甜菜碱与植物耐盐基因工程

向非甜菜碱积累植物导入甜菜碱合成途径是提高植物耐盐性的策略之一。甜菜碱是一种无毒的有机小分子化合物。盐胁迫下 ,它能在植物细胞中迅速积累以维持细胞的渗透平衡 ,并对胞内的一些重要酶类起保护作用。编码甜菜碱合成酶的基因已被克隆 ,并应用于植物耐盐基因工程。本文介绍了甜菜碱的生理作用、合成酶及相关基因的特性 ,并结合本实验室的工作对甜菜碱基因工程及其进展作了简单的综述     

甜菜碱与植物耐盐基因工程

向非甜菜碱积累植物导入甜菜碱合成途径是提高植物耐盐性的策略之一。甜菜碱是一种无毒的有机小分子化合物。盐胁迫下,它能在植物细胞中迅速积累以维持细胞的渗透平衡,并对胞内的一些重要酶类起保护作用。编码甜菜碱合成酶的基因已被克隆,并应用于植物耐盐基因工程。本文介绍了甜菜碱的生理作用、合成酶及相关基因的特性,并结合本实验室的工作对甜菜碱基因工程及其进展作了简单的综述。     

植物甜菜碱合成酶的分子生物学和基因工程

甜菜碱是一种非毒性的渗透调节剂,多种高等植物在盐碱或缺水的环境下在细胞中积累甜菜碱,以维持细胞的正常膨压,甜菜碱的积累使得许多代谢中的重要酶类在渗透胁迫下能保持活性,在植物中甜菜碱由胆碱经两步氧化得到,催化第一步反应的酶是胆碱单加氧酶（CMO）,催化第二步反应的酶是甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（BADH）。本文综述了这两种酶的分子生物学及基因工程研究的最新进展,讨论了基因工程研究的意义。     

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的cDNA克隆

甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的ｃＤＮＡ克隆马德钦,汤岚,吕文,骆爱玲,梁峰（中国科学院微生物研究所,北京１０００８０）（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）ｃＤＮＡＣＬＯＮＥＯＦＴＨＥＧＥＮＥＯＦＢＥＴＡＩＮＥＡＬＤＥＨＹＤＥＤＥＨＹＤＲＯＧＥＮＡＳＥ￥￣...     

小麦甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因WBADH序列

1　Ｓｏｕｒｃｅ　ＴｈｅｇｅｎｅｗａｓｉｓｏｌａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉ ｖｕｍｃｖ.Ｈａｎｆｅｎｇ 970 3ｌｅａｖｅｓｃＤＮＡｂｙＰＣＲ .2　Ｎａｍｅａｎｄｄｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎ　ＴｈｅＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍｂｅ ｔａｉｎｅａｌｄｅｈ     

植物甜菜碱合成酶的分子生物学和基因工程

甜菜碱是一种非毒性的渗透调节剂。多种高等植物在盐碱或缺水的环境下在细胞中积累甜菜碱 ,以维持细胞的正常膨压。甜菜碱的积累使得许多代谢中的重要酶类在渗透胁迫下能保持活性。在植物中甜菜碱由胆碱经两步氧化得到 ,催化第一步反应的酶是胆碱单加氧酶 (CMO) ,催化第二步反应的酶是甜菜碱醛脱氢酶 (BADH)。本文综述了这两种酶的分子生物学及基因工程研究的最新进展 ,讨论了其基因工程研究的意义。     

菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因在烟草中的表达

质粒pLS9含有1．5kb的编码菠菜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)基因。经限制酶切后克隆到植物表达载体的35S启动子和PolyA终止子之间。经农杆菌介导转化烟草,获得90多株抗卡那霉素再生植株。经PCR检测证明60％以上再生植株含有BADH基因。转基因植株经Western blot,BADH酶活性测定,BADH酶活性特异性染色法检查和耐盐性分析,证明菠菜BADH基因在烟草正常表达。在叶绿体和胞液中均有BADH酶存在。转基因植株能耐较高浓度盐。     

Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions

INTRODUCTIONAmaranth is a C4 dicotyledonous mesophytecrop plant. A. tricofor is a major variety for veg-etable and ornamental crops, and is widely culti-vated in the wor1d. Osmoprotectant glycine betaine(GB) was detected in Amaranthaceae, A. HyPochon-driacus L[2] and A. Caudatus L[3, 4]. GB iswidespread and an effective osmoprotectant in manyplants[3]. We studied the photosynthetic adaptationmechanism of A. trico1or under salt stress due to ac-cumulation of GB[5].GB is synthesized …     

