苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒复制与宿主细胞核骨架关系初探

用选择性抽提方法和整装细胞电镜技术观察苜蓿丫纹夜蛾多粒包埋核型多角体病毒(AcMNPV)感染的Tn5B1细胞的核骨架结构体系,发现感染早期病毒的复制过程未对宿主细胞核骨架的形态结构产生明显影响,而感染晚期多角体的装配在核骨架网络中进行.以ie-1基因和多角体蛋白基因为探针,点杂交分析基因转录活性与宿主细胞核骨架的关系,结果表明在病毒感染早期,无论是正具转录活性的ie-1基因还是不具转录活性的多角体蛋白基因都可紧密结合在宿主细胞的核骨架上.     

肌动蛋白在AcMNPV向细胞外运输过程中作用的初步研究

本实验利用AcMNPV(Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus,AcMNPV)的bac-to-bac系统构建了两种重组病毒,即含GFP-actin融合基因的重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP-actin和含GFP基因的重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP。用这两种重组病毒分别感染Sf9细胞,以AcMNPV-GFP感染的Sf9细胞为对照,用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察了绿色荧光在病毒感染过程中的分布情况。由于肌动蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白是共定位的,所以绿色荧光的分布情况就是肌动蛋白的分布情况。实验中观察发现,AcMNPV-GFP感染的Sf9细胞中的绿色荧光,在整个感染过程中是弥散分布的,而AcMNPV-GFP-actin感染Sf9细胞后24172h这段时间内,肌动蛋白最初聚集在细胞核内,随后逐渐由细胞核向细胞质转移,最后完全聚集于细胞膜。根据实验结果,推测肌动蛋白可能参与了AcMNPV出芽型病毒粒子(BV)由细胞核向细胞质运输以及从细胞膜排出的过程。     

肌动蛋白在AcMNPV向细胞外运输过程中作用的初步研究

本实验利用AcMNPV(Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus,AcMNPV)的bac-to-bac系统构建了两种重组病毒,即含GFP-actin融合基因的重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP-actin和含GFP基因的重组病毒AcMNPV-GFP.用这两种重组病毒分别感染Sf9细胞,以AcMNPV-GFP感染的Sf9细胞为对照,用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜观察了绿色荧光在病毒感染过程中的分布情况.由于肌动蛋白和绿色荧光蛋白是共定位的,所以绿色荧光的分布情况就是肌动蛋白的分布情况.实验中观察发现,AcMNPV-GFP感染的Sf9细胞中的绿色荧光,在整个感染过程中是弥散分布的,而AcMNPV-GFP-actin感染Sf9细胞后24-72h这段时间内,肌动蛋白最初聚集在细胞核内,随后逐渐由细胞核向细胞质转移,最后完全聚集于细胞膜.根据实验结果,推测肌动蛋白可能参与了AcMNPV出芽型病毒粒子(BV)由细胞核向细胞质运输以及从细胞膜排出的过程.     

草地贪夜蛾Sf9细胞系Arp2/3-p40/ARPC1亚基基因的克隆与功能研究

杆状病毒感染诱导的昆虫宿主细胞肌动蛋白聚合主要由病毒编码的Wiskott Aldrich综合征蛋白(Wiskott Aldrichsyndrome Protein,WASP)同源蛋白P78/83激活宿主细胞内的Arp2/3复合物,进而引起肌动蛋白单体(G-actin)聚合成为纤维状肌动蛋白(F-actin)。为了研究Arp2/3复合物在病毒感染过程中所发挥的作用,我们克隆了昆虫Sf9细胞的Arp2/3复合体P40亚基基因,并对其预期产物进行了生物信息学与功能分析。我们发现在病毒感染过程中,P40亚基由细胞质转移到核膜的内缘,与本实验室过去报道的病毒感染后期核内F-actin的分布相吻合,提示P40可以很好地用于研究Arp2/3复合体的亚细胞定位情况;通过免疫共沉淀(Co-IP)实验,还证实病毒感染可以促进P40和P78/83的相互作用,提示某些未知病毒因素参与调控了由P78/83和Arp2/3复合体介导的肌动蛋白聚合过程。     

微丝的基本性质与细胞核肌动蛋白

微丝,作为细胞骨架的重要成员,普遍存在于所有的真核细胞中。构成微丝的肌动蛋白,与肌球蛋白一起作用,使细胞产生和传导机械力,并促进细胞运动。尽管人们很早就已经认识到体细胞核中存在单体肌动蛋白,但细胞核中聚合的微丝如何动态调控及行使何种功能,仍存在争议。该文概述了微丝细胞骨架的基本性质和成核过程,并讨论细胞核内肌动蛋白的功能。     

