Application of different organic amendments in a gasoline contaminated soil: effect on soil microbial properties

The effects of four organic wastes, including cotton gin crushed compost (CC), poultry manure (PM), sewage sludge (SS) and organic municipal solid waste (MSW) on some biological properties of a Xerollic Calciorthid soil polluted with gasoline at two loading rates (5% and 10%) were studied in an incubation experiment. Three hundred grams of sieved soil (<2mm) were polluted with gasoline and mixed with PM at a rate of 10%, CC at a rate of 17.2%, SS at a rate of 23.1%, or MSW at a rate of 13.1%, applying to the soil the same amount of organic matter with each organic amendment. An unamended soil, non polluted (C) and polluted with gasoline at 5% (G1) and 10% (G2) rate were used as reference. Soil samples were collected after 1, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 270 d of incubation and analyzed for microbial biomass carbon, respiration and dehydrogenase, urease, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities. At the end of the incubation period, soil biological properties were higher in organic amended soils than in C, G1 and G2 treatments. In particular, soil microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase, urease, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and arylsulfatase activities increased 87.1%, 92.9%, 88.7%, 93.2%, 78.2% and 85.3%, respectively for CC-amended soils respect to G2, 85.7%, 82.3%, 87.3%, 92.2%, 76.7% and 83.6%, respectively for PM-amended soils; 82%, 90%, 84.8%, 89.9%, 74.1% and 80%, respectively for SS-amended soils; and 71.3%, 78.3% 26.2%, 38.2%, 79.7% and 88.6%, respectively for MSW-amended soils. Since the adsorption capacity of gasoline was higher in CC than the PM, SS and MSW-amended soils, it can be concluded that the addition of organic wastes with higher humic acid concentration is more beneficial for remediation of soils polluted with gasoline.     

马尾松人工林土壤有机层和矿质土壤层酶活性随雨旱季的变化

土壤酶活性随雨旱季的变化特征对于深入理解人工林土壤物质循环具有重要意义。2014年6月至2017年4月,采用原位土柱培养方法,研究了长江上游低山丘陵区的马尾松人工林土壤有机层和矿质土壤层转化酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性随关键时期(雨季初期;雨季中期;雨季末期;旱季初期;旱季末期)的变化特征。结果表明：土壤有机层和矿质土壤层酶活性随关键时期的变化显著,总体表现为雨季高于旱季。土壤有机层转化酶和脲酶活性呈现逐年降低的趋势;矿质土壤层酸性磷酸酶活性呈现逐年增加的趋势。土壤有机层转化酶和酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于矿质土壤层。土壤有机层三种酶活性年际变化幅度及随关键时期的变化幅度均高于矿质土壤层。偏最小二乘分析(PLS)表明,土壤含水量、微生物量和底物含量对土壤酶活性具有显著影响,但其影响大小强烈取决于土壤层次和酶的种类。可见,马尾松人工林土壤有机层酶活性对环境因子变化的响应更敏感,而且驱动土壤有机层和矿质土壤层酶活性动态的主导因子也存在差异。     

Suitable Chemical Properties of Animal Manure Compost to Facilitate Pb Immobilization in Soil

Chemical immobilization using animal manure compost is one of the most useful for low-cost, in-situ soil remediation techniques. The present study aimed to determine suitable chemical properties of animal manure compost to facilitate lead (Pb) immobilization in soil. The level of mobile Pb in soil amended with swine compost was higher than that amended with cattle compost during the early stage of incubation. However, the level of mobile Pb was almost the same in soil amended with both types of compost on day 184 of incubation. The ratio of the residual fraction after sequential extraction was enhanced in soil amended with both types of compost, particularly swine compost. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) results demonstrated the precipitation of Pb phosphate minerals, such as pyromorphite, in Pb-sorbed composts, particularly swine compost. Amendment using swine compost could reduce Pb solubility even when it had a high content of water-soluble organic matter because it significantly lowered Pb phase solubility. The amendment with swine compost improved plant growth and microbial activity. This study suggests that composts with high phosphorus (P) content are suitable for Pb immobilization amendment even if they have a high water-soluble organic matter content.     

