小檗科鬼臼亚科的地理分布与系统发育

以植物地理学资料为主,综合植物化学、细胞学、形态学及解剖学等方面的资料,分析了小檗科鬼臼亚科现代地理分布格局产生的原因及其对系统发育的影响,指出：①我国是鬼臼亚科植物的多样性中心和分布中心,鬼臼亚科植物的现代地理分布格局是由于第三纪以来替代分布和长期隔离的结果;②在鬼臼亚科植物中,以山荷叶属最为原始,它通过两条方向演化,一是保持其原来的异花授粉方向演化为足叶草属,另一方向是转向自花授粉,自山荷叶属演化为八角莲属,然后再演化为桃儿七属;③桃儿七属与足叶草属不具有直接的亲缘关系,它们在形态上的相似只是平行进化的结果。     

百合科六属十五种植物的细胞学研究

本文对云南西北部百合科6属15种的染色体和核型进行了报道。 (1)Clintonia udensis Trautv．et Mey间期核属于浓密分散型,前期染色体属于渐变型,分裂中期体细胞染色体2n=14=8m+4sm+2st(2SAT),核型不对称性属于2A型;(2)鹿药属四个种间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Smilacina henryi(Baker)Wang et Tang,2n=36=12m+16sm+6st+2t(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina fusca Wall., 2n=36=14m(2SAT)+12sm+10st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2B型; Smilacina tatsienensis(Franch．)Wang et Tang, 2n=36=22m+2sm+2st(2SAT), 核型不对称性属于2C型;Smilacina atropurpurea(Franch．)Wang et Tang,2n=36=18m+6sm(2SAT)+12st,核型不对称性属于2C型;(3)黄精属四个种的间期核属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体细胞染色体分别为Polygonatum kingianum Coll．et Hesml．,2n=30=12m(2SAT) +6sm+lst+2t, 核型不对称性属于2C型; Polygonatum cirrhifolium(Wall．) Royal,2n=30=10m+4sm+12st+4t, 3C型; Polygonatum curvistylum Hua, 2n=78=24m(2SAT)+14sm(6SAT)+40st, 核型不对称性属于3C 型; Polygonatum cathcartii Baker,2n=32=12m+6sm+10st+2t+2bs,核型不对称性属于2C型;(4)百合属,假百合属,豹子花属三个属的间期核和前期染色体形态相似,都属于复杂中央微粒型,前期染色体属于中间型,分裂中期体 细胞染色体分别为Lilium henricii Franch,2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+10st+10t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Lilium bakerianum Coll．et Hesml．var． rubrum Stearn, 2n=24=4m (2SAT)+10st+10t(2SAT),核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis bilouensis Liang 2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+12st+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis pardanthina Franch．,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+12st (2SAT)+8t,核型不对称性属于3A型;Nomocharis sauluensis Balf, f.,2n=24=4m(2SAT)+10st(2SAT)+10t,核型不对称性属于3B型;Notholirion campanulatum Cotton et Stearn2n=24=2m(2SAT)+2sm+14st(2SAT)+6t,核型不对称性属于3A型。     

夏蜡梅核型的研究

本文首次报道我国特有重点保护植物夏蜡梅的核型为K(2n)=2x=22=18m+2m(SAT)+2sm,属Stebbins的“1A”类型,在演化上处于相当原始的地位。它的核型似比北美的光叶红对称和原始,因此至少夏蜡梅属可能起源于中国。     

木兰科属间核型比较

本文对我国原始木本被子植物木兰科中的木兰属Magnolia、木莲属Manglietia、含笑属Michelia、 合果木属Paramichelia、观光木属Tsoongioderdron、拟单性木兰属Parakmeria、鹅掌楸属Liriodendron、 华盖木属Manglietiastrum 8属代表种的核型进行了研究。各属代表种的核型公式如下:夜合Magnolia coco 32m+4sm+2st(2SAT);灰木莲Manglieatia glauca 32m+4sm+2st(2SAT);合果木Paramichelia baillonii 34m(2SAT)+2sm+2st(2SAT);观光木Tsoongiodendron odorum 32m+6sn(2SAT);拟单性木 兰Parakmeria omeiensis 56m+16sm+4st(2SAT);鹅掌楸Liriodendron chinense 32+4sm(2SAT)+2st (2SAT);华盖木Manglietiastrum sinicum 28m+4sm+6st(6SAT);白兰 Michelia alba 34m+4sm(2SAT)。作者对木兰科核型进化问题进行了讨论。     

