稀土元素对酥梨叶片氮、磷、钾及其同化能力的影响

本文报道了稀土元素对酥梨叶片中氮、磷、钾含量,叶绿素含量及其光合效率的影响。结果表明,稀土元素有效地促进树体对氮、磷、钾的吸收。其中对磷的促进作用更显著。同时,增加了叶绿素含量,提高了光合强度。从而,提高了果实产量和品质。     

增施控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了施用控释复合肥对烤烟叶片生理特性和氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明:增加控释复合肥的用量能显著提高烤烟叶片生育期的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素(团棵-打顶期)、抗坏血酸(ASA)含量(旺长-成熟期)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性(团棵-打顶期)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性(旺长-成熟期),同时,烤烟叶片氮、磷、钾含量也呈现上升趋势;相反,增施控释复合肥显著降低了烤烟叶片类胡萝卜素(成熟期)、丙二醛(MDA)、抗坏血酸(团棵期)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量(团棵-旺长期)和超氧阴离子自由基(O2·-)产生速率;增施控释复合肥不仅能提高烤烟的抗氧化能力,还能促进对氮、磷、钾营养元素的积累。     

氮、磷、钾对豫麦50旗叶蔗糖和籽粒淀粉积累的影响

以豫麦50为对象,探讨了氮、磷、钾对小麦旗叶中蔗糖的积累及相关酶活性以及籽粒中淀粉含量和组分的影响.结果表明,施氮可以增加灌浆前期旗叶中的糖含量,施钾则提高了灌浆后期旗叶中的糖含量,而施磷则对旗叶中的糖含量影响不大.施氮、磷、钾均能增加蔗糖合成酶活性,但它们的作用时间不同：施氮活性增加在籽粒灌浆中期,施磷在灌浆前期,而施钾在灌浆前、中期.但氮亦可增加花后24 d的磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,施磷增加了灌浆前、中期磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,施钾则增加了灌浆后期旗叶磷酸蔗糖酶活性.施氮、磷、钾都提高了籽粒中总糖含量,增加籽粒中淀粉含量,其中施钾效果最为明显.施磷提高籽粒中直链淀粉的积累,而施钾则显著提高了籽粒中支链淀粉的含量.     

EM菌结合有机物料还田对桃园土壤理化性质及桃叶片光合特性的影响

为研究EM菌肥结合有机肥与秸秆覆草施用对桃园土壤理化性质及桃叶片光合特性的影响,在山东省临沂市一晚熟品种蜜桃桃园设置有机肥配施EM菌肥(EM-O)、秸秆配施EM菌肥(EM-S)和对照(CK)三个处理,测定不同处理土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、有效养分含量,分析各处理间桃叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量的差异。结果表明:EM-O和EM-S处理显著提高了土壤有效氮、磷、钾及有机质含量,且EM-S处理显著增加土壤毛管孔隙度;EM-S处理显著提高桃叶片叶绿素a的含量;对土壤指标和植物光合特征指标间的多元逐步线性回归分析发现,桃叶片叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量与土壤有效钾含量呈显著正相关。综上,有机物料配施EM菌肥显著提高桃园土壤有效养分含量,尤其是10~20 cm土层养分含量;相对于有机质、有效氮和有效磷等养分,有效钾含量对桃叶片光合特性影响更大。     

钼磷钾协同提高蚕豆产量的生理基础初探

钼酸铵浸种和在花荚期喷施磷酸二氢钾可显著提高蚕豆干物质、叶绿素含量及光合效率。但多元素混合后对蚕豆的生长及增产的生理基础的影响报道尚少。本文在大面积单施钼肥和磷钾复合肥提高蚕豆产量的基础上,研究了微量元素钼和大量元素磷钾混施对蚕豆根瘤生长状况、植株碳氮含量和光合作用的影响。     

氮磷钾配施对巨桉木材纤维素含量的影响

利用通用旋转组合设计方法,建立了氮、磷、钾与巨桉木材纤维素含量之间的效应模型.合理施用氮或钾可以提高木材纤维素含量,施用磷无助于木材纤维素含量的提高.氮、磷之间具有协同效应,以中量的磷和中量的氮搭配施用为好;高钾低氮或者高氮低钾有助于木材纤维素含量的增加;考虑氮、磷、钾的综合效应,宜选择中等水平的磷和高水平的钾搭配.因素取95%的置信区间既丰产又优质的最佳综合农艺措施为：氮56g/N,磷47～51g/N,钾42～46g/N.     