Hydrolytic enzyme activities of extracted humic substances during the vermicomposting of a lignocellulosic olive waste

Humic substances and three hydrolytic enzymes (beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease) were extracted by neutral sodium pyrophosphate from an olive waste (dry olive cake), alone or mixed with municipal biosolids, during a nine month vermicomposting process. Easily degradable compounds decreased during the vermicomposting process because of microbial consumption. When municipal biosolids were added to dry olive cake, microbial activity increased and the amounts of compounds extracted by pyrophosphate were three times lower than olive cake alone. In both instances, beta-glucosidase, phosphatase and urease activities of the organic extracts either increased or remained the same after a nine month period of vermicomposting, thus suggesting that the humus enzyme complexes resisted microbial and earthworm attack. It is known that humus immobilised enzymes also remain active in soil environments, reactivating the nutrient cycles in soil. The use as amendments of vermicomposted olive cake, alone or when mixed with biosolids, could be a good alternative to reactivate the C, P and N-cycles in degraded soils for regeneration purposes.     

Copper and zinc fractions affecting microorganisms in long-term sludge-amended soils

The influences of Zn and Cu on soil enzyme activities (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, cellulase, dehydrogenase, protease (z-FLase), urease, beta-D-glucosidase and beta-D-fructofuranosidase (invertase)) and microbial biomass carbon were investigated in agricultural soils amended with municipal sewage sludge or compost since 1978. The trace metals in the soils were fractionated using a sequential extraction method. Long-term application of the sewage sludge and composts caused accumulations of Cu and Zn in the soils, ranging from 140 to 144 and from 216 to 292 mg kg(-1), respectively. The percentage of Cu was highest in the NaOH- and HNO3-extractable fractions (44-51% and 38-46%, respectively), while the percentage of Zn was highest in the HNO3- and EDTA-extractable fractions (65-83% and 11-32%, respectively). Although the percentage of the bioavailable fractions (sum of KNO3 + H2O-, NaOH-, and EDTA-extractable amounts) of Cu (53-64%) was higher than that of Zn (15-37%), the percentage of the most labile fractions (KNO3 + H2O) of Zn (2.1-5.9%) was larger than that of Cu (1.1-2.4%). The size of the microbial biomass carbon increased with the application of sewage sludge or compost. For some enzymes, however, the ratio of the enzyme activity to microbial biomass was lower in the soils amended with sewage sludge or compost than that in the control soil. The soil enzyme activities were more adversely affected by Zn than by Cu. From a multiple regression analysis, it was found that dehydrogenase, urease, and beta-D-glucosidase activities were reduced by the KNO3 + H2O-extractable fraction of Zn in the soils. These microbial activities seem to be sensitive to Zn stress, indicating the possibility that they might be useful bioindicators for evaluation of the toxic effects of Zn on microorganisms in the soils.     

长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响

利用沈阳农业大学蔬菜长期定位施肥试验田,研究了长期施肥对设施菜田土壤酶活性及土壤理化性状的影响.结果表明:长期施用有机肥或有机肥与氮肥配合施用可明显提高土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾养分含量,改善土壤物理性状,增强土壤转化酶、脲酶和中性磷酸酶的活性;而长期单施氮肥造成土壤pH值和土壤酶活性降低.土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关分析表明,转化酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮和速效磷含量呈显著正相关;中性磷酸酶活性与土壤有机质、全磷和速效钾含量呈显著正相关;脱氢酶活性与土壤各养分因子均无明显相关性.     

林地砍伐开垦对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

由土壤微生物生命活动和植物根系产生的土壤酶,不但在土壤物质转化和能量转化过程中起主要的催化作用,而且通过它对进入土壤的多种有机物质和有机残体产生的生命化学转化,使生态系统的各组分间有了功能上的联系,从而保持了土壤生物化学的相对稳衡状态［１］。土壤酶作...     

Geographical and climatic differences in long-term effect of organic and inorganic amendments on soil enzymatic activities and respiration in field experimental stations of China

Soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration are two important bio-indicators of soil quality and are closely related to soil fertility and sustainable crop growth. We collected soil samples from four long-term experimental stations of China differing both geographically and climatically – Shenyang Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (brown soil), Fengqiu State Key Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (fluvo-aquic soil), Taoyuan Agro-Ecological Experimental Station (paddy soil) and Qiyang Red Soil Experimental Station (red soil) – to investigate the effect of long-term application of chemical fertilizer and/or organic manure on soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration. In general, soil enzymatic activities and basal respiration increased in soils with long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manures, especially organic manure. Among stations, soil enzymatic activities were not consistently increased with organic manure alone (e.g. the sucrase and phosphatase activities in the paddy soil from Taoyuan and red soil from Qiyang). As well, soil enzymatic activities were characterized by distinct zonality. Soil cellulase and urease activity were the two main indicators of soil fertility as evaluated by principal component analysis. Regression analysis of the major abiotic factor(s) influencing enzyme activity revealed a dependence on the specific enzyme tested and the activity of specific soil enzymes depended on the location of the experimental station. Environmental factors, mainly soil temperature, moisture and pH, as well as soil texture, should be taken into account in evaluating the effects of long-term fertilization on soil biological activity and soil fertility in field experimental stations differing geographically and climatically.     