7种铁线莲的染色体研究

本文描述了我国产毛茛科铁线莲属的7个种的染色体数目和形态。其核型公式分别为:芹叶铁线莲和宽芹叶铁线莲为2n(2x)=16=10m+6st(2SAT);黄花铁线莲和棉团铁线莲及山木通为2n(2x)=10m+4st+2t(2SAT);圆锥铁线莲为2n(2x)=32=20m+8st(2SAT)+4t(2SAT);吴兴铁线莲为2n(4x)=32=20m+6st(4SAT)+6t(4SAT);本文还讨论了一些种的分类问题。     

当归属及近缘小属的核型演化及地理分布研究

本文报道了当归属Angelica及3个近缘小属12种植物的核型,其中10种为首次报道。带岭当归A．dailingensis 2n＝22＝20m+2sm(SAT);丽江当属A．likiangensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 青海当归A．nitida 2n＝22＝14m+4sm+4sm(SAT);林当归A．silvestris 2n＝22＝16m+4sm(SAT)+2st(SAT);紫花前胡A．decursiva 2n=22＝16m+4sm+2sm(SAT);秦岭当归A．tsinlingensis 2n＝22＝18m+4sm; 阿坝当归A．apaensis 2n＝22＝14m+6sm+2st(SAT);隆萼当归A．oncosepala2n＝4x＝44＝28m+12sm+4st,三小叶当归A．ternata 2n=22＝10m+8sm(SAT)+4st(SAT);柳叶芹Czernaevialaevigata 2n=22＝14m+6sm+2sm(SAT);短茎古当归Archangelica brevicaulis 2n＝22＝8m+2m(SAT)+4sm+4sm(SAT)+4st;高山芹Coelopleurum saxatile 2n＝28＝12m+6sm+10st。除带岭当归核型为1A型和高山芹为2B型外,其余种类均为2A型。根据染色体长度比和平均臂比绘制了本次和我们过去已报道的当归属及近缘属23种植物的核型散点图。据核型类型和近端着丝点的有无,把当归属20个种的核型分3组。并结合外部形态、花粉类型和地理分布,探讨了各近缘属的系统演化关系。     

中国山茶属4种2变种核型研究

本文采用去壁低渗法研究了我国山茶属植物4种2变种的核型。根据Levan等的命名系统,各个种的核型可简式为大理茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+8sm;勐腊茶2n=20m+2m(SAT)+6sm+2sm(SAT);德宏茶2n=20m+8sm+2sm(SAT);苦茶2n=20m+9sm+1sm(SAT);茶2n=18m+2m(SAT)+12sm;白毛茶2n=18m十2m(SAT)+9sm+1sm(SAT)。这些种都是二倍体种(2n=2x=30),未发现多倍体。在勐腊茶核型中发现2个超数染色体(B-chromosome)。核型的不对称性表明,这些种均属于Stebbins核型分类的2A型核型。这些种在“随体数目和位置,最长染色体与最短染色体之比,臂比大于2:1的染色体比例,着丝点端化值,染色体绝对长度”方面的变异是清楚易见的。核型的变异表明,这些种的染色体进化顺序为大理茶—→勐腊茶—→德宏茶—→普洱茶—→白毛茶—→苦茶—→茶。这一结果与张宏达提出的山茶属植物的分类系统基木吻合。本文还讨论了山茶属植物核型的杂合性和多态性。本文中勐腊茶、德宏茶、苦茶的染色体数目和核型及大理茶的核型为首次报道。     

鹅观草属4个种核型与进化的研究

报道了鹅观草属(Roegneria C. Koch)4个种的核型,即中华鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=28m(2SAT);裸穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);缘毛鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2SAT);缘穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m(2SAT)+4sm。4个种核型的共征和自征反映了形态划分中共属分种的合理性。尤其通过核型不对称性和相对进化程度的分析,表明中华鹅观草最原始,缘穗鹅观草最进化,裸穗鹅观草和缘毛鹅观草演化居中;狭颖草系高级于缘毛草系。核型不对称性所表示的进化程度似乎与系间颖芒的发生,种间花序的增长变粗、外稃芒的延伸相关。     

