Vertical distribution, population structure and life history of Thysanoessa longipes (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) around Yamato Rise, central Japan Sea

The diel vertical migration, growth and spawning season of theeuphausiid, Thysanoessa longipes, were investigated using seasonalsamples collected from waters around the Yamato Rise, centralJapan Sea, during the period 1987 to 1999. Thysanoessa longipeswas present throughout a broad bathymetric layer extending downas deep as 1000 m. There was a clear trend for larger specimensto occur at deeper depths. The peak of abundance of the totalpopulation occurred at depths of 30–300 m at night, and150–500 m during the day, and the distance of the dielvertical migrations of the total population was estimated tobe between 100 and 150 m. Population structure analysis revealedthe occurrence of three cohorts aged 0+, 1+ and 2+ years, withfemales attaining a larger body size than males. Growth as determinedby body length was found to fit well to the von Bertalanffygrowth equation. The estimated life span for males and femalesis 3 years, and females reach maturity in 2 years. Based onthe occurrence of calyptopis larvae, spawning of T. longipeswas estimated to occur over only a limited period of the yearbetween April and May.     

豆野螟成虫行为学特征及性信息素产生与释放节律

豆野螟Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文在（29±1）℃、相对湿度75%～80%、光周期14L∶10D条件下研究了豆野螟成虫的羽化、交尾行为以及雌蛾性信息素的释放节律。结果表明：其羽化行为全天可见,在雌蛾中,86%于暗期羽化; 在雄蛾中,73%于暗期羽化。雌雄蛾羽化行为在暗期第4、5和8 h差异达到显著 (t>4; P<0.05)。交尾活动发生在暗期19：00到5：00之间,交尾持续时间最短约为20 min,最长约为90 min,3日龄进入暗期第5 h具有最高的交尾率。1、6和7日龄成虫具有单个交尾高峰,2到5日龄成虫具有两个交尾高峰。同一日龄成虫交尾在暗期前半段平均花费的时间要明显高于在后半段花费的时间。低龄和高龄的成虫用于交尾的时间明显高于中龄的性成熟成虫。成虫的开始交尾时间随着日龄的增加逐渐前移。雄蛾对进入暗期后第5 h和第9 h处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强,对 3日龄处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强。处女雌蛾田间诱蛾试验表明：23：00-01：00为诱蛾高峰期,3日龄处女雌蛾的诱蛾效果最好。该蛾的羽化、交尾及性信息素产生与释放均存在节律上的一致性。雌蛾的性信息素释放的时间较长,见于整个暗期,然而交尾行为发生时间较短,主要发生于两个交尾高峰之间。     

DCEBIO stimulates Cl- secretion in the mouse jejunum

We investigated the effects of 5,6-dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one(DCEBIO) on the Cl^– secretory response of the mouse jejunum using the Ussing short-circuit current (I_sc) technique. DCEBIO stimulated a concentration-dependent, sustained increase in I_sc (EC₅₀ 41 ± 1 µM). Pretreating tissues with 0.25 µM forskolin reduced the concentration-dependent increase in I_sc by DCEBIO and increased the EC₅₀ (53 ± 5 µM). Bumetanide blocked (82 ± 5%) the DCEBIO-stimulated I_sc consistent with Cl^– secretion. DCEBIO was a more potent stimulator of Cl^– secretion than its parent molecule, 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone. Glibenclamide or NPPB reduced the DCEBIO-stimulated I_sc by >80% indicating the participation of CFTR in the DCEBIO-stimulated I_sc response. Clotrimazole reduced DCEBIO-stimulated I_sc by 67 ± 15%, suggesting the participation of the intermediate conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel (IK_Ca) in the DCEBIO-activated I_sc response. In the presence of maximum forskolin (10 µM), the DCEBIO response was reduced and biphasic, reaching a peak response of the change in I_sc of 43 ± 5 µA/cm² and then falling to a steady-state response of 17 ± 10 µA/cm² compared with DCEBIO control tissues (61 ± 6 µA/cm²). The forskolin-stimulated I_sc in the presence of DCEBIO was reduced compared with forskolin control tissues. Similar results were observed with DCEBIO and 8-BrcAMP where adenylate cyclase was bypassed. H89, a PKA inhibitor, reduced the DCEBIO-activated I_sc, providing evidence that DCEBIO increased Cl^– secretion via a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner. These data suggest that DCEBIO stimulates Cl^– secretion of the mouse jejunum and that DCEBIO targets components of the Cl^– secretory mechanism. 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone; forskolin; glibenclamide; clotrimazole; H89     

Expression of an ABA-induced gene of tomato in transgenic tobacco during periods of water deficit

