家蝇对敌百虫的抗性及增效磷(SV_1)对表皮穿透作用的增效机制研究(英语)

增效磷(SV_1)对抗敌百虫家蝇有明显的增效作用,能够延缓家蝇对敌百虫抗性的发展.测定了敌百虫对一个敏感和两个抗性品系家蝇的表皮穿透作用,结果表明抗性品系家蝇对敌百虫的穿透速率比敏感品系低,说明表皮穿透作用的降低和体内解毒速率的增强在家蝇对敌百虫的抗性中起重要作用.SV_1与敌百虫混用后,穿透速率明显提高,敌百虫对家蝇表皮穿透速率的增强和体内代谢速度的降低是SV_1在抗性家蝇体内对敌百虫增效的机制之一.     

淡色库蚊对敌百虫的抗药性研究——抗性谱及联合作用

1973年采集于上海闸北区的淡色库蚊幼虫在室内以敌百虫选育抗性品系(RD品系)获得成功,F₁₂代的LC₅₀已为室内正常品系(SEN)的240多倍。RD品系的抗性谱表明,对有机磷杀虫剂均具有不同程度的交互抗性;对有机氯如DDT、丙体666和氨基甲酸酯类等杀虫剂无明显的交互抗性;对天然除虫菊和拟除虫菊酯类有低度的负交互抗性。并测定了29种药剂与敌百虫混用对RD品系和SEN品系的增效作用。还测定了对敌百虫有较高交互抗性的杀虫剂分别与TPP,TOCP、稻瘟净、异稻瘟净和增效醚混用后的增效作用。     

杀虫双和杀螟丹选育对小菜蛾抗药性的形成及其抗性机制

用杀虫双和杀螟丹在实验室以点滴法处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.四龄幼虫,以连续继代药剂淘汰选育其抗药性。至35代,药剂汰选的小菜蛾对杀虫双和杀螟丹的抗药性较选育前正常品系分别提高了51倍和25倍。其抗药性的形成发展均呈S形,可认为已成为抗性品系。以有机磷、氨基甲酸酯、拟除虫菊酯及有机氮等11种杀虫剂测试抗杀虫双小菜蛾品系和抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系对常用药剂的敏感度结果表明：对杀虫双、杀螟丹和杀虫环之间有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌艮、马拉硫磷和杀螟松有轻微交互抗性产生;对溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、氯菊酯和灭多威、久效威等药剂更加敏感,呈负交互抗性。用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)法测定表明,抗药性产生与特异性酯酶的形成有一定关系。用比色法和酸度法测定,抗性品系的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性降低,羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性无差异。加增效剂Pb和SV₁：于四龄幼虫表皮,对抗杀虫双小菜蛾晶系分别有6.28及1.45倍的增效作用;对抗杀螟丹小菜蛾品系分别有4.85及1.39倍的增效作用,可见多功能氧化酶(MFO)为小菜蛾抗杀虫双和抗杀螟丹的重要因子。     

淡色库蚊对敌百虫抗性的研究——水解酶同敌百虫抗性关系

本文利用离体水解酶测定和聚丙烯酰胺圆盘电泳技术研究了淡色库蚊(Culex pipiens pallensCop.)对敌百虫抗性和水解酶的关系。实验结果表明:(1)抗性品系的羧酸酯酶活力远比敏感的大,并随着对敌百虫抗性水平的升降而增减。(2)酯酶同功酶谱表明,抗性品系有一染色强度很深的特征性羧酸酯酶带E₅,该带在抗性和敏感品系的杂交子代F₁中也发现,但强度不如抗性品系,这同F₁代的抗性水平下降相平行。(3)无论胆碱酯酶或是磷酸酯酶活力,在二品系中未见到明显差异。抗性和敏感品系的胆碱酯酶对敌百虫和敌敌畏的敏感度相似。     

