Production of Polyclonal Antibodies to a Recombinant Coat Protein of Potato mop-top virus

The coat protein (CP) coding regions of two Czech Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV) isolates were sequenced and shown to be identical. One, the Korneta isolate CP gene, was cloned in several expression vectors. The recombinant PMTV‐CP was expressed in Escherichia coli and the purified recombinant protein was used to produce PMTV‐specific polyclonal antibodies. The antiserum had a titre of 1 : 2000 in an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reacted specifically in immunoblotting and IPTA‐ ELISA (indirect plate‐trapped antigen (PTA)‐ELISA).     

Production of Polyclonal Antibodies to the Recombinant Potato virus M (PVM) Non‐structural Triple Gene Block Protein 1 and Coat Protein

The genes encoding the coat protein (CP) and triple gene block protein 1 (TGBp1) of Potato virus M (PVM) were cloned into expression vector pET‐45b(+) (N‐terminal 6xHis tag) and expressed in E. coli Rosetta gami‐2(DE3). The purified recombinant antigens were used for raising polyclonal antibodies. The antibodies against recombinant CP were successfully used in Western blot analysis, plate‐trapped ELISA and DAS‐ELISA as a coating for PVM detection in infected potato leaf samples. The antibodies against recombinant non‐structural protein detected the TGBp1 only in Western blot analysis. This is the first report of the production of polyclonal antibodies against recombinant coat protein and TGBp1 of PVM and their use for detecting the virus.     

Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus Naturally Infects Phaseolus Bean and Cowpea in the Coastal Area of Syria

In an attempt to identify possible summer hosts of the faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV), a field survey was conducted in the coastal area of Syria. Using a monoclonal antibody to FBNYV in indirect ELISA, FBNYV was detected in a large number of samples from Phaseolus vulgaris L. and in a few samples from Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. in which it caused severe symptoms. This is the first report of natural infection of P. vulgaris and V. unguiculata with FBNYV.     

Polyclonal Antibodies to the Coat Protein of Carnation etched ring virus Expressed in Bacterial System: Production and Use in Immunodiagnosis†

Carnation etched ring virus (CERV), is the most widespread virus in carnation cultivars after Carnation mottle virus. It's incidences has been reported worldwide. It has double stranded DNA genome with the length of ∼8 kbp. Primers were designed for CERV coat protein gene (1482 bp) amplification and directional and inframe cloning in expression vector, pET‐28a(+) (Novagen, USA), using Escherichia coli strain BL 21 strain competent cells. Expression conditions for maximum recovery of soluble recombinant protein was standardized. The in vitro expressed protein was purified and was used as an antigen for raising antisera. Both intramuscular and sub‐cutaneous routes were used separately for antisera production and the antisera was purified. Some of the antisera was used for enzyme conjugate preparation. This antiserum and conjugate were then used for formulation of an ELISA‐based diagnostic kit for CERV detection. Its properties were compared with the commercially available kit. In all cases, with both glasshouse and field material, the antibodies had good detectability and specificity. These antibodies combine specificity to the target protein and versatility with regard to all the more important serological techniques.     

Production of Polyclonal Antibodies to the Recombinant Coat Protein of Citrus tristeza virus and their Effectiveness for Virus Detection

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is distributed worldwide and causes the most economically important virus diseases of citrus. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and/or immunoprinting have become an indispensable tools for large‐scale diagnosis of CTV worldwide. Several CTV detection kits are commercially available, based on either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies developed against purified virus preparations. We have developed polyclonal antibodies to recombinant p25 CTV coat proteins (rCP) and determined their effectiveness for both trapping and as the intermediate antibody in double‐antibody sandwich indirect (DASI) ELISA. The p25 coat protein gene of three CTV isolates was amplified by RT‐PCR and further cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli cells. The rCP was injected into rabbits and goats for antibody production. Western blotting assays with the rCP CTV‐specific antibodies reacted positively with the homologous and heterologous rCP of the three CTV isolates and with the corresponding native coat protein present in crude sap extracts of CTV‐infected citrus tissue, but not with extracts from healthy tissue. The rCP antibodies from goat and rabbit reacted as both plate trapping and intermediate antibodies in DASI‐ELISA, discriminating healthy and CTV‐infected citrus, with optical density (OD₄₀₅) values in the range of 0.151–2.415 for CTV‐infected samples and less than 0.100 for healthy tissue. Commercially available anti‐CTV antibodies were used as a reference. Previous reports indicate that antibodies developed to recombinant antigens, including those of CTV, may not be functional for trapping the target antigens under non‐denaturing conditions. Our results showed the feasibility of CTV antibodies developed to the rCP for use as both trapping and intermediate antibodies in DASI‐ELISA, when the recombinant antigen was fractioned with polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel and further extensively dialysed against phosphate buffer saline prior to its use as immunogen.     