黄精族4属6种的核型报道

本文报道四川、陕西、河北的百合科黄精族4属6种的染色体数目和核型。Disporum megalanthum 2n=16=2m(1SAT)+6sm(1SAT)十8st(3SAT)and 2n＝16=2m(1SAT)+8sm(3SAT)+6st,3B型;Disporopsis pernyi 2n＝40=23m(2SAT)+15sm(2SAT)十2st+2t(2SAT), 2B型;Disporopsis aspera 2n=40=30m十8sm(2SAT)+2t(2SAT),2B型;Maianthemum bifolium 2n=36＝20m＝10sm十4st十2t(2SAT),2B型;Palygonatum odoratum 2n=20=10m+10sm(3SAT),2B和2n＝20＝12m(4SAT)+8sm(2SAT), 2B型;Polygonatum humile 20=20+10m(2SAT)十6sm(2SAT)+4t,2B型。从染色体角度,并联系形态特征,对Disporum属中分别见于东亚和北美的两个类群的关系作了讨论。也讨论了Disporopsis种间在核型不对称趋势与形态特化之间可能的关系。 本文还指出Polygonatum odoratum和Polygonatum humile种内核型的多变性。     

铁筷子的核型分析

本文首次报道了我国特有种铁筷子(Helleborus thibetanus Franch.)的染色体数目及其核型。其核型公式为K(2n)=6m(2SAT)+2Sm(SAT)+8st+16t(T),按照Stebbins的核型对称性分类标准应属于“3C”型。本种染色体数目与已报道的本属其它种类完全相同,但核型截然不同,为较进化的不对称性核型。观察中还发现了染色体桥等现象的存在。本文同时对本属内的进化等问题也作了初步讨论。     

The Studies on the Karyotypes and Cytogeography of Taxodium Rich.(Taxodiaceae)

The present paper deals with the karyotypic analysis of Taxodium ascendens Brongn. The somatic chromosomes in root-tip cells of the plant are found to be 2n =22, all with median and submedian constrictions. A character of the karyotype is that the chromosome 10 has a long kinetochore region (Plate 1:1). According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.^[18], the karyotype formula is k(2n)=22=20m+2sm, which is different to Huang et Hsu’s^[8] K(2n)=24=22m+2B(m). The karyotype belongs to “lA” of Stebbins’^[24] karyotypic symmetry and is generally regarded as a relatively primitive one. The species’ chromosome complement is 2n=22=2L+8M₂+12M₁ according to I.R.L.difined by Kuo et al.^[15] based on relative length. The lengths, arm ratios and types of chromosomes of the species are given in Table 1-I. The morphology of the chromosomes and the karyotype, are given in Plate 1:1. In the light of the works of Schlarbaum et al.^[21] and Mehra et al.^[17], K(2n)=22=20m (2SAT)+2sm and 2n=22=2L+6M₂+14M₁ are for T. distichum (L.) Rich. (see Table 1-II), K(2n)=20m+2sm and 2n=22=4L+4M₂+12M₁+2S for T. mucronatum Tenore (see Table 1-III, Plate 1:2), which belong to “lA” and “2A” respectively. The differences between three species in the ratio of the longest to the shortest chromosome, I.R.L. and the proportion of chromosomes with arm ratio >2 show that the karyotype of T. mucronatum is the most advanced and that of T. distichum the most primitive. The present author suggests that the sequence of evolutionary advance be T. distichum, T. ascendens, T. mucronatum. Based on the evidence from the karyotype analyses, ecology and geographical distribution (including fossil), the secondary center of genetic diversity (Fig. 1) and the probable evolu-tionary pattern (Fig. 2) of Taxodium are discussed.     