棉蚜啶虫脒抗性种群交互抗性和增效剂增效作用的研究

【目的】明确棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover啶虫脒抗性品系与其它杀虫剂的交互抗性现状以及增效剂的增效作用,为延缓和治理棉蚜对啶虫脒的抗性提供依据。【方法】采用单头反选育和群体汰选的方式,获得了棉蚜啶虫脒敏感和抗性品系;采用叶片药膜法测定了13种杀虫剂对啶虫脒的交互抗性以及增效剂对啶虫脒的增效作用。【结果】经过室内棉蚜敏感和抗性品系的筛选,获得了相对抗性倍数为82.33倍的棉蚜啶虫脒抗性品系。棉蚜啶虫脒抗性品系的交互抗性谱的研究表明,交互抗性倍数小于5的药剂为:吡蚜酮,甲基阿维菌素;交互抗性倍数在5~10倍的药剂为:噻虫嗪,联苯菊酯,毒死蜱,马拉硫磷,丙溴磷,辛硫磷;交互抗性倍数在10~15倍的药剂为:硫丹,阿维菌素,高效氯氰菊酯,三唑磷,氧化乐果;交互抗性倍数大于1 5倍的药剂为:吡虫啉。增效剂实验表明,TPP和PBO在啶虫脒敏感品系中增效作用不明显,但在抗性品系中增效作用显著。在啶虫脒抗性品系中的增效比为1.77、1.61,在啶虫脒敏感品系中的增效比为1.02、1.03。DEM在啶虫脒抗性、敏感品系中的增效作用均不明显,增效比为1.04、1.02。TPP和PBO对啶虫脒有很好的增效作用。以室内棉蚜敏感品系(LC_(50)为0.180 mg/L)为基础,对新疆各主要棉区的棉蚜种群进行了啶虫脒药剂的抗性调查,结果表明新疆各主要棉区棉蚜对啶虫脒的相对抗性倍数为6.1~22.0倍。【结论】由此说明新疆主要棉区棉蚜对啶虫脒具有一定的抗性风险,生产中可以利用无交互抗性的吡蚜酮和甲基阿维菌素来治理抗性棉蚜种群。     

小菜蛾对苦皮藤素抗性选育及交互抗性测定

敏感小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)经苦皮藤素20代的抗性选育,其抗性增长21.57倍。选育的小菜蛾抗性品系对杀虫双、杀螟丹和叶蝉散分别有4.63、4.11和3.71倍的交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯、氯氰菊酯分别有0.22、0.01和0.26倍的负交互抗性。高抗杀螟丹、杀虫双小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素无明显交互抗性,而高抗溴氰菊酯小菜蛾品系对苦皮藤素有3.61倍的交互抗性。     