盐胁迫下三色苋甜菜碱及有关酶含量的变化

三色苋(Amaranthus tricolor)不同器官中的甜菜碱(GB)含量显著不同.除子叶外,根、茎和叶的GB含量和茎、叶中的胆碱单加氧酶(CMO)含量都因300 mmol/L的NaCl处理而增加.甜菜碱醛脱氢酶(BADH)的表达无论盐处理与否在所有器官中都能检测到,其含量变化不大.当种子发芽时,具备合成GB的能力,CMO含量增加;在此之前未能检测到CMO,也不能合成GB.研究结果表明三色苋响应盐胁迫而合成GB的关键酶是CMO.     

中亚滨藜甜菜碱醛脱氢酶基因的表达特性

根据已发表的几种植物的甜菜碱醛脱氢酶（BADH）基因的同源保守区设计了一对兼并引物,通过RT-PCR方法从中亚滨藜中扩增出BADH基因的近5′端序列,共395bp,与菠菜、山菠菜、甜菜、千穗谷、大麦的BADHcDNA相应片段的同源性较高,以此片段为探针,对中亚滨藜的基因组进行Southern杂交分析,证明该基因可能是单拷贝的。Northern印迹杂交结果表明：NaCl250mmol/L处理的植株的BADHmRNA水平比对照植株约高2倍。说明中亚滨藜中BADH基因的表达受盐诱导。     

植物类胡萝卜素生物合成及其相关基因在基因工程中的应用

近年来类胡萝卜素生物合成基因的分离与功能鉴定,为应用基因工程技术改变植物体内类胡萝卜素成份和提高类胡萝卜素含量提供了新的基因资源.有关类胡萝卜素合成的生物化学及其在体内调控研究的新进展,使通过遗传操作调控植物体内类胡萝卜素生物合成途径成为可能.该文综述了类胡萝卜素生物合成途径及其相关基因的研究现状,并结合作者的工作介绍了应用转基因技术改变植物体内类胡萝卜素成份与含量的最新成功的事例.     

木质素生物合成及其基因工程研究进展

木质素是维管植物的一种主要组成成分,是植物适应陆地环境的重要特征之一.然而,它的存在严重影响植物材料在造纸工业与畜牧业生产中的应用,因此其生物合成调控的研究引起人们极大关注.随着各种分析技术和手段的提高,该领域研究取得了突破性的进展.该文重点阐述这些新进展,同时较系统地介绍利用基因工程技术调控木质素生物合成的研究成果,并提出一些关于更有效地利用生物技术手段改良造纸资源植物品质的建议.     

Biosynthesis and Genetic Engineering of Polyketides

Polyketides are one of the largest groups of natural products produced by bacteria, fungi, and plants. Many of these metabolites have highly complex chemical structures and very important biological activities, including antibiotic, anticancer, immunosuppressant, and anti-cholesterol activities. In the past two decades, extensive investigations have been carried out to understand the molecular mechanisms for polyketide biosynthesis. These efforts have led to the development of various rational approaches toward engineered biosynthesis of new polyketides. More recently, the research efforts have shifted to the elucidation of the three-dimentional structure of the complex enzyme machineries for polyketide biosynthesis and to the exploitation of new sources for polyketide production, such as filamentous fungi and marine microorganisms. This review summarizes our general understanding of the biosynthetic mechanisms and the progress in engineered biosynthesis of polyketides.     

Biosynthesis and Genetic Engineering of Lignin

Lignin, a complex heteropolymer of cinnamyl alcohols, is, second to cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth. Lignification has played a determining role in the adaptation of plants to terrestrial life. As all extracellular polymers, lignin confers rheological properties to plant tissues and participates probably in many other functions in cell and tissue physiology orin cell-to-cell communication. Economically, lignin is very important because it determines wood quality and it affects the pulp and paper-making processes as well as the digestibility of forage crops. For all these reasons the lignin biosynthesis pathway has been the subject of many studies. At present, most genes encoding the enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of lignin have been cloned and characterized. Various recent studies report on the alteration of the expression of these genes by genetic engineering, yielding plants with modified lignin. In addition, several mutants have been analyzed with changes in lignin content or lignin composition resulting in altered properties. Thanks to these studies, progress in the knowledge of the lignin biosynthesis pathway has been obtained. It is now clear that the pathway is more complex than initially thought and there is evidence for alternative pathways. A fine manipulation of the lignin content and/or composition in plants is now achievable and could have important economical and environmental benefits.     

