基于NDVI的不同火烧强度下大兴安岭林火迹地森林景观恢复

利用LANDSAT TM影像,通过分类、提取森林景观类型及NDVI值,在较大尺度上探讨了火烧区火烧强度与森林景观格局、功能恢复的关系。结果表明,火烧区森林总体恢复情况较好。恢复状况与火烧强度具有明显的相关性。火烧强度越高,恢复状况越差。重度火烧区的针叶林景观所占比重低且生长状况较差;沼泽面积高于未火烧对照区,这一现象应引起足够重视,特别是在全球变化气温升高的背景下,应防止寒温带针叶林的退化以及林地沼泽化。在三种主要森林类型(针叶林、阔叶林、针阔叶混交林)中,针阔叶混交林是生长状况最好的,标志着火烧迹地正由演替的初期阶段向中期阶段过渡。     

川西亚高山森林恢复的空间格局分析

以米亚罗林区为例,利用森林样地调查和遥感影像解译方法,通过森林植被图与数字地形的叠加,分析了川西亚高山森林大规模采伐和更新后,主要森林植被类型外貌与起源之间的联系,以及各类型分布的地形分异规律和空间格局.结果表明,大规模采伐和更新后,森林植被类型的外貌与起源相关,老龄针叶林为保留下来的原始林,中幼龄针叶林为人工林,落叶阔叶林为天然次生林,而针阔混交林中既有天然次生的成分,也有人工、天然更新共同作用的成分.海拔2 800~3 600 m是米亚罗的主要伐区,森林恢复表现出坡向分异:人工更新的中幼龄针叶林主要分布于阳坡、半阳坡;落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林受天然更新的影响,主要分布于阴坡、半阴坡.老龄针叶林主要保留在海拔3 600 m以上.恢复过程中各种森林植被类型镶嵌分布,景观破碎化严重.     

川西亚高山森林恢复的空间格局分析

以米亚罗林区为例,利用森林样地调查和遥感影像解译方法,通过森林植被图与数字地形的叠加,分析了川西亚高山森林大规模采伐和更新后,主要森林植被类型外貌与起源之间的联系,以及各类型分布的地形分异规律和空间格局.结果表明,大规模采伐和更新后,森林植被类型的外貌与起源相关,老龄针叶林为保留下来的原始林,中幼龄针叶林为人工林,落叶阔叶林为天然次生林,而针阔混交林中既有天然次生的成分,也有人工、天然更新共同作用的成分.海拔2 800～3 600 m是米亚罗的主要伐区,森林恢复表现出坡向分异:人工更新的中幼龄针叶林主要分布于阳坡、半阳坡;落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林受天然更新的影响,主要分布于阴坡、半阴坡.老龄针叶林主要保留在海拔3 600 m以上.恢复过程中各种森林植被类型镶嵌分布,景观破碎化严重.     

基于多目标灰色局势决策的三峡库区防护林类型空间优化配置

基于2007年Landsat TM遥感影像和影响防护林的主导环境因子,对三峡库区的森林立地进行分类,并通过选取水源涵养量、生物量和林分生产力3个指标,利用多目标灰色局势决策模型对库区现有的针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林4种防护林类型进行空间优化配置.结果表明： 2007年,三峡库区森林立地可划分为40种类型;空间配置优化后,研究区针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林和灌木林的面积比例分别为32.55%、29.43%、34.95%和3.07%.与优化前相比,优化后针叶林和灌木林的面积比例分别减少了8.79%和28.55%,阔叶林和针阔混交林分别增加了10.23%和27.11%.通过防护林类型的空间优化,三峡库区整体的水源涵养能力、生物量和林分生产力分别增加14.09×10⁸ m³、0.35×10⁸ t和1.08×10⁶ t.     

临安区不同森林类型竞争指数比较研究

竞争对树木生长有重要影响,通常用竞争指数定量描述树木之间的竞争关系。以浙江省杭州市临安区的乔木林为对象,利用2004年临安区森林资源监测数据,基于Voronoi图的Hegyi竞争指数,在区域尺度上对临安区多种森林类型的竞争关系进行分析。结果表明:在单木水平上,不同森林类型单木的总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数在胸径5—10 cm最大;单木平均竞争指数随着胸径的增大而降低,胸径>30 cm的竞争压力得以缓解;临安区林木的竞争主要来源于种内竞争,天然林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例>50%,人工林的种内竞争占总竞争指数的比例>60%。径级平均总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数与胸径的关系均服从对数函数关系。在林分水平上,不同森林类型的林分总竞争指数、种内竞争指数、种间竞争指数存在显著差异。平均总竞争顺序为:天然阔叶林>天然针阔混交林>人工针叶林>天然针叶林>人工针阔混交林>人工阔叶林。种内平均竞争顺序为:人工针叶林>天然阔叶林>天然针叶林>天然针阔混交林>人工针阔混交林>人工阔叶林。种间平均竞争顺序为:天...     