不同地理区域桔小实蝇解毒酶系活性及其与抗药性水平关系

昆虫体内的解毒酶活性是反映其抗药性水平的主要生理指标，本文比较了桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的几种解毒酶活性和抗药性水平关系。测定了9个地理品系和相对敏感品系的桔小实蝇成虫的三种解毒酶，即多功能氧化酶(Mixed function oxidase, MFO)、羧酸酯酶（Carboxylesterase, CarE）和谷胱甘肽Ｓ-转移酶(Glutathione S-transferase, GST)的活性,利用药膜法测定其对敌百虫(Trichlorphon)、高效氯氰菊酯(β-cypermethrin)和阿维菌素(Avermectin)的抗性水平，比较了各地理品系的桔小实蝇这些酶活性和对不同杀虫剂的抗性水平的关系，并作通径分析。结果表明：广东广州地区桔小实蝇体内的MFO-O-脱甲基活性最高，为相对敏感品系酶活性的1.4782倍；而广东茂名地区品系酶活性最低，只有0.8649倍。广东惠州地区桔小实蝇体内CarE活性最高，为相对敏感品系酶活性1.8147倍；而广西南宁地区的桔小实蝇体内酶活性最低，为敏感品系的0.9636倍。广东茂名地区桔小实蝇GST活性最高，是相对敏感品系2.2557倍；而广东广州地区桔小实蝇GST活性最低，只有相对敏感品系的1.1622倍。抗性水平表明：各地理品系对敌百虫的抗性水平为相对敏感品系的2.1552倍至100.2271倍之间，对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平在1.0065到26.0026倍之间，对阿维菌素的抗性水平在2.3353倍至29.0688倍之间。相关性分析表明：桔小实蝇体内的GST活性和对敌百虫抗性水平的相关系数为0.41，存在显著性正相关；CarE活性与桔小实蝇对高效氯氰菊酯抗性水平存在极显著正相关，相关系数为0.50。通径分析结果表明：GST活性对敌百虫的抗药性水平的直接通径系数为0.4414，对敌百虫的抗性上升起到正向作用；MFO-O-脱甲基活性、CarE活性和GST活性对高效氯氰菊酯抗性水平的直接通径系数分别为0.3311，0.4946和0.1775，均起到正向作用；GST活性与阿维菌素的抗性水平的直接通径系数很小，为0.0668。结果显示了桔小实蝇的解毒酶与抗药性水平关系密切，在抗性发展中起到了促进作用。     

桔小实蝇对敌百虫抗性稳定性及再增长趋势

通过室内试验,研究了用LC₅₀及LC₉₀两种浓度敌百虫汰选14代建立的不同程度高抗性水平的桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis抗性品系TrR₅₀和TrR₉₀在停止使用药剂后的抗性衰退规律,以及抗性衰退到原有水平的1/3时再用药汰选的抗性再增长规律。结果表明：两抗性品系对敌百虫抗性均不稳定,但抗性衰退速率不同,TrR₉₀完全隔离药剂4代后,抗性已衰退至原有水平的1/3,而TrR₅₀完全隔离药剂7代后,抗性才衰退至原有水平的1/3,但随后两品系抗性衰退均减缓,到19代后抗性均还处于低水平抗性阶段,无法衰退至敏感水平。通过对其抗性衰退趋势进行方程拟合,结果表明两品系抗性衰退均符合S型曲线模型。抗性再增长试验结果表明：桔小实蝇两抗性品系对敌百虫抗性再增长趋势不同,TrR₅₀继续使用药剂汰选,经过6代选育,抗性迅速上升,接近原有的抗性水平,随后保持平稳增长; 而TrR₉₀继续使用药剂汰选,经过9代选育,抗性才迅速上升,经过12代选育,抗性才接近原有的抗性水平。通过对两品系抗性再增长趋势进行方程拟合,结果表明两品系抗性再增长趋势不同,TrR₅₀品系抗性再增长趋势符合逻辑斯蒂模型,而TrR₉₀品系则符合二次曲线模型。     

磷酸酯酶与乙酰胆碱酯酶在棉铃虫对辛硫磷抗药性中的作用(英文)

利用人工选育的方法 ,获得了棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗药性品系和相对敏感品系 ,其对辛硫磷的LD50分别为 1 1 .0 574μg/虫和 0 .9790 μg/虫。以生物测定与生化测定的方法 ,比较了两品系的差异。增效剂活体试验测定结果表明 ,磷酸三苯酯、增效磷对棉铃虫三龄幼虫均表现出一定的增效作用 ,但在两品系间的增效作用存在差异 ,对相对敏感品系的增效倍数分别为 2 .2 7倍、2 .1 3倍 ,对抗性品系的增效倍数分别为 6.93倍和 6.43倍。磷酸酯酶活性测定结果表明 ,抗性品系的酶活力分别是相对敏感品系的1 6.67倍 (碱性 )和 1 .89倍 (酸性 ) ,Km 和Vmax则分别为 0 .76倍、2 .64倍 (碱性 )和 1 .38倍、1 .78倍 (酸性 ) ;而羧酸酯酶的活性则差异不大。对靶标酶乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性测定表明 ,与相对敏感品系相比 ,抗性品系酶活性显著增强 ,并且对杀虫剂的亲和力降低 ,说明乙酰胆碱酯酶在棉铃虫对辛硫磷的抗药性中也有着重要的作用     