Expression of Coat Protein of an Ordinary Strain of Potato virus Y in Escherichia coli and Production of Polyclonal Antibodies for Diagnosis

The coat protein gene (CP) of an ordinary strain of Potato virus Y (PVY^O) was cloned into the expression vector, pET‐28a(+). The insert was sequenced and analysis showed that the CP gene was in frame with intact N‐terminal 6X histidine tags. An approximately 35 kDa recombinant fusion protein was observed in inclusion bodies of induced Escherichia coli BL21 cells. This fusion protein was purified and used as antigen to raise polyclonal antibodies in rabbits. In Western blot and dot blot immuno‐binding assay (DIBA), both PVY^O‐CP IgG and PVY^O IgG strongly reacted with the recombinant CP. The PVY^O‐CP IgG could detect PVY^O in infected samples up to 1 : 3200 dilutions. A PVY^O‐CP ELISA kit was prepared and compared with conventional ELISA kit based on purified virus particles (PVY^O ELISA kit). The PVY^O‐CP ELISA kit consistently detected the PVY^O in DAS‐ELISA of field samples and was as effective as PVY^O ELISA kit.     

重组杆状病毒表达尼帕病毒融合蛋白和受体结合蛋白的研究

构建了表达尼帕病毒(Nipah virus,NiV)囊膜功能糖蛋白F和G的重组杆状病毒rBac-NF、rBac-NG。Western-blot证实大小分别为61kD和66kD的重组融合蛋白(rNF)和受体结合蛋白(rNG)分别在rBac-NF、rBac-NG感染的昆虫细胞中获得表达,并且rNF前体F0可在昆虫细胞内进一步有效裂解为F1(~49kD)和F2;采用兔抗NiV病毒高免血清间接免疫荧光检测重组杆状病毒表达F和G蛋白显示出良好的特异免疫反应原性。以rBac-NF、rBac-NG感染的昆虫细胞裂解液稀释后直接包被ELISA板,间接ELISA检测兔抗灭活NiV全病毒高免血清中的F和G蛋白特异性抗体,同样具有良好的敏感性和特异性;以rBac-NF和rBac-NG感染昆虫细胞培养物直接免疫BALB/c小鼠,可诱导显著的NiVF和G蛋白特异体液免疫反应,产生的特异抗体可有效中和NiV囊膜蛋白F和G介导的伪型VSV重组病毒侵入NiV易感宿主细胞的感染性。结果表明,杆状病毒表达重组F和G蛋白抗原具有替代NiV全病毒,作为安全、经济、敏感和特异的诊断抗原的潜力,并为重组病毒亚单位疫苗防制尼帕病毒性脑炎的探索研究奠定了基础。     

甜菜坏死黄脉病毒外壳蛋白基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

将甜菜坏死黄脉病毒内蒙古分离物的外壳蛋白基因亚克隆到ｐＪＷ２上构建成在大肠杆菌中表达的载体。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ检测的结果表明,该表达载体在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中经温度诱导后特异地表达２１ｋＤ的甜菜坏死黄脉病毒外壳蛋白。经光密度扫描估测,其表达量占大肠杆菌总蛋白的１９．５％。     

甜菜坏死黄脉病毒外壳蛋白基因在甜菜转基因植株中的表达

甜菜坏死黄脉病毒(Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus,BNYVV)是一种由甜菜多粘菌(Polymyxo be tae)传播的多分体植物病毒．基因组由4～5条单链正意RNA构成^[1]。60年代末,由Tamada首次报道^[2],这种病毒可对甜菜造成严重危害,侵染甜菜后产生丛根症状(Rhizomania),并导致甜菜产量和含糖 量的大幅度下降。除欧洲、北美及日本的严重发生以外,我国自70年代以来在东北、内蒙古及西北许多省区也有大量甜菜丛根病的发生报道^[3]。由于尚无有效药剂及措施用于甜菜丛根病或病毒传播介体的防治．在我国也无法采用大面积轮作作为防治手段,所以目前在世界各地及我国上述地区甜菜丛根病的发病面积逐年扩展,对甜菜生产和制糖业造成直接威胁。针对这一情况．本文报道了含有甜菜坏死黄脉病毒外壳蛋白基因的甜菜植株的转化再生工作,以期在甜菜亲本育种中获得新的抗性材料．为抗病毒品种的培育打下基础。     