盐胁迫下甜菜碱的生物合成及植物耐盐的分子机制（综述）

甜菜碱是一种无毒的渗透调节剂.在盐胁迫下,植物体内迅速积累甜菜碱等小分子化合物以维持细胞内外的渗透平衡,从而维持细胞正常的生理功能.本文对甜菜碱的生理作用、生物合成、基因工程及植物抗盐的分子机制作一综述,为培育理想的耐盐植物新品系提供参考.     

Genetic Engineering of Glycine Betaine Biosynthesis Reduces Heat-Enhanced Photoinhibition by Enhancing Antioxidative Defense and Alleviating Lipid Peroxidation in Tomato

Glycine betaine (GB) is a compatible solute that accumulates rapidly to enhance heat tolerance in many plants grown under heat stress. In this study, a BADH gene (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase) from spinach was introduced into tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. ‘Moneymaker’) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic tomato lines expressing BADH exhibited higher capabilities for GB accumulation. Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis of wild type (WT) and transgenic plants exposed to heat treatment (42 °C) showed that transgenic plants exhibited higher photosynthetic capacities than WT plants. This finding suggests that GB accumulation increases tolerance to heat-enhanced photoinhibition. This increased tolerance was associated with an improvement in D1 protein content, which accelerated the repair of photosystem II (PSII) following heat-enhanced photoinhibition. Significant accumulations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide radical (O₂ ^?) were observed in WT plants under heat stress. However, these accumulations were much less for the transgenic plants. An important finding reported herein is that exogenous GB cannot directly reduce the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In accordance with a lower relative electrolyte conductivity and malondialdehyde content, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were higher in transgenic lines than in WT plants, indicating that the degree of membrane injury in the transgenic plants was lower compared to the WT plants. These results suggest that GB accumulation in vivo cannot directly eliminate ROS. Rather, higher antioxidant enzyme activities must be maintained to lessen the accumulation of ROS in transgenic plants and to decrease the degree of membrane injury.     

核黄素基因工程研究进展

核黄素 (维生素B2 )为天然水溶性的B族维生素 ,是维持机体正常代谢所必须的物质 ,具有重要的生理功能。目前核黄素的生产方法主要有化学合成法和微生物发酵法。其中微生物发酵法是后来发展起来的一种十分经济有效的方法 ,并在核黄素主产中开始占据主导地位。为进一步获得核黄素高产菌株 ,人们对核黄素合成基因及其表达调控的机制做了深入细致的研究 ,并以此为依据 ,通过基因工程手段构建出了核黄素高产菌株 ,大大提高了核黄素的产量 ,其中尤以枯草芽孢杆菌最为成功。综述发酵法生产核黄素的现状、核黄素生物合成的分子生物学以及基因工程研究进展 ,讨论了其进一步的发展方向。     

玉米淀粉生物合成及其遗传操纵

淀粉是许多植物重要的储藏物质。淀粉突变体以及转基因植物中淀粉变异的特点使我们对淀粉生物合成的过程有了较深入的了解,许多研究的结果揭示了玉米淀粉的生物合成涉及4类酶--ADPG焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合成酶、淀粉分支酶和去分支酶。随着编码这些酶的基因的克隆,利用转基因技术对淀粉合成过程进行遗传操纵业已成为可能,并且在提高淀粉产量以及不同特性淀粉品质的种质资源创新等方面展示出巨大的潜力。 Abstract:Starch is the most important source of calories and a vital storage component in plants.The characterization and production of starch variants from mutation and with transgenic technology has improved our understanding of the synthesis of starch granule.In starch biosynthesis in plants,four enzymes,including ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase,starch synthase,starch branching enzyme and starch debranching enzyme,are widely accepted from an enormous amount of research aimed primarily at enzyme characterization.As many genes encoding the enzymes and their multiple isoforms in starch biosynthesis pathway have been isolated,genetic manipulation of the starch biosynthesis pathway shows to be a practical way by which starch quantity is increased and starch with novel properties can be created.