土荆芥生物总碱对家蝇的毒杀作用及药剂敏感性的影响

通过室内毒力测定和生化分析方法,测定了土荆芥生物总碱对敌百虫抗性种群,溴氰菊酯抗性种群,敏感种群等3个家蝇(Musca domestica)种群成虫的毒杀效果,土荆芥生物总碱处理前后家蝇种群成虫对溴氰菊酯和敌百虫的药剂敏感性变化,以及对家蝇成虫羧酸酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶的活力的影响。结果表明,土荆芥生物总碱不仅对家蝇有毒杀效果,处理后能提高家蝇对杀虫剂的敏感性,而且能抑制家蝇体内解毒酶系活性。土荆芥生物总碱对不同种群家蝇成虫的LD_(50)没有显著差异;土荆芥生物总碱处理前后,敌百虫对抗性种群和敏感种群的LD_(50)比值分别为1.6277和1.2914,溴氰菊酯对抗性种群和敏感种群的LD_(50)比值分别为2.0768和1.3871;土荆芥生物总碱处理前后,家蝇敌百虫抗性种群、溴氰菊酯抗性种群和敏感种群成虫的羧酸酯酶活性比值分别为1.1692、1.2947和1.2259,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶活性比值分别为1.2476、1.6519和1.0570。     

Larvicide resistance in Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) populations in Denmark and establishment of resistant laboratory strains

We determined the toxicity of the two IGRs, diflubenzuron and cyromazine, in this survey of resistance in Danish field populations of Musca domestica (L.). We observed resistance toward diflubenzuron and for the first time in Denmark and we found field populations with some resistance to cyromazine. Eleven of the twenty-one field populations had larvae surviving a diagnostic dose of 1.6 times of susceptible LC95 of diflubenzuron and two of these populations had larvae surviving 6.1 times of LC95. Eight of the twenty-one field populations had larvae surviving 2.2 times of susceptible LC95 of cyromazine and one population had larvae surviving 4.4 times of LC95. A fivefold cyromazine resistant strain was established after selection with cyromazine. It was 3-, 5-, and 90-fold resistant to diflubenzuron, triflumuron, and methoprene, respectively. Two diflubenzuron resistant strains (120- and 86-fold, respectively) were established. They showed a high level of resistance to triflumuron (1000- and 200-fold, respectively), and moderate resistance to methoprene (73- and 50-fold, respectively). Both were susceptible to cyromazine. This study shows that by applying the recommendations of previous resistance risk assessments, severe control failures and detrimental development of a high level of resistance have been avoided. The development of resistance has not been completely avoided, but has not developed to a level of biological or economic importance.     

小菜蛾对杀螟丹抗性遗传的研究

利用室内选育的抗杀螟丹小菜蛾Plutella xylostella (L.)品系和敏感品系研究了该品系的抗性遗传形式,结果表明,小菜蛾对杀螟丹的抗性形式为常染色体多基因遗传,并呈不完全显性。该品系对６种常用杀虫剂的抗性谱测定结果表明,对杀虫双有较严重的正交互抗性;对敌敌畏、杀扑磷有低度交互抗性;对溴氰菊酯、灭多威和叶蝉散等药剂无交互抗性。还发现该品系对杀螟丹的抗性与乙酰胆碱酯酶和羧酸酯酶活性无关。     

Reduced neuronal sensitivity to dieldrin and picrotoxinin in a cyclodiene-resistant strain of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen).

