不同氮源对蛋白核小球藻生长、色素和中性脂肪积累的影响

单细胞微藻在生长发育过程中,所积累的中性脂肪具有潜在的生物燃料价值。不同氮源对藻类的生长具有显著影响。研究了氨态氮、尿素氮和硝酸态氮对蛋白核小球藻生长、色素和中性脂肪积累的影响。结果显示,不同氮源对培养液pH有显著影响,以氨态氮为氮源导致培养液pH降低,而硝酸态氮导致培养液pH升高,培养液pH的波动可被添加的Hepes所稳定,并促进以氨态氮为氮源的蛋白核小球藻的生长。尿素氮对蛋白核小球藻生长、色素积累的效果优于氨态氮和硝酸态氮,硝酸态氮在中性脂肪积累上优于尿素氮和氨态氮,添加Hepes对氮饥饿后蛋白核小球藻的中性脂肪积累无显著影响。     

重要环境因子对小球藻去除污水中氮磷的影响

对小球藻去除污水中氮磷的性能进行了研究,考察了初始氮磷浓度、氮磷比、光照条件和pH等因素对其去除效率的影响。结果表明,在初始氮磷浓度分别在35 mg/L和7 mg/L以下时去除率接近100%;氮磷比为5∶1和10∶1,小球藻第4 d基本完全去除了污水中的氨态氮,而氮磷比对小球藻的除磷能力没有显著影响;在初始氨态氮或总磷浓度相同的条件下,光照条件(L/D为24 h∶0 h和12 h∶12 h)对氮磷去除效果的无明显差异性（P＞0.05）,而随着氮磷浓度的增加,连续光照条件逐渐展现出去除氮磷的优势;小球藻在pH 7～8范围内对氨态氮的去除率最佳,pH 5～7范围内,对总磷的去除率最佳。     

pH值对沼液培养的普通小球藻生长及油含量积累的影响

以50％的沼液为普通小球藻的全营养培养基,考察培养基的起始pH值对小球藻生长及油脂含量的影响,普通小球藻对不同初始pH的沼液中氮、磷的去除情况。设定了2组实验,一组只调节初始接种培养液的pH,分别为6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5;另一组将培养液pH分别固定在6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0、8.5,pH用稀HCl和NaOH进行调节。研究发现在pH 6.5和pH 7.0的偏酸环境有利于小球藻生长,而pH在7.0~8.5的偏碱性条件下有利于小球藻油脂的积累,因此综合小球藻生长和油脂积累2个因素,得到最适合小球藻生长和油脂积累的pH为7.0。培养结束后沼液中氮磷的去除率分别达到了95％和97％,沼液中的总氮由原来的134.91 mg/L降至4.86 mg/L,总磷由10.19 mg/L降到0.32 mg/L。     

利用芽孢菌发酵废水培养小球藻的研究

研究表明,在25℃、光照12h／d（4500lx）条件下,芽孢茵发酵废水对小球藻的生长有促进作用,且促进作用随废水浓度的升高而增强。浓度为10％Ya发酵废水对小球藻的促进增殖作用与对照组相近,纯发酵废水培养的小球藻最高密度为对照组的7．4倍。研究同时表明,小球藻对芽孢菌发酵废水有较强的降解能力,通过10d的培养,发酵废液中的COD下降95．53％,氨态氮下降81．27％,亚硝酸盐氮下降88．33％。     