天南星科的生态地理和起源

本文将天南星科105个属的分布区归纳为12个分布类型和29个亚型,对每一类型的属进行生态地理分析。本科计有88个热带属,占全科的83．8％,是一个热带科。全科有两大分化中心：热带亚洲为属的多样化中心,热带美洲是种的分化中心。根据天南星科各属的生态地理研究,结合到科的系统发育程序,作者得出结论说：天南星科的原始类群在晚白垩纪时起源于亚洲大陆南缘,即欧亚古陆的亚洲南缘地带的水域生态环境。     

水杉的核型研究

本文观察了水杉的染色体,确定2n=22,核型公式为K(2n)=22m(2SAT),全具中着丝点,有一对随体。第8、10、11号染色体具“长着丝点区域”。属“1A”型,与北美红杉-AA的核型非常相近,可能是它的一个亲本种的直接后裔。     

澳大利亚三种Callitris植物的核型及其系统学意义

对澳大利亚特产的Ｃａｌｌｉｔｒｉｓ属植物Ｃ．ｐｒｅｉｓｓｉｉ,Ｃ．ｖｅｒｒｕｃｏｓａ,Ｃ．ｅｎｄｌｉｃｈｅｒｉ（柏科）的核型进行了分析,后２种的为首次报道。它们的核型公式分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）,２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）和２２ｍ（６ＳＡＴ）,均属１Ａ核型类型。染色体相对长度组成同是２ｎ＝２２＝１０Ｍ＿２＋１２Ｍ＿１该３种及其他８种Ｃａｌｌｔｒｉｓ属植物一致的核型Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２ｍ和１Ａ类型的通常被认为是最对称和原始的。因此该属在柏科的系统发育上也许处于相当原始的地位。     

马蔺染色体的核型分析

<正> 马蔺(Iris ensata Thunb.)为鸢尾科多年生草本,分布于东北、华北、西北、华东和西藏,朝鲜、苏联也有。生于向阳山野、草地及草甸,也常栽于庭院中。 本品为少常用中药,“神农本草经”中列为中品,以干燥成熟种子入药,味甘、性平,具有清热利湿,消肿解毒,止血之功效。 在细胞学方面,关于马蔺的体细胞染色体数目Sharma(1970),Mehra&Sachdeva(1971)曾分别报道为2n=40和n=20,与笔者的观察结果相吻合,但Pandita     

水松的细胞学研究

本文报道了水松的核型公式K(2n)=22=22m,为“1A”类型。染色体相对长度组成为2n=22=2L+4M_2+16M_1。8号染色体具长着丝点区域,这是核型的一个特征。与近缘的国产种柳杉和水杉相比较。三者由原始到进化的顺序可能为(柳杉、水松)、水杉,水松与柳杉最接近,水杉和水松较近缘。本文还计算了水松的染色体体积。     

Karyotype Analysis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Liliaceae)

A karyotypical analysis of Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bung. of the monotypic genus Anemarrhena Bung. (Liliaceae) was carried out for the first time. The number of chromosomes in root-tip cell of the species was found to be 22, agreeing with that reported by Sato^[12], although inconsistent in some other respects, such as position of centromeres, length of chromosomes, and nucleoli, etc. (Table 1 ). According to the terminology defined by Levan et al.^［8］, the karyotype formula is therefore 2n=22=2sm (SAT)+2sm+18m. Photomicrographs of the chromosome complements and idiogram of the karyotype are given Fig. 1 and 2). The karyotype of Anemarrhena asphodeloides shows explicitly to be asymmetrical, with three pairs of long chromosomes and eight pairs of short chromosomes. This specialized feature, when considered together with the rare occurrence of the basic chromosome number of 11 of the genus within the Tribe Asphodeleae of Liliaceae (see Table 1), suggests that the genus Anemarrhena is probably a rather specialized one, which has scarcely any intimate relationship with the other genera of the above tribe. The fact that this specialized karyotype is associated with certain trends of morphological specialization, such as flowers possessing three stamens only, gives support to the above suggestion. But, it is impossible to draw a more precise conclusion without a more thorough and comprehensive investigation of the species in question.     

