松毛虫属（Dendrolimus) 部分种类亲缘关系与遗传分化的等位酶分析

采用等位酶聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对松毛虫属5个种和亚种的野生种群进行了亲缘关系和遗传变异的研究.8种等位酶系统(乳酸脱氢酶LDH、苹果酸脱氢酶MDH、苹果酸酶ME、乙醇脱氢酶ADH、甲酸脱氢酶FDH、谷氨酸脱氢酶GDH、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)共检测到12个基因位点,其中6个位点为多态位点,检测到15个等位基因.松毛虫属5个种和亚种的总体水平多态位点比率P＝50%,平均有效基因数A = 1.917,平均期望杂合度He =0.267,平均遗传距离为0.0730～0.5701.遗传参数表明松毛虫属昆虫种间存在较高程度的遗传变异,聚类图和遗传距离数据表明赤松毛虫与马尾松毛虫亲缘关系最近,落叶松毛虫与思茅松毛虫亲缘关系最远.     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three odorant binding protein gene transcripts in Dendrolimus species （Lepidoptera： Lasiocampidae）

Pine caterpillar moths, Dendrolimus spp. （Lepidoptera： Lasiocampidae）, are serious economic pest of pines. Previously, phylogenetic analyses of Dendrolimus using different methods yielded inconsistent results. The chemosensory systems of insects may play fundamental roles in promoting speciation. Odorant-binding proteins （OBPs） participate in the first step of odor detection. Studying the evolution of OBPs in closely related species may help us to identify their role in speciation. We identified three OBPs - one pheromone-binding protein and two general odorant-binding proteins - from male antennae of four Dendrolimus species, D. superans （Butler）, D. punctatus （Walker）, D. kikuchii Matsumura, and D. houi Lajonquiere, the olfactory recognition systems of which had not been previously investigated. We analyzed their molecular characteristics and compared their sequences to those of OBPs in D. tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu. Ka/Ks ratio analyses among the five Dendrolimus species indicate that PBP1 genes experienced more evolutionary pressure than the GOBPs. Phylogenetic relationships of PBP1 and GOBP1 both indicated that D. houi was the basal species, then branched D. kikuchii, while D. tabulaeformis, D. punctatus, and D. superans evolved more recently. These relationships are consistent with the changes in sex pheromone components of these five species. Dendrolimus tabulaeformis and D. punctatus are closely related sister species. However, the distances among GOBP2 sequences in the five Dendrolimus were very short, and the relationships of D. houi and D. la＇kuchii could not be resolved. Integrating our results with those of previous studies, we hypothesized that D. kikuchii, D. punctatus and D. superans evolved from the basal ancestor because of sex pheromone mutations and environmental pressure.     

绿盲蝽气味结合蛋白AlucOBP7的表达及气味结合特性

气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins, OBPs) 在昆虫嗅觉识别中起着重要的作用, 尤其是在运输外界脂溶性气味分子通过嗅觉感器淋巴液到达嗅觉受体(olfactory receptors, ORs)的过程中发挥关键作用。明确OBPs在昆虫同外界进行信息交流过程中的作用有利于阐明昆虫嗅觉识别的机制, 同时可为利用干扰昆虫嗅觉识别来进行害虫防治奠定理论基础。本研究克隆了一个绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür)气味结合蛋白AlucOBP7基因（GenBank登录号: JQ675724）, 并进行了原核表达, 以1-NPN为荧光探针采用荧光竞争结合实验研究了AlucOBP7蛋白和10种棉花挥发物及 6种性信息素类似物的结合能力。结果表明： 在10种棉花挥发物中, AlucOBP7能够和2 己酮及水杨酸甲酯有效结合, 结合常数分别为55.13 μmol/L和28.26 μmol/L。在6种盲蝽性信息素类似物中, 4-氧代-反-2-己烯醛和AlucOBP7 具有较强的结合能力, 结合常数为23.14 μmol/L。丁酸乙酯、 丁酸丁酯及己酸己酯也能够和AlucOBP7 有效结合, 但结合能力中等, 结合常数分别为30.58, 39.26和35.81 μmol/L。初步推测, AlucOBP7 可能是绿盲蝽性信息素结合蛋白(pheromone binding proteins, PBPs), 并在感受性信息素和植物挥发物的过程中发挥双重功能。     