脱氮菌株P6的分离鉴定及其处理氨氮废水的试验研究

目的：从污水处理池的污泥中分离得到去除氨氮效果较好的菌株,对其进行分类鉴定和去除氨氮的最佳条件的研究。方法：根据维诺格拉斯基柱法分离出几种纯菌株,选取其中脱氮效果较好的一株,经形态观察和生理生化实验,鉴定其分类地位。研究不同培养条件对该菌生长的影响,用滴定法测定不同条件下其对氨氮的去除率。结果：获得一脱氮菌株P6,初步推测该菌为产碱杆菌。其最适生长条件为：温度29℃,初始pH值7.5以及摇床（100r/min）培养,且在温度29℃、废水的初始pH值11、接种量与废水体积的比例为1.2g/150mL、添加乙酸钠浓度为0.1%、废水的氨氮浓度为600mg/L和摇床（100r/min）的条件下,3d后该菌对氨氮的去除率达到45%。结论：P6菌有一定的去除氨氮能力,具有应用价值。     

4种理化因子对菌株XH1硝化效果的影响

【背景】基于硝化菌群的富集培养技术可高效稳定地去除养殖水体中的有害氮素,而当前在水产养殖领域有关硝化菌群定向培育及硝化功能菌株的研究较少。【目的】研究不同盐度、pH、温度、通气量条件下硝化菌群分离菌株XH1的生长及其对氨氮和亚硝氮的去除效果。【方法】设置不同梯度的盐度、pH、温度、通气量条件,通过计数菌量、测定氨氮及亚硝氮的浓度变化,比较不同条件下菌株XH1的生长及其对氨氮和亚硝氮的影响。【结果】菌株XH1可在盐度5‰-35‰、pH 6.0-9.0、温度15-45°C和通气量0.5-1 V/(V·min)的条件下生长良好,菌量最高可达2.34×109cells/mL;在盐度5‰-35‰、pH 6.0-9.0、温度15-30°C、通气量0.5 V/(V·min)的条件下,对氨氮的去除效果显著(P0.05),在第1-3天对培养液中氨氮的最高去除率可达86%-97%,但培养液中的氨氮浓度先降后升;对亚硝氮的最高去除率达68%。【结论】菌株XH1对盐度、pH、温度等主要环境因子具有良好的适应性,其对水体氨氮的去除效果良好,可作为中低盐度养殖池塘水体氨氮防控菌剂产品研发的备选菌株。     

一株光合细菌的分离鉴定及该菌对氨氮和亚硝态氮的去除作用

【背景】中国是水产养殖大国,氨氮、亚硝态氮是水体中主要的氮源污染物。水体氨氮超标不仅会损伤水生动物的神经系统和肝肾系统,还会导致体表及内脏充血。亚硝态氮过高会阻碍血液运载氧气能力,导致鱼虾缺氧、免疫力下降,从而引发肠炎、烂鳃,甚至窒息死亡。部分光合细菌有去除水体氨氮、亚硝态氮的能力,且对环境友好无二次污染。【目的】从广东养殖水体分离、纯化、筛选出生物活性好的光合细菌(编号SP3)进行种属鉴定,优化培养条件,检测其去除水体氨氮和亚硝态氮的能力,为养殖水体去除氨氮和亚硝态氮提供目标菌株。【方法】用双层平板法从混合菌液中分离得到光合细菌,通过革兰氏染色、碳源利用试验、对无机电子供体的利用试验以及16SrRNA基因序列分析对目标菌株进行种属鉴定;测定菌株SP3在不同pH、不同浓度NaCl条件下的OD600,优化培养条件;通过测定7d内SP3菌株在不同浓度氨氮(氯化铵配制)和亚硝态氮(亚硝酸钠配制)中OD600的变化趋势,确定该菌株对不同氮源的利用情况;用纳氏比色法、分光光度法测定SP3菌株降解水体氨氮和亚硝态氮的能力。Genome walking扩增获得亚硝酸盐还原酶基因(nirS),通过荧光定量PCR研究nirS在氨氮、亚硝态氮去除过程中的表达动态。【结果】筛选出的菌株SP3为革兰氏阴性菌,短杆状;能以醋酸盐、丙酮酸盐、丙酸盐、丁酸盐、乳酸盐、富马酸盐、琥珀酸盐、苹果酸、果糖、葡萄糖作为碳源,不能以乙醇和丙酮作为碳源;能利用硫化钠、硫代硫酸钠、亚硫酸钠作为无机电子供体; 16SrRNA基因序列分析表明其与沙氏外硫红螺菌(Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii)序列相似度为99%;菌株SP3适宜pH为6.0-8.5,适宜盐度为0-3%;菌株SP3以铵盐作为氮源时生长状态明显优于亚硝酸盐;以初始菌液浓度8.6×109CFU/mL、起始氨氮量84.15±0.58 mg/L的条件培养7 d,水体氨氮累计去除量为79.45±0.29 mg/L,氨氮累计去除率达到94.42%;在同样菌浓度和2mg/L亚硝酸钠的条件下培养5d,水体亚硝态氮含量低于检测限0.003mg/L。在菌株SP3去除氨氮、亚硝态氮过程中nirS相对表达量上调。【结论】菌株SP3为沙氏外硫红螺菌(E.shaposhnikovii),能有效去除水中氨氮和亚硝态氮,具有净化水质作用,在水产养殖和污水处理中有广阔应用前景。     

