生长季NPP值更高,非生长季值更低,拉大了NPP的年内变化。(3)2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP整体呈波动上升趋势,多年平均值为547.61 gC m^-2 a^-1,年均增长量达2.18 gC m^-2 a^-1,2016—2020年间NPP增长最快。年内NPP具有明显的季节差异,表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬...     

Effect of cooling water chlorination on primary productivity of entrained phytoplankton at Kalpakkam,east coast of India

We studied the effect of various concentrations of chlorine, used in the cooling system of Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS), on the primary productivity of entrained phytoplankton from October 1988 to December 1990. The rates of primary productivity (gross) were lower at the discharge point than in the intake area. The reduction in productivity ranged from 30 to 70% at low-dose chlorination (residual chlorine 0.05–0.20 mg l⁻¹ at the discharge point). During shock-dose chlorination, when residual chlorine at the discharge point ranged from 1.10 to 1.50 mg 1⁻¹ the reduction in productivity was 80–83%. A reduction of 16–17% was recorded without chlorination.     

基于耦合模型的干旱区植被净初级生产力估算

净初级生产力是陆地生态系统物质与能量运转研究的基础, 在干旱区生态环境演变及其与气候相互作用和影响方面极为敏感,是揭示干旱区生态环境特征的重要指标.本研究基于RS和GIS技术,利用地面气象数据、涡度相关数据、Landsat 8数据和MODIS数据,通过SEBAL模型和光能利用率模型的耦合,估算了新疆玛纳斯河流域植被净初级生产力(NPP),分析了其空间格局及与高程和坡度的关系.结果表明: SEBAL模型与光能利用率模型的耦合对玛纳斯河流域山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统植被NPP的模拟效果较合理,能较好地反映植被净初级生产力的实际情况;2013年,玛纳斯河流域植被NPP总量为7066.72 Tg C·a^-1,平均值为278.06 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总体分布趋势是自南向北先增加后减少再增加最后减少,随着地貌和土地利用类型的变化呈现明显的分布规律,且其月变化比较明显,7—8月达到最大值,占总量NPP的52.2%;植被净初级生产力随海拔和坡度的增加整体呈下降趋势,但随海拔增加植被NPP出现3次波动.这些波动主要由地表植被覆盖类型和环境因素所引起.     

氮水添加对放牧背景下荒漠草原生产力的影响

水分与氮素作为干旱和半干旱草原生产力的共同限制性因子在退化草原的生态快速修复过程中备受关注。以不同放牧强度背景下的短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,开展围封模拟放牧利用实验,同时添加氮素和水分。通过分析历史放牧强度与年份对生产力的影响,以及添加氮素和水分对不同功能群植物生物量的作用,探讨放牧强度对短花针茅草原生产力的内在作用机制,以及如何实现荒漠草原资源合理开发和可持续利用。研究结果显示,降雨量与放牧强度决定着短花针茅草原的植物群落结构。氮素和水分添加可分别提升11%-29%和12%-32%的群落地上生物量,且二者存在显著的交互作用。不同功能群植物的地上生物量对氮素与水分添加的响应存在差异,多年生丛生禾草对氮素和水分添加响应最敏感。氮素与水分添加可显著提高多年生丛生禾草的地上生物量,但与自然降水量相关。氮素添加对地上生物量的影响在正常降雨和稍旱年份作用显著,而水分添加在干旱年份作用显著。在正常降雨年份,以半灌木植物为优势种的轻度放牧背景以添加水分对提升生产力最宜,以多年生丛生禾草和半灌木为共优种的中度放牧背景和以多年生丛生禾草为优势种的重度放牧以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜;在干旱年份不同放牧强度背景下均以同时添加水分和氮素对提升生产力最为宜。我们的结果表明了养分与资源的改善有利于退化短花针茅草原的快速恢复和可持续生产。     

The effect of light intensity and spectrum on the incidence of first feeding by larval haddock

Under full–spectrum white light, feeding success of haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus first feeding larvae, as measured both by proportion of larvae feeding and mean prey consumed, peaked at 1·7-18 μmol s^-1 m^-2. Feeding was significantly reduced at lower and higher intensities. A similar result was observed for larvae feeding under blue (470 nm) light, with significantly greater feeding success at intermediate light intensity (1·8 μmol s^-1 m^-2). When different light qualities were compared, larvae had significantly greater feeding success when exposed to blue (470 nm) light than either full-spectrum white or green (530 nm) light. Haddock larvae were capable of prey capture under all light treatments tested, indicating a necessary degree of adaptive flexibility in feeding response. The results are consistent with predisposition of haddock larvae to optimal feeding in a visual environment comparable with open ocean nursery grounds. Information on the impact of light on haddock first feeding can be incorporated into models of larval growth, survival, year-class strength and recruitment, and assist in developing husbandry protocols to maximize larval survival in aquaculture.