血清反应因子参与RhoA诱导的人血管内皮细胞肌动蛋白骨架重构

为进一步阐明RhoA调控人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cell,HUVEC)肌动蛋白骨架重构的分子机制,用逆转录病毒感染并筛选出稳定表达持续活化型RhoA(Q63LRhoA)和主导抑制型RhoA(T19NRhoA)的HUVECs。应用免疫组化和Western blot方法分析去血清前后HUVECs血清反应因子(serum response factor,SRF)的表达及定位,Rhodamine-Phalloidine染色观察F-actin动态变化。结果显示,Q63LRhoA组细胞核中SRF表达增加,F-actin重排形成大量应力纤维;T19NRhoA组中SRF表达较弱,F-actin无明显改变,无应力纤维形成。去血清后,正常HUVECs(对照组)和感染细胞中SRF的表达均显著增加,但其亚细胞定位明显不同。对照组去血清培养3d,SRF主要定位在细胞核,去血清培养5d,SRF出核转位入细胞浆。Q63LRhoA组SRF发生核滞留,不随去血清培养时间延长发生出核转位现象。T19NRhoA组SRF的表达主要定位于细胞核周。对照组去血清培养3d,F-actin表达增加,同时形成大量应力纤维,去血清培养5d,细胞F-actin表达下调,应力纤维解聚。Q63LRhoA组F-actin重构持续发生并形成大量应力纤维,但不随去血清培养时间延长发生明显解聚。而T19NRhoA组F-actin表达不随去血清时间延长而增加。上述结果提示,RhoA介导HUVECs F-actin的重构与SRF的核转位现象密切相关。     

植物细胞质介导GFP-NLS蛋白入核转运的HeLa细胞系统的建立

细胞核作为细胞中重要的遗传物质存储、复制和转录的结构,牵涉着大量信息和物质的传输活动,尤其是蛋白质的入核转运一直以来都是研究的热点问题之一。本文利用病毒SV40抗原蛋白中的核定位信号（nuclear localization signal,NLS）标记GFP蛋白,通过拟南芥细胞质的介导,利用HeLa细胞核建立起了研究蛋白质入核转运的半细胞体系。结果显示,植物细胞质结合NLS片段能改变GFP在HeLa细胞核内外的分布,实现对目标蛋白入核过程的介导,使GFP-NLS最后定位于细胞核内。这也意味着通过HeLa细胞建立起的半细胞体系能为蛋白入核转运研究提供一个有效的研究体系。     

肌动蛋白抑制了杆状病毒多角体蛋白基因的转录与表达

为进一步研究肌动蛋白在杆状病毒感染晚期的作用,利用Bac-to-Bac系统构建了表达多角体基因、肌动蛋白与绿色荧光蛋白融合基因的重组病毒vAc-ph/70GA,同时构建对照病毒vAc-ph.实验发现,重组病毒vAc-ph/70GA感染Sf9细胞后能持续表达肌动蛋白,但不能形成多角体,vAc-ph则能形成多角体.sDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示,vAc-ph/70GA感染晚期,细胞内没有多角体蛋白的表达;RT-PCR的结果进一步表明多角体基因的转录被抑制.肌动蛋白的表达并没有影响vAc-ph/70GA对细胞的感染力.结果表明,晚期表达的外源肌动蛋白抑制了多角体基因的转录和表达,从而导致多角体不能正常产生.     