氮硅肥配施对水稻生长、产量及土壤肥力的影响

采用田间试验研究了氮硅肥配施对水稻生长、产量、养分吸收及土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明 ,氮、硅肥单施都能促进水稻生长及对养分的吸收 ,氮肥效果好于硅肥。氮硅肥配施下 ,水稻有效穗数、穗实粒数、千粒重、水稻产量以及水稻地上部生物量 ,植株氮、磷、钾、硅养分含量增幅均高于氮肥和硅肥单施。随施硅量增加 ,氮 /硅比率后期有明显下降趋势。氮硅配施提高了土壤速效氮含量和有效硅含量、降低了土壤速效钾含量 ,而对速效磷、pH、有机质及全氮无明显影响。     

氮肥形态及配比对花椰菜产量、品质和养分吸收的影响

采用大田试验研究了氮肥不同形态及配比对春茬花椰菜产量形成、品质和植株氮、磷、钾吸收的影响.结果表明:硝态氮肥易增加花球中硝酸盐的积累量、提高可溶性糖含量,当NO₃^--N∶NH₄⁺-N处于3∶7～5∶5范围内时可以减少花球中硝酸盐积累量,处于5∶5～7∶3范围内时可获得较高的可溶性糖含量.铵态氮肥(包括酰胺态氮肥)有利于花球中Vc含量的提高.施氮肥可以提高植株中氮、磷、钾的积累量,其中莲座期各处理植株氮、磷、钾含量均为最高.在整个生长期铵态氮有利于促进氮含量的提高,硝态氮有利于钾含量的提高,但在不同时期磷含量受氮源的影响变化不一致.与单一氮肥形态相比,当NO₃^--N∶NH₄⁺-N处于3∶7～5∶5范围内时易获得高产.因此硝态氮肥与铵态氮肥以适当的比例配合施用可以提高花椰菜的品质、生物产量和经济效益.     

盐度、氮、磷含量对翅碱蓬生长的影响

目的：探明盐度、氮、磷含量对翅碱蓬生长的影响。方法：采用盆栽方法,控制土壤的盐度、氮、磷浓度,设计正交试验,研究在不同水平的盐度、氮含量和磷含量条件下翅碱蓬的发芽和生长状况。使用三因素方差法对试验结果进行显著性分析。结果：盐度显著影响翅碱蓬种子萌发和苗重;盐度和氮含量显著影响翅碱蓬苗高、叶绿素积累及对氮磷的吸收;磷含量影响不显著。结论：盐度和氮含量是影响翅碱蓬生长的关键因子,低盐环境有利于翅碱蓬生长,氮含量增加促进翅碱蓬的生长。磷含量对翅碱蓬生长影响不显著。     

北京松山自然保护区不同母质油松林土壤氮、磷、钾含量垂直分布

以北京市松山自然保护区同海拔油松林下两种母质(花岗岩和石灰岩)上发育的土壤为对象,研究了土壤的全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量在剖面的垂直变化.结果表明:花岗岩母质发育的土壤0～20cm土层的全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别为1.61～2.35g·kg-1、5.84～10.74mg·kg-1和39.33～93.66mg·kg-1,石灰岩母质发育的土壤分别为1.69～2.36g·kg-1、4.45～8.57mg·kg-1和60.66～124.00mg·kg-1.两种母质发育的土壤0～10cm土层的全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均最大,且与各土层之间差异均极显著,并随土层深度的增加而下降,说明土壤全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量的分布有很强的表聚性,而且石灰岩母质发育的土壤的表聚性更强.对同土层土壤进行配对t检验,全氮含量在各土层之间无显著性差异,有效磷含量在0～10cm土层差异极显著,速效钾含量在10～20cm土层之间差异显著.     

