裂果易发性不同的荔枝品种果皮中细胞壁代谢酶活性的比较

“糯米糍”荔枝裂果率极显著高于“淮枝”,前者果皮中的果胶酶、纤维素酶和果胶甲酯酶的活性高于后者,其中以果胶酶活性差异最明显,其次是纤维素酶,果胶甲酯酶差异最小;“糯米糍”细胞壁结合型的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PP0)活性明显高于“淮枝”,而水溶性POD和PP0的活性则两个品种间无明显差异。据此认为,果皮细胞壁水解酶活性以及细胞壁结合型的POD和PPO的活性高的荔枝品种,其裂果率也高。文章对细胞壁代谢相关酶类在果皮抗裂性形成中的作用进行了讨论。     

三个脐橙品种果实主要细胞壁酶动态变化研究

以罗伯逊脐橙、丰脐、纽荷尔脐橙果实为试材,对其果皮和果肉的果胶甲酯酶(PE)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维素酶(CX)的动态变化进行研究。结果表明,三个品种PE活性均为果肉明显高于果皮,其中纽荷尔和罗脐分别在果实膨大期、转色期和成熟期出现三个峰值;PE活性变幅纽荷尔大于罗脐,丰脐变化较平稳。PG活性果肉略高果皮,且皆在转色期开始快速升高。首次对脐橙果实β-葡萄糖苷酶研究表明,该酶活性微弱,成熟期活性最高,纽荷尔高于丰脐和罗脐;动态变化中果皮和果肉无明显差异。酶活性高峰出现的时间为PE早于PG和β-葡萄糖苷酶;PE和PG是影响脐橙果实发育的主要酶,β-葡萄糖苷酶可能是PE和PG的补充。     

不同荔枝品种采后果实衰老的比较

比较了5个荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)品种("怀枝"、"糯米糍"、"桂味"、"红蜜荔"和"水晶球")果实采后在常温下的衰老表现.其中,"糯米糍"果实衰老褐变快,而"桂味"衰老最为缓慢.果实褐变过程伴随失水,但品种间脱水速度与果实衰老的速度无显著相关性.果皮的褐变潜力、果皮细胞壁糖醛酸含量、果胶甲酯化程度、果皮和果肉总钙含量、果皮水溶性钙含量与果实衰老均无显著的相关性,但膜透性与坏果率呈显著的正相关,而果皮结构钙与之有显著的负相关性.     

枇杷冷藏过程中果肉木质化与细胞壁物质变化的关系

“大红袍”和“解放钟”枇杷果实在 1℃下贮藏时 ,细胞壁物质代谢异常 ,果肉硬度持续升高而出汁率逐渐降低 ,果胶酯酶 (PE)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶 (PG)活性和水溶性果胶含量下降 ,原果胶含量、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性及木质素和纤维素含量不断增加。约经 3周贮藏后 ,果实出现果皮难剥、果肉质地变硬、粗糙少汁的异常劣变现象。在 12℃下贮藏的枇杷果实 ,细胞壁物质代谢正常 ,果肉硬度增加少 ,PE和PG活性及水溶性果胶含量较高 ,无原果胶增加现象 ,PAL活性呈下降趋势 ,木质素和纤维素含量变化不大 ,果实不出现木质化败坏。这些结果表明冷藏枇杷的木质化败坏可能是一种低温失调现象     

赤霉素和萘乙酸对柿果实采后成熟软化生理指标的影响

以采后'富平尖柿'果实为试材,常温下用60 mg/L赤霉素(GA3)和20 mg/L α-萘乙酸(NAA)进行处理,考察柿果实成熟软化相关生理指标及果胶物质代谢在贮藏过程中的变化,以明确GA3和NAA处理对柿果实贮藏效果的影响.结果显示:GA3、NAA处理果实的贮藏时间分别比对照延长了4 d和10 d;GA3和NAA处理可显著延缓果实硬度的下降进程,有效降低果实呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,且呼吸高峰和乙烯高峰的出现明显迟于对照;果实多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性的升高受到抑制,从而延缓了原果胶的降解以及水溶性果胶含量的增加,阻碍了果实的软化进程.试验表明,GA3和NAA处理可有效延缓柿果实的后熟软化,延长其贮藏期限, 并以GA3的效果尤为明显.     