Toxicological and neurophysiological studies were performed to characterize the resistance mechanism in a cyclodiene-resistant strain of Drosophila melanogaster (Maryland strain). Dieldrin had an LC50 of 0.058 ppm against the larvae of susceptible D. melanogaster (Oregon-R wild type) when formulated in the rearing media. The LC50 of the resistant Maryland strain was 10.8 ppm, giving a resistance ratio (LC50-Maryland/LC50-susceptible) of 186-fold. Suction electrode recordings were made from peripheral nerves of the larval central nervous system to test whether reduced nerve sensitivity played any role in the observed resistance. In susceptible preparations (n = 5), inhibition of nerve firing by 1 mM gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was effectively antagonized within 3-10 min by 10 microM dieldrin. In contrast, 30 min incubations with 10 microM dieldrin had no effect on preparations from cyclodiene-resistant individuals (n = 5). Similarly, 10 microM picrotoxinin blocked GABA-dependent inhibition in susceptible nerve preparations (n = 3). In recordings from resistant insects (n = 4), picrotoxinin displayed either weak antagonism of GABA or hyperexcitation indistinguishable from susceptible preparations. These results demonstrate that cyclodiene resistance in the Maryland strain of D. melanogaster 1) is expressed in immature stages, 2) is present at the level of the nerve, and 3) extends to picrotoxinin, albeit at a reduced level compared with dieldrin. The possible role of an altered GABA receptor in this resistance is discussed.     

Susceptibility of black soldier fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae and adults to four insecticides

Dosage-mortality regressions were determined for black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), larvae fed cyromazine or pyriproxifen treated media. Cyromazine LC50 for larvae dying before becoming prepupae ranged from 0.25 to 0.28 ppm with dosage-mortality regression slopes between 5.79 and 12.04. Cyromazine LC50s for larvae dying before emergence ranged from 0.13 to 0.19 ppm with dosage-mortality regression slopes between 3.94 and 7.69. Pyriproxifen dosage-mortality regressions were not generated for larvae failing to become prepupae since <32% mortality was recorded at the highest concentration of 1,857 ppm. LC50s for larvae failing to become adults ranged from 0.10 to 0.12 ppm with dosage mortality-regression slopes between 1.67 and 2.32. Lambda-cyhalothrin and permethrin dosage-mortality regressions were determined for wild adult black soldier flies and house flies, Musca domestica L., and for susceptible house flies. Our results indicate that the wild house fly, unlike the black soldier fly, population was highly resistant to each of these pyrethroids. Regression slopes for black soldier flies exposed to lambda-cyhalothrin were twice as steep as those determined for the wild house fly strain. Accordingly, LC50s for the black soldier fly and susceptible house fly were 10- to 30-fold lower than those determined for wild house flies. The differential sensitivity between wild black soldier flies and house flies might be due to behavioral differences. Adult house flies usually remain in animal facilities with the possibility of every adult receiving pesticide exposure, while black soldier fly adults are typically present only during emergence and oviposition thereby limiting their exposure.     

不同地区小菜蛾种群羧酸酯酶的毒理学性质研究

在1995～1997年对湖北武汉、河北张家口地区小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)种群的抗药性进行了研究。结果表明对阿维菌素的抗性和台湾敏感种群相比,武汉种群抗性为4.3倍,张家口种群抗性为1.8倍;对马拉硫磷的抗性武汉和张家口种群分别为2.2和2.9倍;对氟铃脲的抗性分别为3.2和0.5倍;对溴氰菊酯的抗性分别为2.4和1.7倍。对羧酸酯酶(Care)的研究结果表明,三个种群幼虫CarE对a-乙酸萘酯或β-乙酸萘酯(a或β-NA)水解活性差异显著,但成虫Care活性没有明显差异。武汉和张家口种群幼虫CarE对a-NA和β-NA的亲和力没有明显差异,但是武汉种群幼虫Care对底物的亲和力高于张家口种群。敏感品系Care对a—NA的亲和力明显高于对β-NA,相差约3倍。不同类型的抑制剂对小菜蛾幼虫CarE的抑制能力不同。增效磷和对氧磷对敏感品系CarE水解a-NA具有明显的抑制作用,分别比对武汉种群Care的抑制作用大4.577倍(SVl)和2.576倍(对氧磷)。     