腺苷酸环化酶3缺失对小鼠主要嗅觉表皮组织内相关因子及信号通路的影响

主要嗅觉表皮(main olfactory epithelium, MOE)是哺乳动物感知气味分子的主要嗅觉器官。在MOE组织内,大多数嗅觉神经元通过cAMP信号传导通路感知气味信息。作为嗅觉cAMP信号通路的主要成员之一,腺苷酸环化酶3（adenylyl cyclase 3, ac3）基因敲除小鼠嗅觉探测功能丧失。除cAMP信号传导通路外,MOE内AC3相关因子AC2和AC4,以及肌醇1,4,5-三磷酸（inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate,IP3）信号通路和Sonic Hedgehog（Shh）信号通路均有表达。然而,敲除ac3是否会对ac2和ac4以及IP3和Shh信号通路成员产生影响,尚不清楚。本文以AC3缺失（AC3-/-）及其野生型小鼠（AC3+/+）MOE为材料,采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）和免疫荧光组织化学方法,发现AC3缺失后,MOE内的ac2和ac4,以及IP3信号通路中的IP3受体ip3r1及钙调蛋白calm1和calm2表达水平均明显降低。Shh信号通路中的受体patched(ptch)与smoothened(smo)、以及核转录因子gli1与gli2的表达也受到了影响。总之,AC3基因缺失不但导致小鼠MOE组织中cAMP信号通路受损,同时AC3相关因子,IP3信号通路和Shh信号通路的传导也受到抑制。本文对于阐明AC3基因敲除小鼠嗅觉丧失的原因及其嗅觉探测机制具有重要启示作用。     

植物细胞质介导GFP-NLS蛋白入核转运的HeLa细胞系统的建立北大核心CSCD

细胞核作为细胞中重要的遗传物质存储、复制和转录的结构,涉及大量信息和物质的传输活动,尤其是蛋白质的入核转运一直以来都是研究的热点问题之一。本研究证明,植物细胞质可以有效应用于动物细胞体系研究蛋白质入核转运。本文利用病毒SV40抗原蛋白中的核定位信号(nuclear localization signal,NLS)标记绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein,GFP),通过拟南芥细胞质的介导,利用He La细胞核建立研究蛋白质入核转运的半细胞体系。结果显示,植物细胞质结合NLS片段能改变GFP在He La细胞核内外的分布,实现对目标蛋白入核过程的介导,使GFP-NLS最后定位于细胞核内。这也意味着通过He La细胞建立起的半细胞体系能为蛋白质入核转运研究提供一个有效的研究体系。     

The Baculovirus PE38 Protein Augments Apoptosis Induced by Transactivator IE1

While studying apoptosis induced by baculovirus transactivator IE1 in SF-21 cells, we found that the levels of IE1-induced apoptosis were increased approximately twofold upon cotransfection with the baculovirus early pe38 gene. However, no apoptotic activity was observed in cells transfected with pe38 alone, even when placed under the control of a constitutive promoter. Thus, pe38 was able to augment IE1-induced apoptosis but was unable to induce apoptosis when expressed in SF-21 cells alone. PE38, the full-length product of pe38, is a nuclear protein with RING finger and leucine zipper motifs. Deletion of the amino-terminal region, which contains a putative nuclear localization motif, resulted in cytoplasmic localization of the PE38 mutants. These N-terminal deletion mutants were unable to enhance IE1-induced apoptosis. Mutation of a single conserved leucine (L242) of the leucine zipper motif also eliminated the ability of PE38 to augment apoptosis induced by IE1. In contrast, PE38 mutants with alanine substitutions for conserved cysteine residues (C109 or C138) of the RING finger motif were able to increase IE1-induced apoptosis to levels equivalent to those of wild-type PE38. We propose that PE38 is one of at least two viral factors which collectively evoke a cellular apoptotic response during baculovirus infection.     

Latrunculin B or ATP depletion induces cofilin-dependent translocation of actin into nuclei of mast cells

Increasing cellular G-actin, using latrunculin B, in either intact or permeabilized rat peritoneal mast cells, caused translocation of both actin and an actin regulatory protein, cofilin, into the nuclei. The effect was not associated with an increase in the proportion of apoptotic cells. The major part of the nuclear actin was not stained by rhodamine-phalloidin but could be visualized with an actin antibody, indicating its monomeric or a conformationally distinct state, e.g. cofilin-decorated filaments. Introduction of anti-cofilin into permeabilized cells inhibited nuclear actin accumulation, implying that an active, cofilin-dependent, import exists in this system. Nuclear actin was localized outside the ethidium bromide-stained region, in the extrachromosomal nuclear domain. In permeabilized cells, the appearance of nuclear actin and cofilin was not significantly affected by increasing [Ca(2+)] and/or adding guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate), but was greatly promoted when ATP was withdrawn. Similarly, ATP depletion in intact cells also induced nuclear actin accumulation. In contrast to the effects of latrunculin B, ATP depletion was associated with an increase in cortical F-actin. Our results suggest that the presence of actin in the nucleus may be required for certain stress-induced responses and that cofilin is essential for the nuclear import of actin.     