Effect of organic manuring on the activities of the enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and urea and on soil aggregation

Summary The effect of organic manuring with farm-yard manure, maize stalk, and Pongamia cake (Pongamia glabra) at 1 per cent organic carbon level on the activities of the enzymes hydrolysing sucrose and urea, in relation to changes in soil microbial populations and on soil reaction and aggregation was investigated in a red sandy loam soil. Farm yard manuring did not alter the invertase activity to any appreciable extent; but both maize stalk and Pongamia cake enhanced the invertase activity of the soil significantly. While appreciable increase in urease activity was also observed due to the application of both maize stalk and Pongamia cake, the latter treatment maintained the soil urease activity at a higher level.No definite correlation could be observed between the changes in the microbial populations and the enzyme activities during the incubation period. The pH of the soil treated with Pongamia cake was considerably increased. Organic manuring significantly increased aggregation of soil particles and maximum soil aggregation was observed in the case of maize stalk application.     

洞庭湖区退田还湖后不同恢复模式下土壤酶活性的变化

以洞庭湖区退田还湖后不同恢复模式下(恢复自然水域、种植芦苇、种植杨树)的典型堤垸（青山垸、官垸和小集成）为研究对象,通过与相邻堤垸农田生态系统（水田、旱田）土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的比较,揭示不同退田还湖模式下土壤酶活性的变化及其与土壤化学特性的相关关系.结果表明：与水田、旱田相比,在表层土壤中,以种植杨树为恢复方式的小集成样地的过氧化氢酶活性显著增加,其他酶活性无显著变化;以种植芦苇为恢复方式的官垸样地的蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性有所下降,其他酶活性无显著变化;恢复自然水域的青山垸样地中,除磷酸酶活性下降外,其他酶活性没有表现出明显的差异性.相关分析表明,土壤有机质含量与4种酶活性均表现出显著的正相关关系（P<0.01）,说明退田还湖后系统恢复模式导致的土壤有机质含量的变化是土壤酶活性变化的主要原因.     

土壤微生物生物量氮对不同腐熟度有机肥的响应及对土壤矿质氮的调控作用

为探究化肥配施不同腐熟度有机肥对土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)的影响及土壤MBN调控土壤矿质氮的作用,将堆肥过程与土壤培养试验相结合,设置常规化肥对照(CK)、化肥+腐熟度为50%(种子发芽指数为50%,下同)的有机肥(CO1)、化肥+腐熟度为80%的有机肥(CO2)、化肥+腐熟度为100%的有机肥(CO3)共4个处理,测定土壤MBN、矿质氮(NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N)、净硝化速率、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、脲酶和蛋白酶,并揭示土壤MBN对矿质氮的调控作用。结果表明: 到培养结束时,与CK处理相比,有机肥处理(CO1、CO2、CO3)的土壤MBN、NH₄⁺-N含量显著提高50.1%～62.4%、109.9%～147.1%,土壤NO₃^--N、净硝化速率显著降低23.3%～46.8%、26.2%～51.5%,土壤MBC、DOC含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性分别显著提高33.8%～69.6%、7.4%～20.8%、11.2%～69.0%、9.4%～25.1%,且CO2、CO3的变化幅度均显著高于CO1。冗余分析和结构方程模型显示,较高腐熟度有机肥(腐熟度≥80%)对MBC、MBN、NH₄⁺-N含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性具有正向调控作用,对土壤净硝化速率具有负向调控作用。化肥配施较高腐熟度有机肥可以明显增加土壤MBN,提升脲酶、蛋白酶活性,增加NH₄⁺-N含量,降低土壤净硝化速率。因此,在实际应用中,建议采用腐熟度为80%的有机肥与化肥配施,减少有机肥生产成本及时间,实现有机固体废弃物的资源化利用。     

镉、汞复合污染对土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

通过土壤培养试验, 研究了重金属镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）复合污染对小粉土和黄红壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明：整个培养过程中,Cd、Hg单一及复合污染都对两种土壤中脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性具有明显抑制作用,且随重金属浓度增强而增强（浓度≤1 mg·kg^-1Cd除外）.与单一Cd或Hg污染相比,同剂量Cd和Hg复合污染时两种酶活性的净变化量均大于0,表明Cd和Hg复合污染在两种土壤中对土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性的抑制作用均表现为一定的协同作用.所有处理黄红壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均高于小粉土,这可能与黄红壤有机质和粘粒含量相对较高有关.     

苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及养分的影响

在长武长期轮作与施肥定位试验的基础上,对黄土高原沟壑区苜蓿和小麦连作27年后的黄盖黏黑垆土土壤酶活性及土壤养分进行了测定,探讨苜蓿和小麦长期连作对土壤酶活性及肥力的影响.结果表明： 苜蓿和小麦连作施肥都能提高土壤酶活性;同一作物不同施肥措施的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性差异不显著,但相同施肥条件下,苜蓿连作比小麦连作的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性高;不同作物种类及施肥措施的土壤过氧化氢酶活性差异不明显;氮磷肥和有机肥配施(NPM)的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性较高,而蔗糖酶活性较低;苜蓿连作比小麦连作更有利于土壤有机质、全氮及速效氮的积累,氮磷肥和有机肥配施有利于培肥土壤.
     

施用生物有机肥对黄瓜连作土壤有机碳库和酶活性的持续影响

采用田间定位试验和室内培养试验相结合的方法,研究了一次性施用生物有机肥对黄瓜连作土壤有机碳组分、有机碳矿化和酶活性的持续效应.结果表明: 连续种植4季黄瓜过程中,与对照处理(CK)相比,施用生物有机肥可明显增加黄瓜连作土壤总有机碳、活性碳库、缓效碳库和惰性碳库的有机碳含量,且随着黄瓜连作季数的增加,土壤惰性碳库比例逐渐增加;连续种植4季黄瓜后,施用生物有机肥处理中土壤有机碳累计矿化量和日均矿化量与CK相比分别增加了17.3%～31.0%和7.8%～43.0%,且在同一季黄瓜成熟期,施用生物有机肥还能提高黄瓜连作的土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸酶(中性)的活性,增幅分别为10.5%～62.1%、4.8%～25.5%、3.9%～21.4%和4.6%～66.4%.相关分析和通径分析结果表明,黄瓜连作过程中4种酶的活性与土壤有机碳各组分动态变化均呈显著相关,且黄瓜连作过程中土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性是影响有机碳矿化的主要生物酶.施用生物有机肥可提高黄瓜连作过程中土壤有机碳各组分含量和酶活性,增加土壤惰性碳库比例、有机碳累计矿化量和矿化速率,从而增强土壤固碳能力.     

Changes in enzymatic activity in composts containing chicken feathers

Enzymatic activity, i.e. respiratory activity, dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity, caseinian protease activity, BAA protease activity and urease activity, was determined to investigate the process of biochemical transformations and to select enzymatic indices of maturity of composts prepared from feathers and lignocellulose wastes (bark, straw). Composting was conducted for 7 months, with periodic determinations of activity of the enzymes. The study revealed significant differences in the enzymatic activity, related with the duration of composting and with the substrate composition of the composts. Generally, composts enriched with straw were characterised by higher enzymatic activity than composts without any addition of straw. It was found that the activity of such enzymes as cellulase and protease, towards the end of the period of composting decreased and stabilised. The enzymes enumerated can be taken into consideration in estimation of the maturity of composts prepared from feathers and lignocellulose wastes.     

长期施肥对东北黑土酶活性的影响

在中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站长期定位试验基础上,研究了长期施用化肥和有机肥对黑土0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性及土壤全碳和全氮的影响.结果表明：长期施用化肥和有机肥均不同程度地提高了0～20 cm和20～40 cm土层土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性,特别是化肥和有机肥配合施用显著增加了该3种土壤酶的活性,增幅分别为43.6%～113.2%、25.9%～79.5%、14.7%～134.4%(0～20 cm)和56.1%～127.2%、14.5%～113.8%、16.2%～207.2%(20～40 cm),长期施用化肥对土壤过氧化氢酶活性影响不大.随着土层深度的增加,土壤磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性均有所降低;长期施用氮肥对土壤脲酶、施用磷肥对土壤磷酸酶有明显的促进作用;长期施肥对土壤全C、全N含量及C/N也有明显影响.     

