丛赤壳科5个中国新记录种

对采自安徽、河南、湖北、云南和西藏等地的丛赤壳科标本进行系统分类研究,综合形态解剖、培养性状、DNA序列和无性阶段特征,报道5个中国新记录种：肯达拉赤壳Cosmospora khandalensis,翠绿赤壳C. viridescens,剑孢新赤壳Neocosmospora protoensiformis,罗杰森假赤壳Pseudocosmospora rogersonii和瘤顶赤壳Tumenectria laetidisca,对它们的宏微观特征和菌落形态进行了描述及图示。     

丛赤壳科4个中国新记录种

报道了采集于山东、河南、四川和云南的丛赤壳科4个中国新记录种：乌列沃光赤壳、假赤壳、瘤顶乳突赤壳和悬钩子乳突赤壳。对我国材料的宏观和微观特征进行了详细描述和图示,并与上述种的原始描述以及ITS和28S rDNA序列进行了比较。     

土赤壳属三个中国新记录种

通过形态特征观察、rDNA-ITS和histone H3序列测定分析,报道分离自西藏药用植物一把伞南星Arisaema erubescens和工布乌头Aconitum kongboense的土赤壳属3个中国新记录种：埃什特雷莫什土赤壳Ilyonectria estremocensis、假毁土赤壳Ilyonectria pseudodestructans和强壮土赤壳Ilyonectria robusta,并对其进行了形态学描述和系统发育分析。研究菌株保存于北京协和医学院药用植物研究所生物技术中心菌种库。     

新丛赤壳属真菌DNA条形码研究

以新丛赤壳属19个种为材料,选择ITSrDNA,β-tubulin,EF—1α和RPB2作为候选基因,对获得的205个序列片段采用不同方法进行分析,筛选该属的DNA条形码．将种内与种间序列差异以及序列获得的难易程度作为评价指标．结果表明,任何一个单独的基因都不宜作为其DNA条形码,EF-1α与RPB2基因组合可以准确识别种内与种间差异,建议作为该类真菌的DNA条形码．研究过程中,将形态学与序列分析相结合,发现顶环新丛赤壳和小孢新从赤壳两个隐存种．     

座囊菌目及相关类群属间关系的系统学初探

本研究对座囊菌纲部分类群的18S和28SnrDNA部分序列片段进行分析,探讨它们属间的系统学关系。邻接法和简约法分析结果显示,座囊菌纲供试类群为单起源,形成三个独立的分支并获得较强的支持率,分别代表座囊菌目、葡萄座腔菌目和格孢腔菌目。结果还显示,座囊菌纲中分类地位不确定的属Macrovalsaria与Botryosphaeria的关系相对接近,应该归于葡萄座腔菌目;历史上分类地位有疑问的Neopeckia和Dothidotthia两个属处于不同的目中,前者属于座囊菌目,后者为葡萄座腔菌目的成员;座囊菌目的Plowrightia属并非单系群,该属成员分别与Dothidea、Neopeckia和Sydowia三个属聚类在一起;现行的Botryosphaeria属也非单系群,其属的概念有待澄清。格孢腔菌目参试的7个属形成一个单系群,但属间的支持率非常低,表明它们应该在较高的分类等级上予以区分;序列分析的结果支持了基于形态学特征将Phragmogibbera纳入格孢腔菌目的分类观点。     

子囊具四个孢子的皱赤壳属一新种

描述了分布于中国热带、亚热带地区的丛赤壳科皱赤壳属Rugonectria一新种。对中国材料进行形态学和DNA序列分析相结合的研究表明,它们与日本报道的栗生皱赤壳R. castaneicola较为接近,但存在形态学和DNA序列上的明显差异,代表该属一个新种。     

球壳孢目真菌个体发育研究I：壳二胞等四属

人工培养条件下,用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对球壳孢目(Splnaerosidales)的Ascochyta, Phyllosticta, Phomopsis, Septoria四属进行个体发育研究,明确了其产孢方式：Ascochyta 和Phyllosticta为内壁芽生瓶梗式;Phomopsis 为全壁芽生瓶梗式;Septoria为全壁芽生合轴式,这一结果为属级分类提供了可靠的依据。产孢方式是属内共同具有的稳定特征,分生孢子的形成方式类型、产孢细胞及分生孢子的形态是划分属的首要标准。以寄主植物属为基础确定的同属大多数种在个体发育上无明显差别,分生孢子的形态及大小是分种的一个重要依据。     