冻融环境下亚高山森林凋落叶添加对土壤腐殖质动态的影响

亚高山森林土壤形成过程中,胡敏酸、富里酸等腐殖物质的累积是维持土壤肥力及物质循环的重要途径,它受到土壤基质质量、凋落叶和环境因素的调控.本研究以川西亚高山典型的针叶林、针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤为对象,采用室内培养控制冻融环境和凋落叶添加的方法,研究冻融环境下凋落叶添加对土壤腐殖物质累积的影响.结果表明:冻融循环环境下针叶林土壤腐殖质含量升高,而针阔混交林和阔叶林土壤腐殖质含量降低,且凋落叶对土壤腐殖质含量无显著影响.培养前期冻融环境下3种林型土壤胡敏酸净累积,净累积量大小为针阔混交林>针叶林>阔叶林,富里酸含量下降,下降程度为阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林,且凋落叶对土壤胡敏酸和富里酸含量无显著影响.随培养时间的延长,3种林型土壤胡敏酸及富里酸含量均下降.这表明,凋落叶对土壤腐殖质含量的影响与土壤基质质量存在密切关系,且受到冬季土壤冻融时间长短的影响.     

基于马尔柯夫模型的怒江流域中段植被动态变化预测

运用GIS、RS和GPS技术,采用1994和2004年2个时期的TM影像建立了植被分类系统,分析了2个时期的植被景观格局特征及其变化,并利用马尔柯夫模型,对未来该区域植被景观的动态变化进行了预测。结果表明,怒江流域中段植被景观以灌草丛为基质,其他景观类型镶嵌于其中。1994—2004年,各种植被景观类型之间发生转移最多的是在灌草丛、半湿润常绿阔叶林和针阔混交林之间。变化最大的是海拔较低的灌草丛和半湿润常绿阔叶林等;海拔较高的针阔混交林、寒温性针叶林等的变化均不明显。结果预示,未来10年,人为干扰对整个流域植被演替的影响将进一步加强,灌草丛、寒温性针叶林等面积不断增加,半湿润常绿阔叶林和中山湿性常绿阔叶林面积不断减少,景观整体趋于破碎化,研究区的生态环境受到人类活动严重影响。     

四川岷山火溪河地区人为干扰后的植被组成及分布

以平武县地形图、植被图、野外植被调查结果为数据源制作研究区植被图和数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM),在Arcview GIS平台下通过植被分类和图层叠加分析法,研究了人为干扰后植被的组成及植被类型在主要地形梯度上的分布特征。结果表明:(1)受人为干扰特别是森林采伐活动影响,研究区针阔混交林消失,针叶林面积缩小,阔叶林和灌丛面积增加。(2)植被类型在海拔梯度上分布规律性明显;除农田外,其它植被类型在坡度上的面积比例与研究区面积在各坡度段所占比例很相似;针叶林、阔叶林、农田、灌丛对坡向有明显选择性。(3)人为干扰活动改变了研究区植被类型及其面积比重,并使植被在海拔段上的分布带有明显人类干扰的痕迹。     

塔河林业局林火对植被的影响

针对大兴安岭地区塔河林业局不同林型下,不同火烧强度的火烧迹地的森林植被更新及恢复情况进行了调查研究。结果表明：（1）针叶林过火迹地上,落叶松幼苗较少,阔叶树萌条更新强度同火烧程度成正比;火烧前生长有白桦、赤杨的林地上,火烧后阔叶树成为主导树种,林相完全发生变化。（2）重度火烧下有利于天然更新,促使白桦、山杨萌生。中度火烧最初形成以杨桦为优势树种的阔叶林,后逐渐演变为针阔混交林。轻度火烧有利于针叶林的更新。（3）火烧后不同林型下灌木草本植被种类变化不同。从盖度方面来看,杜鹃落叶松林型中林下灌木草本更新最为良好。     