霜疫霉菌侵染对荔枝氧化作用的影响

淮枝、桂味和糯米糍 3种荔枝经接种霜疫霉菌后 ,果皮超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活性下降 ;而过氧化氢 (H2 O2 )含量升高 ,超氧阴离子自由基 (O2 .)产生速率增加 ,丙二醛 (MDA)积累增多 ,与果实感病指数增加相一致 ,表明霜疫霉菌侵染加速荔枝氧化作用的进程。实验还表明不同荔枝品种对霜疫霉菌抵抗力与其自由基清除能力有关     

水分胁迫对柑橘果皮细胞壁结构与代谢的影响

研究水分胁迫下,盆栽'暗柳橙(Citrus Sinensis Osbeck cv. Anliu)'的果实成熟期果皮细胞壁超微结构、细胞壁物质成分、细胞壁代谢相关酶活性的变化规律及其之间关系.结果表明,在果实发育成熟期,果皮细胞壁代谢相关水解酶果胶酶、纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶的活性随着水分胁迫的加强而增加,多酚氧化酶活性与果胶酶活性变化趋势相反,果皮细胞壁代谢相关成分离子结合型果胶、共价结合型果胶、半纤维素、纤维素的含量随着水分胁迫的加强而降低,水溶性果胶含量随着水分胁迫的加强而增加,果皮细胞壁超微结构随着水分胁迫的加强而加速解体.     

荔枝果实发育过程中果皮色素的变化

以妃子笑、糯米糍荔枝为材料,研究了二者果实发育过程中色素形成规律。结果表明：妃子笑、糯米糍果实发育生长曲线均呈单“Ｓ”型;妃子笑果实发育第Ｉ期比糯米糍短７－１０ｄ;二者果实花青苷在发育期第Ｉ、ＩＩ期均有一个合成高峰;妃子笑的花青苷总体水平明显低于糯米糍;妃子笑、糯米糍花青苷合成与叶绿素含量虽不呈显著的相关性,但在果实发育后期花色苷合成迅速上升时,伴随着叶绿素含量的急剧下降;妃子笑、糯米糍的花色苷合成与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）活性变化不存在显著相关性。     

CaCl2浸果对新疆枣裂果率及钙钾镁含量的影响

以新疆产不同抗裂性枣品种‘骏枣’、‘哈密大枣’、‘灰枣’、‘金铃圆枣’果实为试验材料,用不同浓度CaCl2(0、2.5、25g/L)分别浸泡12、36、60h,研究CaCl2对枣裂果率及果肉、果皮中Ca、K、Mg含量的影响。结果显示:(1)2.5、25g/L CaCl2均能有效降低枣裂果率,且25g/L CaCl2对各品种枣的防裂效果均优于2.5g/L CaCl2。(2)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中Ca显著高于极易裂品种,且各品种Ca含量均随CaCl2浓度增加而增加。(3)极抗裂品种枣的果皮、果肉中K含量高于极易裂品种,其Mg含量则表现出相反趋势,但不同浓度CaCl2处理的枣果肉、果皮中Mg、K升降幅度变化不同。(4)枣果肉、果皮中Ca、K含量与裂果率呈负相关关系,Mg含量与裂果率呈正相关关系。研究认为,CaCl2浸果能有效增加枣果肉、果皮中钙含量,影响各品种枣果实的钾镁含量,显著降低枣裂果率,并以25g/L CaCl2效果最好。     

不同品种荔枝对荔枝蒂蛀虫引诱活性成分的研究

首次采用顶空单滴液相微萃取(HS-SDME)结合气质联用(GC-MS)法,对比分析对荔枝蒂蛀虫具有不同引诱力的4个品种荔枝(妃子笑＞黑叶＞糯米糍＞桂味)成熟果实的果皮、幼果的挥发性物质.结果表明:挥发物组成和含量在不同荔枝品种间、同一品种荔枝不同组织间差异显著.2-乙基-1-己醇、α-姜黄烯、姜烯、β-甜没药烯、β-倍半水芹烯及β-杜松烯等6个物质主要存在于易感虫荔枝品种中,(E)-β-金合欢烯与(Z)-β-金合欢烯只存在于妃子笑成熟果实的果皮中,故初步推测这8个化合物按照一定比例复配组合后的混合物,可能是荔枝吸引荔枝蒂蛀虫的活性物质.     

Effect of silencing the two major tomato fruit pectin methylesterase isoforms on cell wall pectin metabolism

Post‐harvest storage is largely limited by fruit softening, a result of cell wall degradation. Pectin methylesterase (PE) (EC 3.1.1.11) is a major hydrolase responsible for pectin de‐esterification in the cell wall, a response to fruit ripening. Two major PE isoforms, PE1 and PE2, have been isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicon) pericarp tissue and both have previously been down‐regulated using antisense suppression. In this paper, PE1 and PE2 double antisense tomato plants were successfully generated through crossing the two single antisense lines. In the double antisense fruit, approximately 10% of normal PE activity remained and ripening associated pectin de‐esterification was almost completely blocked. However, double antisense fruit softened normally during ripening. In tomato fruit, the PE1 isoform was found to contribute little to total PE activity and have little effect on the degree of esterification of pectin. In contrast, the other dominant fruit isoform, PE2, has a major impact on de‐esterification of total pectin. PE2 appears to act on non‐CDTA‐soluble pectin during ripening and on CDTA‐soluble pectin before the start of ripening in a potentially block‐wise fashion.     