Molecular and functional characterization of three odorant binding proteins from the oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricide)

Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) act in recognizing odor molecules and their most well‐studied functions are transporting odors across the sensillum lymph to olfactory receptor neurons within the insect antennal sensillum. The adults of Grapholita molesta highly depend on olfactory cues in locating host plants and selecting oviposition sites, in which OBPs play an important role in perceiving and recognizing host plant volatiles. Exploring the physiological function of OBPs could facilitate our understanding of their importance in insects’ chemical communication. In this study, three OBP genes were cloned and named GmolOBP4, GmolOBP5, and GmolOBP10. Quantitative real‐time PCR results indicated that GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 were predominantly expressed in adult antennae and GmolOBP5 was expressed in multiple tissues, including head, legs, and wings in addition to antennae. The binding affinities of the three recombinant GmolOBPs (rGmolOBPs) with four sex pheromone components and twenty‐nine host plant volatiles were measured using 1‐N‐Phenyl‐naphthylamine as a fluorescence probe. The three rGmolOBPs exhibited specific binding properties to potential ligands, GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 bound to minor sex pheromone components, such as (Z)‐8‐dodecenyl alcohol and dodecanol, respectively. rGmolOBP4 showed intermediate binding ability with hexanal, benzyl alcohol, and pear ester, rGmolOBP5 had a weak affinity for benzaldehyde, pear ester and, methyl jasmonate, and rGmolOBP10 showed strong binding capacity toward hexanol, decanol, and α‐ocimene. We speculate that the GmolOBP4 and GmolOBP10 have dual functions in perception and recognition of host plant volatiles and sex pheromone components, while GmolOBP5 may serve other function(s).     

中国松毛虫属八个种和亚种亲缘关系的DNA指纹证据

利用DNA指纹谱方法探讨了中国松毛虫属8个种和亚种〔马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus punctatus (Walker),德昌松毛虫D. punctatus tehchangensis Tsai et Liu,文山松毛虫D. punctatus wenshanensis Tsai et Liu,思茅松毛虫D. kikuchii Matsumura,赤松毛虫D. spectabilis Butler,油松毛虫D. tabulaeformis Tsai et Liu,落叶松毛虫D. superans (Butler),云南松毛虫D. houi Lajonquiere之间的亲缘关系。13个随机引物在8种松毛虫中共检测到168个多态分子标记。分析表明,这8个种间的遗传距离的变化范围为0.3780～0.7360;马尾松毛虫与其亚种德昌松毛虫的遗传距离最近,为0.3780,与其另一亚种文山松毛虫以及油松毛虫的遗传距离次之,皆为0.5233;赤松毛虫、落叶松毛虫、云南松毛虫与马尾松毛虫的遗传距离则再次之,分别为0.6362,0.6770和0.6944;与马尾松毛虫遗传距离最远的是思茅松毛虫,为0.7360。8种松毛虫间具体的亲缘关系为: (D. superans (D. tabulaeformis (D. p. wenshanensis (D. p. tehchangensis, D. p. punctatus)(D. Kikuchii (D. spectabilis, D. houi))。     

斜纹夜蛾普通气味结合蛋白GOBP1基因的表达定位分析

气味调控斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura（鳞翅目,夜蛾科）的交配和产卵行为,而嗅觉气味结合蛋白（OBP）是昆虫与外界环境进行化学信息交流中的一种重要蛋白。本研究基于已报道的斜纹夜蛾普通气味结合蛋白GOBP1基因cDNA序列（GenBank登录号为EF159978）设计引物,通过RT-PCR法分析了GOBP1 mRNA的组织特异性表达情况,并对GOBP1基因条带进行了克隆、测序和Blast比对。此外,再通过RNA原位杂交的方法进一步分析了GOBP1 mRNA在触角中的表达定位。结果表明:GOBP1只在斜纹夜蛾的触角组织中表达,而且GOBP1转录本较多分布于靠近嗅觉感受器即触角边缘部位。这些结果进一步说明GOBP1是斜纹夜蛾嗅觉过程中的重要蛋白,同时为深入研究GOBP1与其他蛋白的相互空间定位关系、GOBP1的功能等奠定了基础。     