球壳孢目真菌个体发育研究Ⅰ:壳二胞等四属

人工培养条件下,用光学显微镜和透射电子显微镜对球壳孢目（Sphaerosidales）的Ascochyta,Phyllosticta,Phomopsis,Septoria四属进行个体发育研究,明确了其产孢方式：Ascochyta和Phyllosticta为内壁芽生瓶梗式;Phomopsis为全壁芽生瓶梗式;Septoria为全壁芽生合轴式,这一结果为属级分类提供了可靠的依据。产孢方式是属内共同具有的稳定特征,分生孢子的形成方式类型、产孢细胞及分生孢子的形态是划分属的首要标准。以寄主植物属为基础确定的同属大多数种在个体发育上无明显差别,分生孢子的形态及大小是分种的一个重要依据。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因对中国狼蛛科(Lycosidae)系统发育研究

将自测的中国狼蛛科Lycosidae4亚科6属26种和从GenBank中检索到的北美2种豹蛛的mtD-NA-16S rRNA序列进行比较;以漏斗蛛科1种蜘蛛作为外群,对碱基序列的组成和遗传距离进行了分析,采用Bayesian方法和最大简约法(MP)构建分子系统树。研究结果表明:16SrRNA基因的部分序列为340bp到360bp,A T含量平均为75%,存在较强的A T含量偏向性;序列共有157个碱基存在变异,其中79个简约信息位点。狼蛛科各属间的遗传距离介于0.026￣0.200之间。2种建树方法均表明:科内的属及属内的种优先聚在一起;水狼蛛属相对马蛛属是狼蛛科中较为原始的类群,分化较早;獾蛛属作为1个单系群与熊蛛属合为1个并系,属于狼蛛亚科。狼蛛科6属间的分子系统关系为(Pirata(Hippasa(Trochsa Arctosa(Pardosa Wadicosa))))。     

新疆小圆孔壳属，锥毛壳属及座坚壳属的分类研究

本文报道了新疆子囊菌小圆孔壳属(Amphisphaerella),锥毛壳属(Coniochaeta)和座坚壳属(Rosellinia)的7个种及1个变种,即:忍冬小圆孔壳(A.xylostei),梭梭锥毛壳(C.haloxylonis),木生锥毛壳(C.ligniaria),粉被锥毛壳(C.pulveracea),毛锥毛壳(C.sordaria),附孢座坚壳(R.aquila),乳头座坚壳(R.thelena)及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种(R.apiculata var.macrospora)。其中,梭梭锥毛壳为新组合种。忍冬小圆孔壳,木生锥毛壳,乳头座坚壳及尖孢座坚壳大孢变种为我国新记录(属)种。这3个属的真菌新疆过去均未报道过,为新疆新记录属。     

北京夏植黄瓜内生真菌区系研究

为了解黄瓜植株内生真菌的区系组成及其变化,从而为进一步研究黄瓜内生真菌的生态和功能奠定基础,对采自北京延庆的不同品种和不同生育期的40株黄瓜进行了内生真菌的分离培养。经形态学鉴定和18S rDNA序列分析,分离到的1,024株内生真菌属于18属,其中Exserohilum和Neocosmospora尚未见内生真菌的报道。Alternaria、Aspergillus、Chaetomium、Cladosporium和Fusarium在各生育期和各器官普遍存在。其中,Alternaria在叶中的定殖率达47.0%,远高于在其他器官中的定殖率;Fusarium在根中的定殖率达32.5%,远高于在其他器官中的定殖率。多数真菌类群表现出不同程度的器官偏好性,有些真菌类群则只出现在特定器官中。叶和根的内生真菌类群数量和总定殖率均高于茎和果实。随着黄瓜的生长,各器官内生真菌的类群数在增加,部分真菌的定殖率也呈上升趋势,但Neocosmospora和Chaetomium在各器官中的定殖率则随植株生长呈下降趋势。     

Neonectria and Cylindrocarpon: the Nectria mammoidea group and species lacking microconidia