Report on Karyotypes of 6 Species in 4 Genera of Polygonateae from China

Cytotaxonomically investigated in this work were 6 species in 4 genera of Polygonateae (sensu Krause, 1930). Each species was karyotypically analysed using 5 somatic metaphase cells with well-spread chromosomes. The chromosome classification follows Levan et al. (1964) and the karyotype classification is according to Stebbins (1971). The materials used are listed in the Appendix and the vouchers are deposited in PE. The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of Disporum megalanthum and Disporopsis aspera are reported here for the first time, and those of Chinese Maianthemum bifolium are also reported for the first time. The results are shown as follows. (1) Disporum Salisb. D. megalanthum Wang et Tang from tthe Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, is found to have a karyotype 2n=16=2m(1SAT)+6sm(1SAT)+8st (3SAT) (Plate I, A). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 1 and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 1, A. The chromosomes range in length from 8.5 to 29.3 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.45. The karyotype belongs to Stebbins' (1971) 3B. In a somatic chromosome complement the 2nd, 4th, 6th and 7th pairs each have one chromosome carrying a satellite, showing heterozygosity. Another material from the Qinling Range, Shaanxi, is shown to have 2n=16=2m(1SAT) +8sm(3SAT)+6st (Plate 1, B). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 1 and the idiogram is presented in Fig. 1, B. The chromosomes range in length from 6.3 to 22.6μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.61, and thus the karyotype belongs to 3B. The karyotype shows clear heterozygosity (Fig. 1, B). The two chromosomes of the first pair have arm ratios 2.38 and 1.82 respectively, but they are equal in length, 22.6 μm. It seems to us that a pericentric inversion has taken place in one of the two chromosomes. Moreover, the 3rd and 4th pairs each have one chromosome carrying a satellite attached to the long arm. These two materials are of the basically same karyotype, the major difference between them being that the 3rd pair in the former consists of two st chromosomes with the arm ratio 3.15, while the corresponding pair in the other is of two m chromosomes with an arm ratio 1.67. Seven East-Asian species of the genus Disporum are reported to have 2n=14, 16 and 18 (or 16+2B?), but 2n=16 is common to all the species, and therefore the basic number of the group is x=8. For the North American group of the genus, however, 3 species (D. hookeri, D. lanuginosum, D. oreganum) are of 2n=18, D. smithii is of 2n=16, and D. maculatum 2n=12. Chromosome numbers are more variable in the North American group, but x=9 seems to be a dominant basic number. Even more striking difference in karyotype between the two groups exists in size of chromosomes, 2.0-4.9μm.for the North American group, while 4.016.0 μm for the East-Asian counterpart (Therman, 1956) (Our result shows 6.3-22.6 μm and 8.5-29.3 μm for the two materials). This remarkable contrast in karyotype is clearly correlated with the differentiation in gross morphology. The East-Asian species have calcarate tepals but no reticulate veins of leaves, whereas the North American ones have reticulate veins but spurless tepals. The evidence from karyotype and morphology seems to justify the restoration of the genus Prosartes for the Nortth American species (Conover, 1983, cf. Dahlgren et al. 1985). (2) Disporopsis Hance D. pernyi (Hua) Diels from Mapien, Sichuan, is of 2n = 40 = 23m(2SAT)+13sm(2SAT) + 2st+ 2t(2SAT) (Plate 1, C). The parame- ters of chromosomes are listed in Table 2, and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 2, A. The chromosomes range in length 5.2-16.2μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.11, and thus the karyotype belongs to 2B. D. aspera (Hua) Engl. ex Krause also from Mapien, Sichuan, is found to have 2n=40=30m+8sm(2SAT)+2t(2SAT) (Plate 1,D). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 2, and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 2, B. The chromosomes range in length 5.2-14.7 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.84. Therefore, the karyotype belongs to 2B. Another material from the same locality but different population was also examined and found to have 2n=40=30m+6sm+2st(2SAT) (Fig. 2, C). D. arisanensis (=D. pernyi) from Taiwan is reported to have 2n=40=26m+12sm+2st (Chang and Hsu, 1974), D. fusco-picta from the Philippines 2n=40=22m+16sm+2st(2SAT) (Kumar and Brandham, 1974), and D. longifolia from Thailand 2n=40 (Larsen, 1963). Thus, the species in the genus, except the newly described D. jingfushanensis