松毛虫性信息素的固相微萃取及质谱和触角电位分析

松毛虫性信息素成分在腺体中含量很低。本研究利用固相微萃取（SPME）技术近距离长时间采集单头云南松毛虫Dendrolimus houi处女雌蛾释放的性信息素成分, 并进一步利用气相色谱-质谱（GC-MS）和气相色谱-触角电位联用（GC-EAD）技术分析SPME采集的性信息素成分。 结果显示: 在云南松毛虫处女雌蛾求偶召唤期间SPME聚乙二醇/二乙烯基苯（CAR/DVB）萃取头吸附了大量的反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯醇（E5, Z7-12:OH）和反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯乙酸酯（E5, Z7-12:OAc）成分及微量的反5, 顺7-十二碳二烯醛（E5, Z7-12:Ald）成分, 这3种腺体成分均能激起云南松毛虫雄虫触角电位反应。与溶剂浸提昆虫性信息素成分的方法比较, SPME活体采样技术和GC-MS及GC-EAD分析方法联用研究昆虫的信息素成分具有采集的样品代表性强、样品量能满足色谱分析需要和无溶剂干扰等方面的优点。最后还着重讨论了SPME技术的应用价值、效果及实际应用中应该注意的一些问题。      

中华蜜蜂气味结合蛋白AcerOBP14的表达及配体结合特性分析

[目的]气味结合蛋白(odorant binding proteins,OBPs)在昆虫寄主定位、产卵地选择等行为中发挥着重要作用,明确中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana AcerOBP14与配体的结合特性有助于阐明中华蜜蜂嗅觉识别的分子机制.[方法]通过qRT-PCR测定OBP14在20日龄中华蜜蜂成年工蜂...     

中华蜜蜂气味结合蛋白基因OBP4的分子特性及时空表达

气味结合蛋白OBPs在蜜蜂识别气味分子和生理反应的过程中起到了十分重要的作用。本研究通过利用生物信息学软件预测分析中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana气味结合蛋白基因OBP4(AcerOBP4)编码的蛋白理化特性和结构特征;采用MEGA 5.2软件中的邻位相连法(Neighbor-joining, NJ)构建AcerOBP4及其它昆虫OBPs的系统发育树;通过qRT-PCR技术分析AcerOBP4在中华蜜蜂的哺育蜂、采集蜂和1日龄工蜂各组织的表达情况。结果表明,中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂Apis melliferaOBP4(AmelOBP4)氨基酸同源性为78%,AcerOBP4在中华蜜蜂的触角表达量最高,其次是足和头部组织表明该基因与蜜蜂的嗅觉行为密切相关。此外,AcerOBP4在蜜蜂脑部有一定的表达,但是在腹部组织表达量很低。该研究结果丰富了蜜蜂OBPs表达特性的研究数据,同时也为继续深入研究OBP4在中华蜜蜂中是否影响嗅觉行为提供了基础。     

Stimulation of sex pheromone production by PBAN-like substance in the pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)

Sex pheromone production in the female pine caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus punctatus is controlled by a PBAN-like substance located in the head of female moth. Pheromone titer was significantly decreased by decapitation of female moth, and restored by injection of either Hez-PBAN or head extract prepared from male or female moth. Stimulation of pheromone production by head extract followed a dose-dependent pattern from 0.5 to at least 4 head equivalent. A gland in vitro assay was used to study the relationship between gland incubation time and pheromone production as well as calcium involvement in the stimulation of pheromone production by head extract. Maximum pheromone production was occurred at 60 min after pheromone gland was incubated with two equivalents of head extracts. In vitro experiments showed that the presence of calcium in the incubation medium was necessary for stimulation of pheromone production. The calcium ionophore, A 23187, alone stimulated pheromone production. The pheromone components (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and its acetate and propionate were produced in these experiments but in addition to the aldehyde, (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal was also found. This indicates that females are capable of producing four oxygenated functional groups. The PBAN-like substance control of the pheromone biosynthetic pathway was investigated by monitoring the incorporation of the labeled precursor into both pheromone and pheromone intermediates.     