茚虫威对不同抗药性品系小菜蛾呼吸代谢的影响

以小菜蛾Plutella xylostella(L.)敏感品系(S)、田间品系(F)及茚虫威汰选抗性品系(T17)幼虫为供试虫源,采用便携式光合作用测定仪测定小菜蛾3～4龄幼虫在受药前后或不同受药剂量等条件下呼吸速率的变化,从能量代谢的角度研究抗药性机制。结果表明,汰选抗性品系、田间品系与敏感品系同龄期小菜蛾幼虫在未受药条件下的呼吸速率差异不显著,表明抗药性的产生并未影响小菜蛾本底的呼吸速率。以各个品系的茚虫威LC20和LC50剂量处理幼虫后,3个品系的呼吸速率均明显提高,汰选抗性品系呼吸速率提高幅度明显大于其他2个品系。在LC20剂量下3个品系呼吸速率峰值均出现在2h前后,10h后恢复到正常水平;在LC50剂量下敏感品系没有明显差异;而田间品系和汰选抗性品系分别在药剂处理后4h和6h达到呼吸高峰,汰选抗性品系保持高水平呼吸速率时间长达9h,分别于药后15h和24h恢复到正常水平。这表明用药后抗性品系呼吸速率的提高幅度与小菜蛾的解毒代谢能力有关,这也揭示了昆虫幼虫中毒后能量消耗会随着抗性水平的提高而增加。     

Bioassay for detecting active site insensitivity in horn fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae

A bioassay was used to detect active site insensitivity (knock-down resistance [kdr]) in pyrethroid resistant larvae of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.). The larvae of the resistant population had KD50's 42.0-, 28.1- and 29.2-fold greater to permethrin, fenvalerate and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively, compared with the susceptible population. In filter paper bioassays, resistant adult horn flies were 17 to 39.1 times less susceptible to the pyrethroids than susceptible adults at LC50. These results further document active site insensitivity as the major mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in the horn fly.     

Generating susceptible strain and resistance status of field populations of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) against some conventional and new chemistry insecticides in Pakistan

Two field populations of Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Dera Ghazi Khan (D. G. Khan) and Multan, Pakistan, were tested for resistance to the 10 most commonly used insecticides in Pakistan by using a standard leaf disc bioassay on the F1 progeny. For comparison, a susceptible strain was generated from the Multan strain, which displayed lower LC50 values for most of the insecticides, by either mass rearing without exposure to insecticides or single-pair crosses against selected insecticides. The single-pair crosses generated a more susceptible strain than mass rearing. The D. G. Khan field strain was highly resistant to cypermethrin, profenofos, spinosad, abamectin, and chlorpyrifos and moderately resistant to deltamethrin, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide compared with susceptible lab strain. The Multan strain was highly resistant to profenofos and indoxacarb. Both field populations were susceptible to emamectin benzoate and lufenuron. Rotating these two insecticides with others that show very low, low, or moderate levels of resistance and have different modes of action may be useful for the effective management of this pest.     

棉铃虫AChE不同分子型对抑制剂的敏感度及其与抗药性的关系(英文)

在分离到的棉铃虫AChE五种不同的分子型中 ,2 .1s和 8.7sAChE抗性品系对毒扁豆碱的敏感度明显低于敏感品系 ,成虫头部I50 值分别相差 1 86.3和 84.8倍 ,幼虫I50 值分别相差 1 0 1 0 倍和 1 0 5 倍。幼虫 5.3sAChE对毒扁豆碱的敏感度抗性品系和敏感品系相差达 1 2 3倍 ,而成虫则没有差异。研究结果表明 2 .1s、5.3s和 8.7sAChE敏感度降低可能是造成棉铃虫对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂产生抗性的主要原因