浙江天童地区常绿阔叶林退化对土壤养分库和碳库的影响

为了解常绿阔叶林退化对土壤碳库和养分库的影响,采用空间代替时间的研究方法,以常绿阔叶林顶级群落为参照,选择了次生常绿阔叶幼年林、次生针阔混交林、次生针叶林、灌丛和灌草丛代表不同的退化类型,分别对其土壤氮磷养分库、碳库进行了调查和分析。结果表明：土壤氮库贮量从大到小依次为,成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、次生针叶林、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤总磷含量也是在成熟林最高,次生针阔混交林和次生针叶林的总磷含量显著高于次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛;土壤有机碳含量从高到低依次为：成熟常绿阔叶林,次生针叶林、次生常绿阔叶幼年林、灌丛、灌草丛和次生针阔混交林;土壤铵态氮在成熟林、灌丛和灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生幼年常绿阔叶林、次生针阔混交林,最小的为次生针叶林;硝态氮则在灌草丛的库容量最大,其次分别为次生针叶林、次生针阔混交林和成熟林针叶林,最小的为次生常绿阔叶幼年林和灌丛。统计显示,常绿阔叶林退化不仅导致土壤有机碳库含量的显著下降,也使得土壤氮磷养分库含量显著下降。可以认为,砍伐导致的大量生物量输出和森林管理措施的影响,植物种类组成的改变,土壤物理性质的改变以及养分和有机碳的主要生物化学转化环节发生改变是导致此类变化的主要因素,常绿阔叶林顶极群落土壤是该地区土壤的最大养分库和碳库。     

大兴安岭呼中森林景观的空间点格局分析

基于呼中林业局林相图,采用点格局方法,分析了森林景观的空间格局及各景观间的关联性。结果表明:针叶林在0～25km尺度范围内呈聚集分布;阔叶林在0～14km为聚集分布,在14～25km为随机分布;灌木林在0～10km为聚集分布,在10～25km为随机分布;草甸在0～15km为聚集分布,在15～25km为随机分布。针叶林与灌木林在4.5～25km、阔叶林与草甸在12～24km尺度范围内无关联性;针叶林与阔叶林、针叶林与草甸、阔叶林与灌木林、灌木林与草甸在0～25km尺度范围内均存在空间关联性。这种分布格局对大兴安岭林区森林的可持续经营具有重要的指导意义,小范围内的植被恢复可以采用集中连片的造林方式,而大范围内则可以根据立地条件类型采取随机造林模式。     

黑龙江林口林业局森林景观格局特征

以黑龙江林口林业局1∶50000林相图作为基本信息源,利用地理信息系统软件ArcView和景观结构分析软件Fragstats,从景观格局的总体特征、景观破碎度、景观形状指数、分形维数和平均最近距离等方面,对该林业局的景观格局进行了分析.结果表明:该林业局以森林景观为主体(56.74%),居民点和农田景观也占有较高比例,而沼泽、灌木、荒山荒地、河流、迹地和裸地等景观零星分布于森林景观中;该林业局的森林景观主要以人工针叶纯林(40.47%)和天然蒙古栎林(20.96%)为主,斑块分布集中、形状复杂、边缘褶皱度高.人工林与天然林的面积基本相等,但破碎度较大、斑块形状相对简单、斑块分布较集中,软阔叶林及硬阔叶林斑块分别占11.89%和7.38%.研究表明,该林业局的森林景观受人为干扰程度过大,景观结构不合理,要实现林业的可持续发展,必须对景观斑块结构进行调整.     

呼中林业局森林采伐方式对森林景观格局的长期影响

采用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了大兴安岭地区呼中林业局在无采伐和同一采伐量下皆伐、二次渐伐和择伐共4种方案下森林景观300年的长期动态变化。结果表明,与无采伐方案相比较,采伐使落叶松和云杉的分布面积减小,樟子松、白桦的分布面积增大;择伐对本区分布面积最大的2个树种———落叶松和白桦的影响最小。采伐改变了树种年龄结构,降低了过熟林的相对面积;相对于皆伐而言,渐伐和择伐时降低的程度较大。各种采伐方式间落叶松和云杉的聚集度差异较小,白桦和樟子松的聚集度则存在显著差异。     

露水河林业局森林资源类型与结构变化

基于遥感技术,并在GIS的支持下对长白山林区露水河林业局森林资源变化进行研究.结果表明:1985年研究区森林资源本底为成熟阔叶林和成熟针叶林,二者联合比例为68.52%;1999年为中龄针叶林和成熟阔叶林,二者联合比例为65.96%.15年间森林面积增加了17.6%,成熟林比例下降到48.75%;在人为因素和自然因素的共同影响下,研究区森林资源发生了显著变化,其中有些森林经营方式不够合理,不利于森林进展演替;森林蓄积结构较为单一,应改进营林措施,增加乡土良种的培育.     