茶园土壤类型对铁观音茶叶稀土元素分布和组成的影响

为探明铁观音茶的质量安全状况,追溯隐患来源,对福建安溪县不同土壤茶园的铁观音茶叶进行稀土元素的分布、组成、迁移和富集能力进行研究。结果表明,安溪县红壤、黄红壤、黄壤茶园稀土组成均以镧、铈、钕、钇为主,但具体组成特征各异。3种类型土壤茶园铁观音茶叶片、叶柄稀土元素组成均以钇、镧、铈、钕4种元素为主,且含量均以第3叶第2叶第1叶叶柄。同种土壤类型茶园铁观音茶树不同部位叶片的稀土元素组成特征类似,但叶与叶柄对稀土元素的吸收能力不同。土壤类型对茶叶稀土元素的累积有显著影响,黄红壤茶园的茶叶稀土元素含量要显著低于红壤、黄壤茶园的(P0.05)。土壤与茶叶中稀土元素组成的相关系数为0.886～0.985,P 0.001,表明二者稀土元素组成密切相关。因此,铁观音茶叶中稀土元素累积、分布与茶园土壤类型有显著相关性。     

Accumulation and fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in the naturally grown Phytolacca americana L. in southern China

The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) has resulted in problems for soil and human health. Phytolacca americana L. is a herbaceous plant widely distributed in Dingnan county of Jiangxi province, China, which is a REE mining region (ion absorption rare earth mine) and the soil has high levels of REEs. An investigation of REE content of P. americana growing naturally in Dingnan county was conducted. REE concentrations in the roots, stems, and leaves of P. americana and in their rhizospheric soils were determined. Results showed that plant REEs concentrations varied among the sampling sites and can reach 1040 mg/kg in the leaves. Plant REEs concentrations decreased in the order of leaf > root > stem and all tissues were characterized by a light REE enrichment and a heavy REE depletion. However, P. americana exhibited preferential accumulation of light REEs during the absorption process (from soil to root) and preferential accumulation of heavy REEs during the translocation process (from stem to leaf). The ability of P. americana to accumulate high REEs in the shoot makes it a potential candidate for understanding the absorption mechanisms of REEs and for the phytoremediation of REEs contaminated soil.     

稀土元素对小麦幼苗氮素吸收及其同化的影响

稀土元素浸种能够促进小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)幼苗对NO_3~-的吸收,提高硝酸还原酶活力。这些效应与稀土浓度有关,低浓度有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用。稀土元素处理还能促进小麦幼苗体内NO_3~-的同化还原,使硝态氮含量降低,氨基氮含量增加,促进了氮素代谢过程。     

VARIATION IN THE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF LEAVES OF QUERCUS ALBA,QUERCUS COCCINEA,AND PINUS RIGIDA IN THE BROOKHAVEN FOREST FROM BUD-BREAK TO ABSCISSION

Leaves of Quercus coccinea, Q. alba, and Pinus rigida were collected at six dates during the growing season and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, S, and Na. Leaf weights per unit of leaf area (or length) were determined for the same period. Quercus coccinea and Q. alba leaves increased in weight per unit area by about 30 % and 50 %, respectively. First-year pine leaves increased in weight per unit length by about 65 %. During the second year the weight of pine leaves changed little. Two broad patterns in the nutrient content of leaves were apparent when nutrient content was expressed on the basis of leaf area rather than leaf weight. N, P, and K concentrations increased to a peak in mid- or late summer and declined abruptly just prior to abscission. Concentrations of other elements tended to rise slowly throughout the life of the leaves in all three species. The differences among nutrients and among species support the hypothesis that differential partitioning of the nutrient pool occurs as a result of evolutionary adaptation. The changes in weight of leaves per unit area and in nutrient content during the growing season are important for studies of net primary production and in appraisals of the cycling of nutrients. Least distortion of nutrient relationships occurs when area or length of leaf is used as the basis for expression of nutrient content.     

不同治理年限的离子型稀土矿区土壤生态化学计量特征

以福建省长汀县3个不同水土流失治理年限的离子型稀土矿区为研究对象,并以未开采的稀土矿治理地为对照,对其表层0—10cm和10—20cm土壤碳氮磷含量及生态化学计量特征进行分析,探讨稀土矿治理区的土壤养分恢复状况。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量的变化范围分别为0.69—15.7g/kg、0.26—1.21g/kg、0.05-0.11g/kg,0—10cm土壤养分含量高于10—20cm土壤。土壤C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比变化范围分别为0.89—15.42、9.50—136.46、4.17—20.87,随治理年限的增加呈先递减后递增的趋势。土壤生态化学计量特征在治理初期由于矿区氮素的残留,主要受有机碳缺乏的影响;治理后期随着氮素的流失,则主要受氮素限制的影响。研究认为,离子型稀土矿治理初期,要及时种植生存能力强的植物,以充分利用矿区残留的氮素;治理后期则要施加氮肥以克服氮素缺乏对植物生长的限制。     