二化螟Minus-C气味结合蛋白的分子克隆及功能鉴定

气味结合蛋白（odorant binding proteins, OBPs）在昆虫对寄主气味的感受中起重要作用, 但有关Minus-C OBP及其功能的报道很少。本研究通过基因组数据分析并利用RACE技术, 克隆和鉴定了二化螟Chilo suppressalis (Walker)的一个Minus-C OBP基因, 命名为CsupOBP1（GenBank登录号： KC492498）。CsupOBP1基因的开放阅读框长423 bp, 编码141个氨基酸, 其中N端的18个氨基酸为预测的信号肽序列, 成熟蛋白序列中具有4个保守的半胱氨酸位点。实时定量PCR分析显示, 该基因在幼虫头部及成虫雌雄足、 翅和雄性触角等化感组织中高表达, 其中在雄虫触角内的表达量显著高于雌虫触角。利用荧光竞争结合实验对CsupOBP1重组蛋白与38种化合物的结合特性的测定表明, 重组CsupOBP1与β 紫罗兰酮的结合能力最强（Ki=9.53 μmol/L）。触角电位测定表明, 二化螟成虫可对β-紫罗兰酮产生显著的触角电生理反应, 但雄虫反应明显强于雌虫, 与结合试验及雄虫触角中CsupOBP1的表达量显著高于雌虫触角的测定结果相一致。鉴于β-紫罗兰酮是水稻等植物中普遍存在的一种芳香气味组分, 推测CsupOBP1可能通过对该气味的结合和运输, 从而在二化螟对寄主植物的嗅觉定向中起作用。     

小菜蛾气味结合蛋白PxylOBP33与其相关信息化学物质的分子对接

为探究小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.触角中高表达的气味结合蛋白PxylOBP33的结合能力和结合模式,本研究通过Swiss-model在线服务器对PxylOBP33同源建模,使用ProCheck、Verify-3D和ERRAT 3种方法对建模质量开展了评价,通过AutoDock软件对PxylOBP33与寄主植物挥发物和性信息素及其类似物等54种相关信息化学物质进行分子对接。结果显示,小菜蛾PxylOBP33为含有6个α螺旋的球状蛋白质,经ProCheck、Verify-3D以及ERRAT评价,所得模型质量良好。PxylOBP33主要通过氢键、疏水作用和范德华力与D-柠檬烯、α-松油烯、乙酸苯甲酯、顺-3-己烯异戊酸酯、罗勒烯和里那醇等18种一般寄主植物挥发物,异硫氰酸苯乙酯、异硫氰酸苯酯和对甲氧异硫氰酸苯酯等4种十字花科植物特有的挥发物以及顺-11-十六碳烯乙酸酯等9种性信息素及类似物有较好的结合特征。研究结果表明小菜蛾PxylOBP33可能参与了小菜蛾对寄主植物挥发物和性信息素的识别过程。     

四种松毛虫不同地理种群遗传多样性的等位酶分析

【目的】采用等位酶电泳技术对中国松毛虫属Dendrolimus 4种共9个地理种群进行遗传多样性和遗传分化研究。【方法】对6种等位酶系统乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）、苹果酸酶（ME）、乙醇脱氢酶（ADH）、甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）、谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析。【结果】在4种松毛虫9个地理居群中共检测到10个基因位点,其中4个位点为多态位点,检测到17个等位基因; 种群总体水平多态位点比率P=40%,平均有效基因数A=1.700,平均期望杂合度He=0.151,种群平均遗传距离为0.001～0.285; 其中马尾松毛虫指名亚种Dendrolimu punctatus Walker 6个居群的遗传分化度Fst=0.265,基因流Nm=0.692。4种松毛虫之间遗传关系最近的是落叶松毛虫D. superans Butler和马尾松毛虫的地理亚种赤松毛虫D. punctatus spectabilis Butler,遗传关系最远的是落叶松毛虫D. superans Butler和云南松毛虫D. houi Lajonquiere。【结论】 马尾松毛虫居群间遗传分化程度较大,基因交流较少,遗传漂变已经成为导致该物种种群分化的主要原因之一;遗传距离与地理距离存在一定相关性。     