Forest bird diversity in Mediterranean areas affected by wildfires: a multi-scale approach

Fire is a key mechanism creating and maintaining habitat heterogeneity in Mediterranean landscapes by turning continuous woody landscapes into mosaics of forests and shrublands. Due to the long historical role of fires in the Mediterranean, we hypothesised a moderate negative effect of this type of perturbation on forest bird distribution at a landscape level. We conducted point bird censuses in Aleppo pine forest patches surrounded by burnt shrublands and studied the relationships between three ecological groups of bird species (forest canopy species, forest understorey species, and ubiquitous species) and the features of local habitat, whole patch and surrounding landscape. We used a multi-scale approach to assess the effects of landscape variables at increasing spatial scales on point bird richness. Regarding local habitat components, canopy species were positively associated with tall pines while understorey species with the cover of shrubs and plants from holm-oak forests. Forest birds were positively related to patch size and irregular forest shapes, that is, with high perimeter/size ratios. Thus, these species did not seem to perceive edges as low quality but rather favourable microhabitats. We did not detect any negative effect of isolation or cover of woodlands in the landscape on the presence of forest species after local habitat factors had been accounted for. Finally, only local habitat factors entered the model for ubiquitous species. We suggest that mosaic-like landscapes shaped by fires in the Mediterranean basin are not strongly associated with negative effects fragmentation on forest birds other than those related with habitat loss.     

Reconciling Forest Conservation and Logging in Indonesian Borneo

Combining protected areas with natural forest timber concessions may sustain larger forest landscapes than is possible via protected areas alone. However, the role of timber concessions in maintaining natural forest remains poorly characterized.An estimated 57% (303,525 km²) of Kalimantan''s land area (532,100 km²) was covered by natural forest in 2000. About 14,212 km² (4.7%) had been cleared by 2010. Forests in oil palm concessions had been reduced by 5,600 km² (14.1%), while the figures for timber concessions are 1,336 km² (1.5%), and for protected forests are 1,122 km² (1.2%). These deforestation rates explain little about the relative performance of the different land use categories under equivalent conversion risks due to the confounding effects of location.An estimated 25% of lands allocated for timber harvesting in 2000 had their status changed to industrial plantation concessions in 2010. Based on a sample of 3,391 forest plots (1×1 km; 100 ha), and matching statistical analyses, 2000–2010 deforestation was on average 17.6 ha lower (95% C.I.: −22.3 ha–−12.9 ha) in timber concession plots than in oil palm concession plots. When location effects were accounted for, deforestation rates in timber concessions and protected areas were not significantly different (Mean difference: 0.35 ha; 95% C.I.: −0.002 ha–0.7 ha).Natural forest timber concessions in Kalimantan had similar ability as protected areas to maintain forest cover during 2000–2010, provided the former were not reclassified to industrial plantation concessions. Our study indicates the desirability of the Government of Indonesia designating its natural forest timber concessions as protected areas under the IUCN Protected Area Category VI to protect them from reclassification.     

Forest Loss and the Biodiversity Threshold: An Evaluation Considering Species Habitat Requirements and the Use of Matrix Habitats

Habitat loss is the main driver of the current biodiversity crisis, a landscape-scale process that affects the survival of spatially-structured populations. Although it is well-established that species responses to habitat loss can be abrupt, the existence of a biodiversity threshold is still the cause of much controversy in the literature and would require that most species respond similarly to the loss of native vegetation. Here we test the existence of a biodiversity threshold, i.e. an abrupt decline in species richness, with habitat loss. We draw on a spatially-replicated dataset on Atlantic forest small mammals, consisting of 16 sampling sites divided between forests and matrix habitats in each of five 3600-ha landscapes (varying from 5% to 45% forest cover), and on an a priori classification of species into habitat requirement categories (forest specialists, habitat generalists and open-area specialists). Forest specialists declined abruptly below 30% of forest cover, and spillover to the matrix occurred only in more forested landscapes. Generalists responded positively to landscape heterogeneity, peaking at intermediary levels of forest cover. Open area specialists dominated the matrix and did not spillover to forests. As a result of these distinct responses, we observed a biodiversity threshold for the small mammal community below 30% forest cover, and a peak in species richness just above this threshold. Our results highlight that cross habitat spillover may be asymmetrical and contingent on landscape context, occurring mainly from forests to the matrix and only in more forested landscapes. Moreover, they indicate the potential for biodiversity thresholds in human-modified landscapes, and the importance of landscape heterogeneity to biodiversity. Since forest loss affected not only the conservation value of forest patches, but also the potential for biodiversity-mediated services in anthropogenic habitats, our work indicates the importance of proactive measures to avoid human-modified landscapes to cross this threshold.     