Neonectria (Hypocreales: Nectriaceae) species having Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores include: Neo. discophora var. discophora, Neo. discophora var. rubi, stat nov. et comb. nov., Neo. lucida, comb. nov., Neo. viridispora, sp. nov. and Neo. westlandica, comb. nov. Perithecia of these species are red and perithecial anatomyis of the N. mammoidea type, with a palisade of hypha-like cells in the outer perithecial wall. These species occur on recently dead or dying trees. Perithecia of Neo. betulae, sp. nov and Neo. dumontii, sp. nov. are anatomically and biologically similar to those of Neo. discophora. The only known culture of Neo. betulae remained sterile, while Neo. dumontii has not been cultured; their anamorphs are presumed to be Cylindrocarpon. Analyses of mit ssu rDNA sequences indicate that Neonectria/Cylindrocarpon is monophyletic. Within the genus, species having N. mammoidea type perithecia are paraphyletic. Most species cluster with Neo. discophora, but Neo. westlandica and Neo. trachosa are basal to a clade that includes species that do not have a N. mammoidea-type perithecium. Nectria fuckeliana clusters independently of Neonectria and Nectria. Although reported to have a Cylindrocarpon anamorph, fresh ascospore isolates of N. fuckeliana did not produce Cylindrocarpon macroconidia but produced acremonium- or verticillium-like anamorphs. A key to nectriaceous species of Neonectria that have Cylindrocarpon anamorphs that lack microconidia and chlamydospores and/or that have a N. mammoidea type perithecial wall anatomy is presented. New combinations are proposed for other species formerly included in Nectria that have non-microconidial Cylindrocarpon anamorphs: Neonectria cinnamomea, Neo. jungneri, Neo. platycephala, Neo. phaeodisca and Neo. verrucospora.     

采用PCR-RFLP和RAPD对球壳孢目真菌系统学的研究

对球壳孢目真菌首次采用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ进行了系统发育研究。以ＩＴＳ１和ＩＴＳ４为引物对４属１２种２４个菌株的核糖体ＤＮＡ转录间区（ＩＴＳ）进行了ＰＣＲ扩增,４种内切酶（ＡｌｕＩ,Ｈｈａ,ＭｓｐＩ,ＴａｑＩ）酶切,结果表明：主要属的ＩＴＳ区长度不同,同属不同种相同。Ｃｏｎｉｏｔｈｙｒｉｕｍ,Ｐｈｙｌｏｓｔｉｃｔａ,Ａｓｃｏｃｈｙｔａ,ＳｅｐｔｏｒｉａＩＴＳ区长度分别为６３０,５６０,５５０,５４０ｂｐ;酶切图谱属间差别明显,属内种间基本一致,暗示传统的分种可能过细,某些种的成立还有商榷的余地,ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰ对确定疑难种属的地位有重要的意义。３属８种１６个菌株的ＲＡＰＤ结果表明,种内图谱相同或图谱类型相同,而种间明显不同,揭示出过去所划分的种的确存在本质的差别,但是否达到种级的差别还有待于进一步研究     

Does versatility as measured by geographic range,bathymetric range and morphological variability contribute to taxon longevity?

Aim This paper aims to examine the relationship between versatility as measured by geographic range, bathymetric range and morphological variability (species and subspecies richness and the occurrence of morphologically highly variable populations), and the geologic longevities of trachyleberidid ostracode species and genera, while accounting for sampling biases and other confounding factors. Location Global. Methods A large database of occurrence records of species of the family Trachyleberididae s.l. was analysed. The relationships between genus and species longevity and the above mentioned variables were examined singly and in concert. Re‐analyses of subsets of data and rarefaction techniques were employed to account for sampling biases, while randomization was used to account for autocorrelation of variables. Results The mean number of occurrence records, and latitudinal and longitudinal ranges, were strongly and positively correlated with genus and species longevities. The number of bathymetric zones occupied by genera had no consistent bearing on their longevities, but species data subsets tended to indicate significant positive relationships between bathymetric range and longevities. Species richness was significantly and positively correlated with genus longevities. Species and genera with subspecies and species with high morphological variability all had significantly greater longevities. Genus‐level characteristics can be explained largely by species‐level characteristics, including longevity, latitudinal ranges and bathymetric ranges to a lesser degree. However, genus longevity was best explained by species richness and genus age, even for extinct genera, while species longevity was best explained by species latitudinal range. Main conclusions In spite of the incompleteness of the fossil record, we can control for biasing factors and still confidently draw the conclusion that both ecological and evolutionary versatility contribute to lineage longevity, beyond the shorter temporal observation windows available to most ecological studies.     

Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae)

Abstract. The phylogenetic relationships of members of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae: Pipunculinae) were explored. Two hundred and fifty-seven species of Eudorylini from all biogeographical regions and all known genera were examined. Sixty species were included in an exemplar-based phylogeny for the tribe. Two new genera are described, Clistoabdominalis and Dasydorylas . The identity of Eudorylas Aczél, the type genus for Eudorylini, has been obscure since its inception. The genus is re-diagnosed and a proposal to stabilize the genus and tribal names is discussed. An illustrated key to the genera of Pipunculidae is presented and all Eudorylini genera are diagnosed. Numerous new generic synonyms are proposed. Moriparia nigripennis Kozánek & Kwon is preoccupied by Congomyia nigripennis Hardy when both are transferred to Claraeola , so Cla. koreana Skevington is proposed as a new name for Mo. nigripennis .     

Inference of phylogeny and taxonomy within the Didymozoidae (Digenea) from the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA

DNA sequences of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were determined for 11 species from four genera of Didymozoinae (Indodidymozoon, Helicodidymozoon, Rhopalotrema and Neometadidymozoon) and a species of the Lecithasteridae, Lecithaster stellatus. Sequences were used to test the validity of species recognised on morphological criteria and to infer phylogenetic relationships. Sequences of the 11 didymozoids differed by 0.5% to 19%. Our phylogenetic analyses: (i) indicate that species in the genera Helicodidymozoon and Rhopalotrema are a monophyletic group; (ii) support separation of the genus Helicodidymozoon from the genera Indodidymozoon and Neometadidymozoon; and (iii) support recognition of Rhopalotrema as a genus distinct from Neometadidymozoon. We found the gonochoristic species, I. pearsoni and I. suttiei, to be genetically similar to the hermaphroditic species in the genus Indodidymozoon and found no evidence to indicate that they belong in a separate genus.     

雪雀属系统发育关系的研究（雀形目：文鸟科)

雷雀属Montifringilla7种36个形态特征作为分类单元,进行支序分析。以麻雀属Passer、石雀属Petronia部分种类作为比较外群,讨论雪雀属的分类地位及其与近缘属麻雀属、石雀属系统发育关系;分析了雪雀属内种间的系统发育。支序分析的结果表明雪雀属为单系群,建议将雪雀属划分成两个亚属,讨论了雪雀属种类在进货上的位置,在3个近缘属的系统发育关系中,麻雀属类群较原始,雪雀属类群较进化,石雀属在进货中介于二之间。     

Genomic fingerprints in the tribe Triticeae produced by PCR using a tRNA consensus primer

Forty-one accessions belonging to ten genera of the tribe Triticeae representing both wild and cultivated species were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of two consensus tRNA primers tested, one primer revealed characteristic amplification products for all of the species. A total of 35 tRNA markers were scored across all accessions. Five genus-specific and three species-specific markers were obtained. Genomic fingerprints were largely conserved within a genus. The phylogram obtained using parsimony has separated most of the accessions into their prevailing taxonomic species and genus groups. The phylogram showed close association among the three genera Secale, Triticum and Hordeum as expected. The Triticum-Secale relationship was closer than the Triticum-Hordeum or the Secale-Hordeum relationships. The tree also reflected the close associations among the forage grass species belonging to Leymus and Elymus. Thus tDNA-PCR helped to identify species and genera. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The tropical African legume Scorodophloeus clade includes two undescribed Hymenostegia segregate genera and Micklethwaitia,a rare,monospecific genus from Mozambique

Legume subfamily Caesalpinioideae accommodates approximately 2250 species in 171 genera which traditionally are placed in four tribes: Caesalpinieae, Cassieae, Cercideae and Detarieae. The monophyletic tribe Detarieae includes the Amherstieae subclade which contains about 55 genera. Our knowledge of the relationships among those genera is good in some cases but for many other genera phylogenetic relationships have been unclear. The non-monophyletic nature of at least two amherstioid genera, Cynometra and Hymenostegia has also complicated the picture. During the course of a multi-disciplinary study of Hymenostegia sensu lato, which includes phylogenetic analyses based on matK and trnL data, we have recovered the “Scorodophloeus clade”, an exclusively tropical African clade of four genera which includes the eponymous genus Scorodophloeus, two undescribed generic segregates of Hymenostegia sensu lato, and the previously unsampled rare monospecific genus Micklethwaitia from Mozambique. Zenkerella is suggested as a possible sister genus to the Scorodophloeus clade. A distribution map is presented of the seven species that belong to the Scorodophloeus clade.