Z. Y. Liu (1987) with no chromosome data, are all of 2n = 40, and the basic number of the genus is x = 20. From the karyotype formulae, asymmetry of the karyotypes increases from D. aspera to D. fusco-picta through D. pernyi, which may be correlated with the increasing specialization of gross morphology. (3) Maianthemum Web. M. bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt from the Qinling Range, Shaanxi, is found to have 2n = 36 = 20m + 10sm + 4st + 2t (2SAT) (Plate 1, H). The parameters of the chromosomes are listed in Table 3, and the idiogram is shown in Fig. 3, D. The chromosome lengths range 2.4-8.2μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.43. The karyotype thus belongs to 2B, and is slightly bimodal: the first 10 pairs and the pair of sat chromosomes are larger than the rest 7 pairs, the ratio of the shortest in the former group to the longest in the latter group being 1.24. (4) Polygonatum Mill. P. humile Fisch. ex Maxim. from Chicheng County, Hebei, is shown to have a karyotype 2n= 20= 10m(2SAT)+6sm(2SAT)+ 4st (Plate 1, G). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 4, and the haploid idiogram is shown in Fig. 3, C. The chromosome lengths range from 3.0 to 10.0μm with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 3.3. The karyotype therefore belongs to 2B. P. odoratum (Mill.) Druce Two materials in this species were examined. One from Chicheng County, Hebei, has 2n=20=10m+10sm(3SAT) (Plate 1, E). The parameters of chromosomes are presented in Table 4 and the somatic idiogram in Fig. 3, A. The chromosomes range in length 3.1-8.8 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.8. The karyotype is thus of 2B. The other from the Qinling Range, Shaanxi, is found to have 2n=20= 12m(4SAT)+8sm(2SAT) (Plate 1, F). The parameters of chromosomes are listed in Table 4, and the haploid idiogram is shown in Fig. 3, B. The chromosomes range in length 4.2-10.9 μm, with the ratio of the longest to the shortest 2.6. The karyotype is also of 2B. P. odoratum is widely distributed in Eurasian temperate region and its cytological reports are frequently seen. All the materials outside of China, from Portugal to Japan, are reported to have 2n=20, except one material from east Sayan in SE Siberia, which is reported to have 2n=30 (Krogulevich, 1978). In China, however, three chromosome numbers have so far been reported under the name P. odoratum, 2n=20 from the Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province (Fang, 1989), Qinlong County, Hebei Province (Wang et al. 1987), the Jinfo Mountains, Sichuan Province (in cultivation), besides the two materials used in this work; 2n=22 from Mt. Jinshan in Beijing (Li, 1980), Wuhan in Hubei Province, Yixin in Jiangsu Province and Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province (Fang, 1989); 2n=18 from Yixin in Jiangsu Province and the Dabien Mountains in Anhui Province (Fang, 1989). It is, therefore, rather evident that the species under discussion is variable in chromosome number only in the southern part of its distribution area. Karyotypical morphology is also variable in this species. The 2n=20 group is found to have following karyotypes: 12m(4SAT)+8sm (in Austria, Hong et al. unpubl.), 14m+6sm (Jilin): 12m+8sm (Qinlong, Hebei): 10m+10sm (3SAT) (Chicheng, Hebei): 12m(4SAT)+ 8sm(2SAT) (Shaanxi) and 10m+6sm+4st(Mt. Jinfo, Sichuan). For the 2n=18 group, 10m+ 8sm (Anhui) and 8m+10sm (Jiangsu) have been found. In the 2n=22 group these karyotype formulae so far reported are all 10m+8sm+4st. Comparing the karyotypes in the three groups we find that 4st chromosomes are always present in the 2n=22 group, while in the other two groups, except the karyotype 10m+6sm+4st found from the Jinfo Mountains in Sichuan, all the karyotypes consist of m and sm chromosomes. Based on the correlation between karyotypical data and cryptic morphological differences Wang et al. (1988) consider Polygonatum odoratum as a complex, which consists of three species: Polygonatum odoratum (s. str. 2n=20), P. macropodium Turcz. (2n=22) and P. simi-zui Kitag. (2n=18). But in this complex biosystematic problems, such as relationship between chromosome number and chromosome structure, evolutionary relationship of the different chromosome numbers, relationship between means of reproduction (extent of vegetative propagation) and karyotype variation are still unresolved and deserve further studies. Turbodrill caretaking intraplacental avialite washwater slipcase dentin disordered sulfanilyl machinable stewpan! Netherward pressbodies horror abscissa, keratosis frieze. 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Report on Karyotypes of 10 Species of Liliaceae (s. l.) From Qinling Range