空间直观景观模型LANDIS在大兴安岭呼中林区的应用

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS),研究有采伐和无采伐预案下大兴安岭呼中林区的森林景观的长期变化。用APACK计算每一个物种及各年龄级的分布面积。为了研究物种分布格局的变化,计算了物种分布的聚集度指数。研究结果如下：(1)在无采伐预案下。火干扰模式为低频率大面积高强度火烧;在有采伐预下,火干扰模式为高频率小面积低强度火烧;(2)在无采伐预案下,火会造成各种群分布面积的强烈波动,但是对种群的年龄结构没有很大影响;在有采伐预案下,火对种群分布面积和年龄结构都没有很大的影响;(3)采伐能完全改变各种群的年龄结构。降低种群分布的聚集度,但是对各种群的分布面积并没有很大影响;(4)在有采伐预案下,各种群为增长型种群,增长量通过采伐取走,群落处于演替的干扰顶极状态;在无采伐预案下,各种群为稳定型种群(樟子松和偃松除外),大面积高强度火烧使群落产生较大的波动。结果表明,在呼中林业局,在没有人为干扰情况下,火干扰是森林景观变化的主导因素。自从有了人为干扰,采伐开始逐渐取代火干扰成为影响森林景观变化的主导因素。空间直观景观模型的一个挑战是模型的验证。由于缺乏详细的空间数据及模型模拟中的随机性,很难通过模型模拟结果与实地调查或遥感数据的比较进行验证。通过对火模拟、物种分布和物种组成的生态或生物学实现对模型进行验证。     

辽宁省清原县森林资源结构及其空间优化配置

利用RS、GIS技术和多目标灰色局势决策方法,综合森林的经济效益指标(生物量、林分生产力)和生态效益指标(涵养水源量、固土量),对清原县现有森林类型进行空间优化配置.结果表明: 经优化配置后,清原县森林类型的结构比例发生了明显的变化,其中针叶林和阔叶林面积由43%、51%减少到23%、31%,针阔混交林面积由3%增加到43%,灌木林面积保持不变;森林生态系统生物量、林分生产力分别增加0.6%、2.1%,而涵养水源功能增加31.7%,固土功能基本保持不变,在保留较高木材生产效益的同时,可充分发挥涵养水源功能,实现森林生态系统经济效益和生态效益的最大化.     

Hiding Without Cover? Defining Elk Security in a Beetle-Killed Forest

Recent mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae; pine beetle) outbreaks in the western United States have affected nearly 18 million ha of pine (Pinus spp.) forest and are unprecedented in spatial extent, severity, and duration, yet little is known about wildlife responses to large-scale insect outbreaks. Elk (Cervus canadensis) are important wildlife whose dominant management paradigm on public lands has focused on providing security habitat to increase survival during hunting seasons and to maintain elk presence on public lands to promote hunter opportunity. To assess the effect of pine beetles and associated changes in forest structure on elk security, we used a time series to characterize canopy cover pre- and post-pine beetle outbreak, characterized relative canopy cover among the dominant forest types in the study area post-pine beetle outbreak, and used global positioning system location data from male and female elk to define habitat relationships and security during the archery and rifle hunting seasons. Our study area was within the Elkhorn Mountains of southwest Montana, USA, 2015–2017, which experienced 80% mortality of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests during a pine beetle outbreak that peaked in 2008. We observed an 8.5% reduction in canopy cover within pine beetle-infested lodgepole pine forests, yet canopy cover remained relatively high among other forest types post-outbreak. The top-ranked habitat security models contained positive relationships with canopy cover, distance to motorized routes, terrain ruggedness, and slope with few notable differences among sexes and seasons. Across sexes and seasons, 75% and 50% of elk use was within areas with average canopy cover values ≥31 ± 6.65 (SD)% and ≥53 ± 5.7% that were an average of ≥2,072 ± 187.93 m and ≥3,496 ± 157.32 m from a motorized route, respectively. Therefore, we recommend fall elk security be defined as areas that meet these criteria for minimum canopy cover and distance from motorized routes in the Elkhorn Mountains and in other landscapes with similar forest characteristics and hunting pressures. Although we observed expected reductions in canopy cover within pine beetle-infested forests, defoliation alone did not appear to negatively affect elk security or reduce canopy cover below our management recommendations. Nonetheless, because of the prevalence of standing dead trees in our study area, we recommend future work that investigates the relationships with pine beetle-infested areas post-blowdown because changes in ground structure and costs of locomotion may affect elk habitat and security. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The Wildlife Society.