Dynamic nuclear localization of the baculovirus proteins IE2 and PE38 during the infection cycle: the promyelocytic leukemia protein colocalizes with IE2

The early gene products IE2 and PE38 of Autographa californica multicapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus localize to distinct nuclear domains after transient expression. Here, the nuclear localization pattern and the putative association with cellular proteins have been determined during virus infection to shed light on the functional significance of the nuclear domains. IE2 was always localized to distinct nuclear structures while PE38 was partly present in nuclear dots. Confocal imaging indicated colocalization of PE38 and IE2 to common domains, prominently at 2 h p.i. The nuclear dot localization of PE38 in infected cells was different from that in transfected cells. Hence, we have performed cotransfection experiments that suggested that a viral factor influences the nuclear distribution. Since the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) that localizes to distinct nuclear multiprotein complexes termed ND10/PODs in mammalian cells functions as a target for some immediate early viral proteins, we have investigated whether baculovirus proteins act similarly. Transiently expressed IE2 and PE38 were found to be associated with endogenous PML in the mammalian cell line BHK21. Infection with a recombinant virus that expresses the human pml gene in insect cells reveals IE2 and PML to be colocalized during the early phase of infection followed by a redistribution of both proteins. Taken together our results provide first evidence that the early baculovirus protein IE2 associates at least with one component of mammalian PODs during virus infection, suggesting that POD-like structures can be formed in insect cells.     

Src64 is involved in fusome development and karyosome formation during Drosophila oogenesis

Src family tyrosine kinases respond to a variety of signals by regulating the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we show that during early oogenesis Src64 mutations lead to uneven accumulation of cortical actin, defects in fusome formation, mislocalization of septins, defective transport of Orb protein into the oocyte, and possible defects in cell division. Similar mutant phenotypes suggest that Src64, the Tec29 tyrosine kinase, and the actin crosslinking protein Kelch act together to regulate actin crosslinking, much as they do later during ring canal growth. Condensation of the oocyte chromatin into a compact karyosome is also defective in Src64, Tec29, and kelch mutants and in mutants for spire and chickadee (profilin), genes that regulate actin polymerization. These data, along with changes in G-actin accumulation in the oocyte nucleus, suggest that Src64 is involved in a nuclear actin function during karyosome condensation. Our results indicate that Src64 regulates actin dynamics at multiple stages of oogenesis.     

Genetic variation and virulence of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus and Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus isolates

To determine the genetic diversity within the baculovirus species Autographa calfornica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV; Baculoviridae: Alphabaculovirus), a PCR-based method was used to identify and classify baculoviruses found in virus samples from the lepidopteran host species A. californica, Autographa gamma, Trichoplusia ni, Rachiplusia ou, Anagrapha falcifera, Galleria mellonella, and Heliothis virescens. Alignment and phylogenetic inference from partial nucleotide sequences of three highly conserved genes (lef-8, lef-9, and polh) indicated that 45 of 74 samples contained isolates of AcMNPV, while six samples contained isolates of Rachiplusia ou multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus strain R1 (RoMNPV-R1) and 25 samples contained isolates of the species Trichoplusia ni single nucleopolyhedrovirus (TnSNPV; Alphabaculovirus). One sample from A. californica contained a previously undescribed NPV related to alphabaculoviruses of the armyworm genus Spodoptera. Data from PCR and sequence analysis of the ie-2 gene and a region containing ORF ac86 in samples from the AcMNPV and RoMNPV clades indicated a distinct group of viruses, mostly from G. mellonella, that are characterized by an unusual ie-2 gene previously found in the strain Plutella xylostella multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus CL3 (PlxyMNPV-CL3) and a large deletion within ac86 previously described in the AcMNPV isolate 1.2 and PlxyMNPV-CL3. PCR and sequence analysis of baculovirus repeated ORF (bro) genes revealed that the bro gene ac2 was split into two separate bro genes in some samples from the AcMNPV clade. Comparison of sequences in this region suggests that ac2 was formed by a deletion that fused the two novel bro genes together. In bioassays of a selection of isolates against T. ni, significant differences were observed in the insecticidal properties of individual isolates, but no trends were observed among the AcMNPV, TnSNPV, or RoMNPV groups of isolates. This study expands on what we know about the variation of AcMNPV, AcMNPV-like and TnSNPV viruses, provides novel information on the distinct groups in which AcMNPV isolates occur, and contributes to data useful for the registration, evaluation, and improvement of AcMNPV, AcMNPV-like, and TnSNPV isolates as biological control agents.