Effect of Antisense Suppression of Endopolygalacturonase Activity on Polyuronide Molecular Weight in Ripening Tomato Fruit and in Fruit Homogenates

Fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in which endopolygalacturonase (PG) activity had been suppressed to <1% of wild-type levels were slightly firmer than nontransgenic controls later in ripening. Enzymically inactive cell walls were prepared from these ripening fruit using Tris-buffered phenol. When extracted with chelator followed by Na2CO3, the amounts of pectin solubilized from cell walls of nontransgenic control or from transgenic antisense PG fruit were similar. Size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that, relative to controls, in antisense PG fruit polyuronide depolymerization was delayed in the chelator-soluble fraction throughout ripening and reduced in the Na2CO3-soluble fraction at the overripe stage. Reduced pectin depolymerization rather than altered extractability thus may have contributed to enhanced fruit firmness. Substantially larger effects of suppressed PG activity were detected in tomato fruit homogenates processed to paste. In control paste the majority of the polyuronide was readily soluble in water and was very highly depolymerized. In antisense PG paste the proportion of polyuronide solubilized by water was reduced, and polyuronides retained a high degree of polymerization. The suppression of fruit PG activity thus has a small effect on polyuronide depolymerization in the fruit but a much larger effect in paste derived from these fruit. This indicates that in the cell wall PG-mediated degradation of polyuronide is normally restricted but that in tissue homogenates or in isolated cell walls this restriction is removed and extensive pectin disassembly results unless PG is inactivated.     

Pectin esterase, polygalacturonase and gel formation in peach pectin fractions

Peaches (Prunus persica cv. Hermoza) were stored at 0C in regular air (RA) or in controlled atmosphere (CA 10% CO2, 3% O2) for 4 weeks and then ripened for 4 days at 20 degrees C. Woolliness developed in the regular air stored fruit while the controlled atmosphere stored fruit ripened normally. In the woolly fruit symptoms of the disorder were greater in the inner mesocarp than in the outer. Polygalacturonase (PG) and pectin esterase (PE) activities differed in the outer and inner mesocarp of the affected fruit. PG activity was low and PE activity was high in the inner mesocarp of the woolly fruit during ripening relative to the outer mesocarp, while in the healthy fruit, activities were similar in both areas. Cell wall fractions of water-soluble, CDTA-soluble and carbonate-soluble pectins were prepared from freshly harvested peaches and incubated with PE and PG from ripe peaches at different ratios. Only the CDTA-soluble fraction formed a gel with peach enzymes, and the rate of gelation increased with increasing amounts of PE relative to PG. Both water-soluble and CDTA-soluble pectin fractions formed gels with commercial PE (extracted from orange peel). The PE extracted from peaches was stable when stored at 0 degrees C for 9 days, while PG activity was stable only for 1 day. We suggest that PE, acting on pectins in the cell wall in vivo may cause gel formation and that the CDTA-soluble polymers have the capacity to bind apoplastic water and create the dry appearance observed in woolly fruit.     

Tissue Specific Localization of Pectin–Ca2+ Cross-Linkages and Pectin Methyl-Esterification during Fruit Ripening in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Fruit ripening is one of the developmental processes accompanying seed development. The tomato is a well-known model for studying fruit ripening and development, and the disassembly of primary cell walls and the middle lamella, such as through pectin de-methylesterified by pectin methylesterase (PE) and depolymerization by polygalacturonase (PG), is generally accepted to be one of the major changes that occur during ripening. Although many reports of the changes in pectin during tomato fruit ripening are focused on the relation to softening of the pericarp or the Blossom-end rot by calcium (Ca²⁺) deficiency disorder, the changes in pectin structure and localization in each tissues during tomato fruit ripening is not well known. In this study, to elucidate the tissue-specific role of pectin during fruit development and ripening, we examined gene expression, the enzymatic activities involved in pectin synthesis and depolymerisation in fruit using biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses, and uronic acids and calcium (Ca)-bound pectin were determined by secondary ion-microprobe mass spectrometry. These results show that changes in pectin properties during fruit development and ripening have tissue-specific patterns. In particular, differential control of pectin methyl-esterification occurs in each tissue. Variations in the cell walls of the pericarp are quite different from that of locular tissues. The Ca-binding pectin and hairy pectin in skin cell layers are important for intercellular and tissue–tissue adhesion. Maintenance of the globular form and softening of tomato fruit may be regulated by the arrangement of pectin structures in each tissue.     