The karyotypes of 10 species of the Liliaceae from the Qinling Range are reported as follows. I. Polygonatum Mill. (1) P. odoratum ( Mill. ) Druce was found to have the karyotype 2n=20=12m+8sm ( Plate 3, Fig. I), which belongs to Stebbins’ (1971) karyotype classification 2B. The chromosomes range from 3.88 to 11.26μm in size. Table 2 shows the karyotypes and number fundamentals (N.F.) of 13 materials from 12 different localities. The N. F. of these materials can be classified into two groups: N.F. =36 and N.F.=40, besides one (N.F. =38) from Beijing. N. F. =36 covers all the materials with 2n= 18 which have relatively symmetrical karyotypes ( all consisting of m and sm chromosomes), one with 2n=20 (10m+6sm+4st) and one with 2n=22 (14m+8st). N.F. =40 include four materials with 2n= 20 (all of m and sm chromosomes ) and 3 with 2n= 22 (10m+ 8sm+ 4st). ￥ It is considered that there are two original karyotypes, 2n= 18 with N. F. = 36 and 2n= 20 with N.F. =40, which are relatively symmetrical. All the more asymmetrical karyotypes with some st chromosomes have probably evolved from the symmetrical karyotypes without st chromosomes by centric fission. (2) P. zanlanscianense Pamp. has the karyotype 2n=30=18m(2SAT) + 4sm+ 6st+ 2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1) which belongs to 2C. The chromosomes range from 2.16 to 9.76μm. ￥ II. Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don. The karyotype of this species is 2n = 16= 8m(2SAT )+ 6sm + 2st (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3 ) , which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 2.33 to 5.30μm. Most species in Asparagus, including A.Filicinus, are reported to have basic number x= 10, and therefore 2n= 16 is a new chromosome number for A.filicinus. EL-Saded et.al.(1972) gave a report of n=8 for A. stipularis from Egypt, while Delay (1947) reported 2n = 24 for A. trichophyllus and A. verticillatus, Sinla(1972 ) gave a report of 2n=48 for A.racemosus. It is certain that there are two basic numbers in the genus Asparagus. III. Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino was found to have the karyotype 2n=24=4m+8st+12t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 3B. The chromosomes range from 8.71 to 20.24μm. IV. Smilax discotis Warb. was shown to have the karyotype 2n=32=4m+22sm+4st (2SAT)+2t (Plate 1, Fig. 1 and Table 3), which belongs to 3C. The first pair is much longer than others. The chromosomes range from 1.79 to 9.21μm. The chromosome number and karyotype of S. discotis are both reported for the first time. V. Reineckia carnea (Andr.) Kunth is of the karyotype 2n=38=28m+10sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1 ), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 5.65 to 12.75μm. VI. Tupistra chinensis Baker was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=25m+ 13sm (Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 8.11 to 23.82μm. A pair of heterozygous chromosomes is arranged at the end of the idiogram. The eighth pair possesses an intercalary satellite. Huang et al. (1989) reported the karyotype of T. chinensis from Yunnan as 2n = 38 = 24m+ 14sm without any intercalary satellite. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) gave a report on the karyotype of T. nutans from Bhutan, which consists of 18 pairs of median to submedian chromosomes and one pair of subterminal chromosomes. And one pair of submedian chromosomes possess intercalary satellites on their short arms. VII. Rohdea japonica (Thunb) Roth. was found to have the karyotype 2n=38=30m+6sm+2st ( Plate 2, Fig. 1), which belongs to 2B. The chromosomes range from 7.94 to 18.29μm. Nagamatsu and Noda (1970) reported that the karyotype of R.japonica from Japan was the same as that of Tupistra nutans from Bhutan. But we have not discov ered any chromosome with an intercalary satellite. VIII. Hosta Tratt. (1) H. plantaginea (Lam.) Aschers was shown to have 2n=60. The 60 chromosomes are in 30 pairs,which can be classified into 4 pairs of large chromosomes (7.32- 8.72μm ), 3 pairs of medium-sized ones (4.72-5.60μm), and 23 pairs of small ones (1.40-3.64μm), (Plate 3 ,Table 4 ). The karyotype of H. plantaginea is reported for the first time. (2) H. ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn was counted to have 2n=120, The 120 chromosomes are in 60 pairs, which can be classified into 8 pairs of large chromosomes (7.00- 8.40μm ), 6 pairs of medium-sized ones(4.40- 6.15um ), 46 pairs of small ones (1.20- 3.85μm), (Plate 3, Table 4). Based on the karyotypes of H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa, the latter is probably a tetraploid in the genus Hosta. Kaneko (1968b) gave a report on the karyotype of H. ventricosa, which is of8 pairs of large chromosomes, 4 pairs of medium-sized and 48 pairs of small ones.