一株耐盐反硝化细菌的筛选、鉴定和特性及其产物四氢嘧啶的检测

【背景】石化工业废水具有高盐含氮的特点,高盐度会对微生物代谢造成抑制,导致普通反硝化微生物难以在高盐环境下有效脱氮。【目的】筛选在高盐条件下仍能保持反硝化能力的菌株并研究其特性。【方法】富集筛选出一株耐盐反硝化细菌,对其进行生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列鉴定,对其生长条件进行优化并测定该菌株反硝化能力,对菌株在高盐环境下的产物进行定性定量分析。【结果】经鉴定菌株YA16-1为表皮短杆菌(Brevibacterium epidermidis),可对硝态氮进行反硝化作用,在盐度为3%、初始氮浓度为55 mg/L的条件下,18 h的硝态氮转化率达到97%;初始硝态氮浓度为250 mg/L时,24 h内硝态氮转化率达到100%。该菌株的最适生长条件为：2% NaCl,碳源为玉米芯粉,氮源为酵母粉,pH值为6.0,培养温度为30 ℃。菌株在盐度为2%-15%的培养基内生长良好。在15%盐度下,菌株通过产四氢嘧啶维持渗透压,产量为0.89 mg/mL。【结论】菌株YA16-1具有良好的耐盐能力和反硝化能力,在高盐废水处理、保护生态环境和四氢嘧啶的制备具有潜在的应用价值。     

小球藻净化污水中氮磷能力的研究

在小球藻液中分别添加不同浓度的N、P溶液,研究小球藻净化氮、磷的能力。实验结果表明,氮磷组合浓度不同时对小球藻吸收氮、磷有一定影响;在最佳pH为8.0-8.5的条件下,吸收率可达80％左右;升高温度或加强光照有利于小球藻对磷、氮的吸收。小球藻对氮、磷的吸附随着培养时间的延长而逐渐升高。     

发酵体系中氨态氮含量的测定及影响因素的探讨

靛酚蓝-分光光度法是一种灵敏度高、设备要求简单、线性相关性好、重现性高的氨态氮检测方法。本文对该方法的检测波长,反应温度、时间以及催化剂浓度等条件进行了优化,确定了最佳的检测波长为637nm,最佳的反应条件为37℃、25 mg.L-1的催化剂和20 m in的反应时间。并由此得到一条线性相关系数为0.9996的氨态氮检测标准曲线。同时,对靛酚蓝法测定氨态氮用于普通发酵体系进行了探讨。对常用发酵基质如炭源、氮源、金属离子以及消泡剂等进行了考察,结果发现这些常用基质基本不影响本法用于氨态氮的测定。最后,将这种氨氮测定方法用于泰乐菌素和阿维菌素的发酵实践,取得了良好效果,由此证明该方法是一种切实可行的发酵中氨态氮的检测方法。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.