猴ESc—615基因重组蛋白质片段的表达纯化和多克隆抗体的制备

ESc 6 15是从猕猴中克隆到的一个在附睾中特异性表达的新基因。为了从蛋白质水平深入研究其在精子成熟中的作用 ,在大肠杆菌中表达了该蛋白质的一条含 310个氨基酸的肽段 ,并用其免疫新西兰大白兔 ,得到了滴度为 10 0 0 0 0的抗血清 ;用Western印迹方法鉴定发现该抗血清可检测到 3ng的抗原量 ;并在大鼠附睾组织抽提液中检测到一种能与该抗血清作用的大小约 6 3kD的蛋白质 ,此蛋白质大小与作者实验室在大鼠中克隆到的此基因的同源蛋白质相同 ;利用该抗体通过免疫组化分析确定了ESc 6 15为分泌蛋白质 ,并能与精子结合 ;该抗血清经抗原吸附后阳性结果消失。该高滴度多克隆抗体的获得为ESc 6 15功能的探索提供了一条途径。     

兔抗人热激蛋白70样蛋白1多克隆抗体的制备与初步鉴定

目的：制备兔抗人热激蛋白70样蛋白1（HSP70L1）的多克隆抗体并进行初步鉴定。方法：在大肠杆菌中重组表达融合蛋白GST-HSP70L1和His-HSP70L1并纯化;将GST-HSP70L1融合蛋白用于免疫新西兰大耳白兔获得多克隆抗体,用His-HSP70L1对抗血清进行分离纯化,得到抗HSP70L1多克隆抗体,用Western印迹、免疫沉淀对其进行初步鉴定。结果：获得了高表达的GST-HSP70L1和His-HSP70L1重组融合蛋白;纯化获得抗HSP70L1抗体,此抗体可用于Western印迹和免疫沉淀实验。结论：获得了兔抗人HSP70L1的多克隆抗体,为进一步研究HSP70L1的生物功能提供了有用的工具。     

Immunodiagnosis of Parietaria mottle virus in Tomato Crops Using a Polyclonal Antiserum against its Coat Protein Expressed in a Bacterial System

Recombinant DNA technology was used to raise a polyclonal antiserum against the coat protein (CP) of Parietaria mottle virus (PMoV). The CP gene was expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion to a 6xHis tag and purified by affinity chromatography. Recombinant purified protein was used as antigen to raise a polyclonal antiserum. This polyclonal antiserum consistently detected PMoV specifically infected tomato plants from different commercial tomato crops by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) and direct tissue-printing immunoassay (DTBIA).     

表达新城疫病毒F48E8株融合蛋白基因的重组鸡痘病毒及其免？…

将将城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）Ｆ４８Ｅ８株融合蛋白基因导入鸡痘病毒（ＦＰＶ）插入载体ｐＥＧＦ１１７５－１的Ｐ７．５启动子下游,得到转移载体ｐＦＧ１１７５－１重组质粒。采用脂质体转染技术,将该质粒转染ＦＰＶ２８２Ｅ株感染的鸡胚成纤维细胞（ＣＥＦ）。,经过多次蓝斑筛选纯化,获稳定的重组病毒ｒＦＰＶ－ＮＤＦ。间接免疫荧光试验表明,ｒＦＰＶ－ＮＤＦ感染的ＣＥＦ中表达了ＮＤＶ的融合蛋白。用ｒＦＰＶ－ＮＤＦ免疫的ＳＦ     

新型冠状病毒RBD蛋白原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

为原核表达严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（简称新型冠状病毒,severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2）S蛋白受体结合域（receptor binding domain, RBD）并制备多克隆抗体,利用基因克隆技术将RBD基因连接到原核表达载体pGEX-6p-1和pET-32a(+)上,电转化至大肠杆菌XL1-Blue感受态细胞,利用优化后的表达条件大量表达重组蛋白,经亲和层析纯化后通过SDS-PAGE检测蛋白的表达情况。利用GST-RBD融合蛋白作为免疫抗原免疫小鼠制备多克隆抗体,ELISA和Western blot分析抗血清的效价和特异性。PCR鉴定和序列测定结果显示,成功构建了重组载体pGEX-RBD和pET-RBD,在大肠杆菌中实现了GST-RBD和RBD-His融合蛋白的可溶性高效表达。研究获得的多克隆抗体的滴度达到约1∶3 000,并具有良好的结合特异性。原核表达的可溶性新型冠状病毒RBD重组蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,为后续制备基因工程抗体奠定了实验基础。     