Effect of water deficit on microbial characteristics in soil amended with sewage sludge or inorganic fertilizer under laboratory conditions

The potential impact of different types of organic (sewage sludge) or inorganic (mineral fertilizer) amendments to a basic soil was investigated under dry conditions. A soil incubation experiment was carried out over 64 days; there were two fertility treatments: sewage sludge (SS) (140 t ha(-1)), mineral fertilizer (M) and an unamended control (C). Two levels of irrigation were imposed: (1) well-watered, kept at 60% of its water holding capacity, and (2) water-deficit at 6%. Available N-NO3-, N-NH4+ and P, and electrical conductivity (EC) increased in SS and M-treated soils. Under well-watered conditions activities of some enzymes (protease-BAA, phosphatase and beta-glucosidase), and microbiological properties (microbial biomass carbon, basal respiration and dehydrogenase activity) were stimulated in SS-treated soils. Under water-deficit conditions, protease-BAA, phosphatase and beta-glucosidase activities, and basal respiration were more reduced in SS than in C and M. Results showed that under severe dry conditions, soil microbial activity always remained higher in organic amended soils than when mineral fertilizer was added.     

The Mechanisms and Time Factor of the Enzyme Structure of a Paleosoil

The data on the enzyme activity of paleosoils of archaeological sites are given. It is shown that the activity of phosphatases and urease in soils of ancient settlements is significantly higher than in modern soils: 1.5–2.0 times for urease and 7–15 times for phosphatase in some cultural layers of the Bronze Age. This is related to a large amount of organic material (garbage, rubbish, excrement, and urea), which entered the soil in ancient times and stimulated soil microorganisms to produce a greater amount of enzymes, whose high activity has been preserved for 4000 years. The location of the enzymes was determined by soil fumigation using chloroform and activation of extracellular enzymes by glycine. The release of intracellular enzymes as a result of fumigation caused a significant increase in phosphatase activity in modern soils and soils of ancient settlements in contrast to the virgin paleosoil of the Bronze Age. The treatment by glycine exerted a smaller effect on the activity of phosphatases, but caused a significant increase in urease activity. This may indicate the predominating extracellular localization of urease in paleosoils of ancient settlements, while phosphatase is characterized by both extra- and intracellular localization.

     

Studies on the ecology of actinomycetes in an agricultural soil amended with organic residues: II. Assessment of enzymatic activities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Actinomycetales</Emphasis> isolates

The main objective of this investigation was to study the enzymatic activities of Actinomycetales strains isolated from an agricultural soil amended with different amounts of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) or farmyard manure (FM). For this purpose, the hydrolytic activities of carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, amylase, chitinase and protease were tested for 75 isolates of Sterptomyces, Amycolatopsis and Nocardioides from different sources (unamended soil, amended soil with FM or MSWC, FM and MSWC) at temperature ranging between 30 and 50°C. It was shown that the highest rate of enzymes producer’s strains was registered at 30°C, and decreased gradually to annul at 50°C, with the exception of the MSWC strains origin. It was also shown that the percentage of strains producers of enzymes isolated from soil amended with MSWC appeared higher than the one registered for those isolated from control and amended with FM soils. Application of MSWC increases the number of enzymes producer-actinomycetes in the soil and then it improves its fertility.     

汞对土壤酶活性的影响

利用室内模拟方法,研究了重金属Hg对不同土样脲酶、转化酶和中性磷酸酶活性的影响.结果表明,Hg可显著地抑制土壤脲酶和转化酶的活性,但不同土样Hg对两种酶活性的抑制程度有很大差别.HgCl₂浓度与两种酶活性之间的关系均可用对数方程很好地描述(P<0.05).4个土样的脲酶ED₅₀(生态剂量)分别为87.99、5.47、24.05和19.88 mg·kg^-1;转化酶的ED₅₀分别为76.68、727.49、236.52和316.59 mg·kg^-1.脲酶对Hg污染比转化酶敏感;有机质对土壤酶活性有一定的保护作用.除连续2年施用大量有机肥的草甸棕壤土样中Hg对中性磷酸酶有显著的激活作用外(P<0.05),其它土样无显著变化,表明中性磷酸酶活性对Hg污染反应不敏感.