核桃举肢蛾性信息素结合蛋白2的分子克隆和免疫荧光定位

【目的】明确核桃举肢蛾 Atrijuglans hetaohei Yang性信息素结合蛋白2(AhetPBP2)在核桃举肢蛾触角中的分布。【方法】本研究提取羽化后3-4 d的核桃举肢蛾成虫触角总RNA并反转录合成cDNA,设计简并引物进行RT-PCR获得cDNA片段,然后利用RACE技术获得 AhetPBP2全长cDNA序列。将去除信号肽序列的AhetPBP2进行原核表达,重组蛋白经镍柱纯化并免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体。制备的多克隆抗体作为一抗对核桃举肢蛾触角进行免疫组化分析。【结果】AhetPBP2基因cDNA序列全长923 bp,开放阅读框504 bp,共编码167个氨基酸,分子量为19.26 kD,等电点为5.47。1 mmol/L IPTG诱导10 h获得可溶性重组蛋白,Western blot结果表明重组蛋白诱导表达成功,ELISA检测显示抗体效价为1:1 024 000。免疫荧光定位结果显示核桃举肢蛾成虫触角部分感器被AhetPBP2抗体标记。【结论】核桃举肢蛾成虫触角的部分感器中可能存在AhetPBP2,推测该部分感器具有感受性信息素的功能。     

Molecular cloning,expression profile,odorant affinity,and stability of two odorant‐binding proteins in Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

The polyembryonic endoparasitoid wasp Macrocentrus cingulum Brischke (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is deployed successfully as a biocontrol agent for corn pest insects from the Lepidopteran genus Ostrinia in Europe and throughout Asia, including Japan, Korea, and China. The odorants are recognized, bound, and solubilized by odorant‐binding protein (OBP) in the initial biochemical recognition steps in olfaction that transport them across the sensillum lymph to initiate behavioral response. In the present study, we examine the odorant‐binding effects on thermal stability of McinOBP2, McinOBP3, and their mutant form that lacks the third disulfide bonds. Real‐time PCR experiments indicate that these two are expressed mainly in adult antennae, with expression levels differing by sex. Odorant‐binding affinities of aldehydes, terpenoids, and aliphatic alcohols were measured with circular dichroism spectroscopy based on changes in the thermal stability of the proteins upon their affinities to odorants. The obtained results reveal higher affinity of trans‐caryophelle, farnesene, and cis‐3‐Hexen‐1‐ol exhibits to both wild and mutant McinOBP2 and McinOBP3. Although conformational flexibility of the mutants and shape of binding cavity make differences in odorant affinity between the wild‐type and mutant, it suggested that lacking the third disulfide bond in mutant proteins may have chance to incorrect folded structures that reduced the affinity to these odorants. In addition, CD spectra clearly indicate proteins enriched with α‐helical content.     

中华按蚊气味结合蛋白基因AsinOBP1的克隆和表达分析

【目的】蚊虫的行为在很大程度上依赖于嗅觉系统, 例如寻找宿主和产卵场所等。中华按蚊Anopheles sinensis是我国最重要的传疟媒介之一, 但有关中华按蚊嗅觉信号传递过程的研究甚少。本研究旨在克隆和表达分析中华按蚊的气味结合蛋白（odorant binding proteins, OBPs）基因, 为进一步研究中华按蚊嗅觉传递的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】通过分析中华按蚊的转录组数据克隆气味结合蛋白基因, 采用RT-PCR和实时定量PCR技术分析该基因在成虫不同组织和在吸血前后的表达模式。【结果】克隆到一个气味结合蛋白基因, 命名为AsinOBP1 (GenBank登录号为KJ958382)。AsinOBP1基因开放阅读框长435 bp, 编码144个氨基酸, 具有典型的6个半胱氨酸位点。RT-PCR组织表达谱分析发现, AsinOBP1在检测的所有成虫触角、下颚须、喙和头部组织中都有表达, 而在足和去掉头部以外的躯体组织中不表达。定量分析发现AsinOBP1在雌蚊触角中的表达水平最高, 吸食血液后, AsinOBP1的表达水平显著下降; 仅用小鼠气味处理后, AsinOBP1的表达水平也显著下降。【结论】研究结果说明AsinOBP1可能是嗅觉组织特异性表达的基因, 与雌蚊寻找宿主等行为有关, 其功能还需深入研究。