Highly Efficient Immunodiagnosis of Episomal Banana streak MY virus Using Polyclonal Antibodies Raised Against Recombinant Viral‐Associated Protein

Banana streak MY virus (BSMYV) is the causal agent of viral leaf streak disease of banana, which leads to considerable losses in banana production in most of the banana‐growing regions worldwide. Developing high‐throughput virus detection system is essential for managing viral diseases especially in vegetatively propagated crops like banana. In this study, viral‐associated protein (VAP) coded by ORF II of BSMYV was expressed in Escherichia coli, and polyclonal antibodies were raised against purified recombinant VAP (rVAP) fusion protein in rabbits. Specificity and sensitivity of resulting antibodies were tested in Western blot, immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). In direct antigen‐coated (DAC)‐ELISA, antibodies reacted specifically to BSMYV in crude sap, up to 1 : 8000 dilutions, but not to healthy leaf extracts. Using this antiserum, an immunocapture polymerase chain reaction (IC‐PCR) assay was developed and compared with DAC‐ELISA. VAP antibody‐based IC‐PCR is highly specific and could differentiate episomal virus infection from the integrated endogenous BSV (eBSV) sequences. The recombinant antibodies were validated by testing with a large number of banana germplasm conserved in the field gene bank. Field samples collected during surveys and mother cultures used in tissue culture propagation suggest that antibodies generated against rVAP are sensitive and useful for large‐scale detection of BSMYV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of polyclonal antiserum against recombinant VAP of BSMYV and its suitability for serology‐based testing by ELISA and IC‐PCR. This VAP‐based immunodiagnosis can be applied in quarantine, germplasm exchange and certification programmes.     

Properties of the Coat Protein of a New Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Protein ts-Mutant

Amino acid substitutions in a majority of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein (CP) ts-mutants have previously been mapped to the same region of the CP molecule tertiary structure, located at a distance of about 70 Å from TMV virion axis. In the present work some properties of a new TMV CP ts-mutant ts21-66 (two substitutions I21 T and D66 G, both in the 70-Å region) were studied. Thermal inactivation characteristics, sedimentation properties, circular dichroism spectra, and modification by a lysine-specific reagent, trinitrobenzensulfonic acid, of ts21–66 CP were compared with those of wild-type (U1) TMV CP. It is concluded that the 70-Å region represents the most labile portion of the TMV CP molecule. Partial disordering of this region in the mutant CP at permissive temperatures leads to loss of the capacity to form two-layer aggregates of the cylindrical type, while further disordering induced by mild heating results also in the loss of the ability to form ordered helical aggregates.     

Acquisition, Retention and Transmission of Faba Bean Necrotic Yellows Virus by Two of its Aphid Vectors, Aphis craccivora (Koch) and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)

Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) belongs to a new group of plant viruses that have unusually small isometric virions and a multipartite ssDNA genome. It is the causal agent of some virus diseases affecting several food and fodder legumes in west Asia and north Africa. FBNYV is persistently transmitted by various aphid species of which Aphis craccivora appears to be the most significant natural vector. In attempts to obtain a better understanding of factors involved in FBNYV spread under field conditions, the interactions of the virus with A. craccivora and Acyrthosiphon pisum were studied. The two species were efficient vectors and very similar in their minimum acquisition (AAP) and minimum inoculation access feeding periods which ranged from 15 to 30min and 5–15min, respectively. Following an AAP of 72 h and daily serial transfers of individual aphids to single plants, many individuals retained and transmitted the virus throughout their life span (up to 32 days) but at erratic efficiencies. In this persistence experiment A. pisum was a more efficient vector than A. craccivora. For both aphid species no decrease in transmission efficiency was observed, suggesting that nymphs acquired large amounts of FBNYV virions which were not depleted in their hemocoel during the experiment. Based on log-pro-bit analysis, median latency period (LPso) values of 108.8h and 105.0h were calculated for FBNYV in A. craccivora and A. pisum , respectively. FBNYV was not lost during moults and was not passed on to the par-thenogenetic offspring by viruliferous adults. Aphids which acquired FBNYV as adults were strikingly poor vectors as compared to nymphs.