Reduction of tomato polygalacturonase beta subunit expression affects pectin solubilization and degradation during fruit ripening.

The developmental changes that accompany tomato fruit ripening include increased solubilization and depolymerization of pectins due to the action of polygalacturonase (PG). Two PG isoenzymes can be extracted from ripe fruit: PG2, which is a single catalytic PG polypeptide, and PG1, which is composed of PG2 tightly associated with a second noncatalytic protein, the beta subunit. Previous studies have correlated ripening-associated increases in pectin solubilization and depolymerization with the presence of extractable PG1 activity, prior to the appearance of PG2, suggesting a functional role for the beta subunit and PG1 in pectin metabolism. To assess the function of the beta subunit, we produced and characterized transgenic tomatoes constitutively expressing a beta subunit antisense gene. Fruit from antisense lines had greatly reduced levels of beta subunit mRNA and protein and accumulated < 1% of their total extractable PG activity in ripe fruit as PG1, as compared with 25% for wild type. Inhibition of beta subunit expression resulted in significantly elevated levels of EDTA-soluble polyuronides at all stages of fruit ripening and a significantly higher degree of depolymerization at later ripening stages. Decreased beta subunit protein and extractable PG1 enzyme activity and increased pectin solubility and depolymerization all cosegregated with the beta subunit antisense transgene in T2 progeny. These results indicate (1) that PG2 is responsible for pectin solubilization and depolymerization in vivo and (2) that the beta subunit protein is not required for PG2 activity in vivo but (3) does play a significant role in regulating pectin metabolism in wild-type fruit by limiting the extent of pectin solubilization and depolymerization that can occur during ripening. Whether this occurs by direct interaction of the beta subunit with PG2 or indirectly by interaction of the beta subunit with the pectic substrate remains to be determined.     

不同成熟度菠萝贮藏特性的差异

随着菠萝果皮由绿转黄,果肉硬度及可溶性固形物含量降低,可溶性糖醛酸含量增加,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)活性持续升高,而果胶脂酶(PE)活性在过熟期达到高峰并开始下降。研究表明,同一菠萝不同部位果肉硬度、PG活性及可溶性糖醛酸含量差异较大。     

施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶损失的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用吸收法和土柱淋溶法研究了施用坡缕石对黄绵土中尿素氮的挥发和淋溶的影响.结果表明：施用坡缕石+尿素处理能降低尿素氨挥发高峰期的挥发速率,比单施尿素处理的氨挥发损失减少了13.6%～15.0%.坡缕石施用量为0.3和0.6 g·kg^-1时,降低了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理分别减少13.7%和13.6%;而坡缕石施用量为0.9 g·kg^-1时,加快了NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋溶速率,无机氮淋溶损失比单施尿素处理增加了6.1%.施用低量（0.3 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理提高了0.20 mg·kg^-1,而施用高量（0.9 g·kg^-1）坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NH₄⁺-N含量比单施尿素处理降低了0.42 mg·kg^-1;施用坡缕石+尿素处理土壤的NO₃^--N含量比单施尿素处理增加1.24～2.52 mg·kg^-1.表明施用坡缕石能减少土壤中尿素氨的挥发损失,在一定用量范围内能降低NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N的淋失,提高土壤NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量.     

二氧化碳浓度升高对太湖沉水植物马来眼子菜生长的影响

通过室外培养试验,研究不同CO₂浓度条件下沉水植物马来眼子菜的生长及生理变化.结果表明：CO₂浓度升高(1000 μmol·mol^-1)条件下,马来眼子菜单株的平均生物量增加了44.3%(P<0.01),茎生物量比重下降了5.5%(P<0.05);根和叶中氮含量分别下降了18.1%和6.4%(P<0.05),而茎中氮含量变化不明显(P>0.05);根、茎、叶中磷含量分别增加了22.2%(P<0.05)、26.6%(P>0.05)和38.8%(P<0.05);可溶性糖含量增加了27.3%、18.3%和37.5%(P<0.05);根、茎和叶中全碳含量增加了4.6%、5.3%和2.0%;CO₂浓度升高使水体中氮、磷含量分别下降了7.9%和5.1%(P<0.05),但对底泥中氮、磷的含量影响不明显.CO₂浓度升高将对沉水植物生长及其生境有一定影响.     

柿子成熟过程中几种生理代谢及细胞膜透性的变化

对火柿和水柿成熟过程中呼吸速率、果肉硬度、果胶物质含量和细胞膜透性变化的研究结果表明：两品种采后呼吸变化动态具呼吸跃变果实的显著特征,均应属跃变型果帝;随着果帝的软化;柿果原胶含量逐渐减少,可溶性果胶不断增加;细胞透性与柿果的硬度呈明显负相关,水柿硬度下降及细胞膜透性增大速率均比火柿快。