稀土元素对植物的生物效应及其作用机理

综述了稀土元素对植物根系发育、生物量、品质和抗逆性的影响.适量稀土浓度可促进植物生长,提高种子萌发能力和根系发育,提高植物生物量,并改善植物果实的品质.施用适量稀土元素还可以增强植物的抗逆性并且对一些植物病害有一定防治作用.介绍了植物对稀土元素的吸收特性和稀土元素在植物体内的含量、分布、存在形式及细胞定位.重点探讨了稀土元素对植物光合作用、叶绿素形成、植物吸收营养元素、稀土元素与钙相关性和稀土元素对细胞膜及酶的作用机理,内容包括稀土元素可提高植物叶绿素含量,增强光合效率,从而增加植物生物量.适量的稀土元素能够促进植物对营养元素的吸收、转化和利用.稀土元素有类似钙的功能,可置换出酶中的钙离子而参与酶的反应.稀土离子可以维持细胞膜的透性和稳定性,提高膜的保护功能,增强植物对不良环境的抵御能力.最后,对稀土元素的研究前景进行了展望.     

Accumulation of rare earth elements in maize plants (Zea mays L.) after application of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum

Rare earth elements are applied in China to improve crop production, and the distribution patterns of individual rare earth elements in native plants have widely been reported. But our knowledge is still limited about the dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth elements in agricultural crops after application of rare earth elements. Effects of lanthanum and mixtures of rare earth elements were studied in pot experiments on the accumulation of individual rare earth elements in maize plants. All plant samples were divided into plant tops and roots. On addition of mixtures of rare earth elements and lanthanum to the soil, a significant dose-dependent accumulation of individual rare earth element(s) was found in the roots and in the plant tops. Application of mixtures of rare earth elements at >10 mg kg^–1 soil, resulted in a significant increase in contents of light rare earth elements in the roots, and at a dose of 50 mg kg^–1 soil, a similar phenomenon was found in the plant tops. When mixtures of rare earth elements were replaced by lanthanum alone, at a dose higher than 10 mg La kg^–1 soil, a significant increase in La content occurred in the roots and in the plant tops. The content ratio of La to Ce in maize plants appeared to increase as the application doses of rare earth element(s) increased. At a highest dose (50 mg kg^–1soil), the transport of the absorbed La from the roots to the plant tops might be substantially reduced after treatment with lanthanum alone, compared with mixtures of rare earth elements. Increasing the application doses of rare earth element(s) appeared to cause a positive Gd and negative Ce anomaly in the roots and in the plant tops, and the anomaly was more obvious in the plant tops than in the roots. The results indicated that the Gd and Ce anomaly in corns might be considered as important parameters for the safety assessment of agricultural application of rare earth elements.     

稀土元素对农田生态系统的影响研究进展

稀土矿的开采和冶炼、稀土农用等导致农田土壤稀土元素含量不断积累,对农田生态系统结构和功能稳定产生严重的影响。综述了近20年来国内外农田生态系统稀土元素的主要来源、分配和输出,土壤和植物中稀土元素的测定方法,稀土元素对农田生态系统中植物、微生物、动物以及人类健康影响的研究进展。探讨了农田生态系统稀土元素的毒性评价和稀土污染土壤的修复措施。最后提出开展稀土元素对农田生态系统影响研究还需要加强的一些问题。     

Study on binding of REEs with water-soluble polysaccharides in fern

The binding of rare earth elements (REEs) with water-soluble polysaccharides of nondeproteinization and deproteinization in the leaves of the fernDicranopteris dichotoma was studied by molecular activation analysis (MAA). Two cold-water-soluble polysaccharides (extracted by 75% ethanol and 90% ethanol, respectively) and one hot-water-soluble polysaccharide (extracted by 90% ethanol) were separated using biochemical separation techniques. The eight rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, and Lu) in these polysaccharides were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Our new results showed that the REEs were bound firmly with the water-soluble polysaccharides in the plant, regardless of whether nondeproteinization or deproteinization was used. The molecular-weight (MW) measurement demonstrated that REEs were mainly bound with low-MW (10,000–20,000) polysaccharides.