The gene le25 is an abscisic acid (ABA)-induced gene of tomatowhich is expressed both in wilted vegetative organs and developingseeds. Spatial and temporal expression was analysed in tobaccoplants transformed with a chimeric gene in which 5'-upstreamDNA sequences of le25 were fused to the E. coli uidA gene, whichencodes ß-glucuronidase (GUS). Histochemical stainingrevealed that GUS was expressed in all tissues of vegetativeorgans in response to water deficit. Exogenous ABA induced expressionto a lesser extent, even though ABA content was the same asdroughtstressed leaves, indicating a difference in responseto endogenous ABA compared to exogenous ABA. Water-deficit-inducedGUS expression in floral tissues was examined in pre-anthesisfloral buds from four different stages (I–IV; 11, 16,33, 49 mm bud length, respectively). While non-stressed floralorgans showed no GUS activity except in pollen at stages IIIand IV, GUS activity was water-deficit-induced in sepals ofall stages, petals of stage II, and stigmas of stage II andIII. In seeds, GUS activity was detected in both the embryoand endosperm at 15 d post-anthesis, which coincided with alarge increase in the concentration of ABA in the seed. In transgenicplants, the le25 5'-flanking DNA drove expression of GUS duringwater deficit in two modes: non-tissue-specific expression invegetative organs, and tissue-specific expression in reproductiveorgans. The location of GUS activity indicated that ABA concentrationis elevated throughout the tissues of the leaf during periodsof water deficit. Key words: Tomato, ABA, drought stress, lea gene, water deficit     

Contribution of NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors to locomotor pattern generation in the neonatal rat spinal cord.

The motor programme executed by the spinal cord to generate locomotion involves glutamate-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. Using the neonatal rat spinal cord as an in vitro model in which the locomotor pattern was evoked by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), we investigated the role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors in the generation of locomotor patterns recorded electrophysiologically from pairs of ventral roots. In a control solution, 5-HT (2.5-30 microM) elicited persistent alternating activity in left and right lumbar ventral roots. Increasing 5-HT concentration within this range resulted in increased cycle frequency (on average from 8 to 20 cycles min-1). In the presence of NMDA receptor antagonism, persistent alternating activity was still observed as long as 5-HT doses were increased (range 20-40 microM), even if locomotor pattern frequency was lower than in the control solution. In the presence of non-NMDA receptor antagonism, stable locomotor activity (with lower cycle frequency) was also elicited by 5-HT, albeit with doses larger than in the control solution (15-40 microM). When NMDA and non-NMDA receptors were simultaneously blocked, 5-HT (5-120 microM) always failed to elicit locomotor activity. These data show that the operation of one glutamate receptor class was sufficient to express locomotor activity. As locomotor activity developed at a lower frequency than in the control solution after pharmacological block of either NMDA or non-NMDA receptors, it is suggested that both receptor classes were involved in locomotor pattern generation.     

美洲斑潜蝇寄生峰——黄腹潜蝇茧蜂成虫的生物学特性

黄腹潜蝇茧蜂Opius caricivorae Fischer是美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blandchard幼虫 蛹期的一种重要内寄生蜂。在实验室条件下,用菜豆Phaseolus vulgaris L.上的美洲斑潜蝇作为寄主,对其成蜂的生物学特性做了初步研究。成虫主要在白天羽化,羽化高峰期在8:00～10:00,且多数（91%）当日交尾,羽化出的成蜂性比明显偏雌性（雌∶雄=1.51∶1）。在17℃～33℃温度下,提供蜂蜜液时,黄腹潜蝇茧蜂雌蜂和雄峰的寿命随着温度的升高而缩短,雌蜂的寿命明显长于雄峰的寿命,分别从17℃时81天和47天降到33℃时的14天和13天。雌蜂羽化后1～2天即可产卵,在21℃～29℃温度下,产卵高峰期在2～7日龄,平均产卵量随温度变化的方程为=-0.057x^{2+2.728x-20.601（r2=0.934）。而且成蜂取食能够致死寄主。另外,本文对雌蜂的寄主搜索、产卵和寄主取食行为做了详细描述。}     

The interrelationships between serotonin production and locomotion in different light regimes in southwestern Michigan opilionids, Leiobunum longipes

The comparison was made of the effect of LL and DD with LD 14:10 photoperiods on the 24-h secretion cycle of serotonin secretion and the activity patterns of Leiobunum longipes from Southwestern Michigan. LL and DD altered the normal activity patterns but did not change the pattern of serotonin secretion. The activity pattern in normal photoperiod (LD 14:10) produced a 12-h cosinor pattern, resulting in a 24-h biphasic activity peak model. The activity peaked in both scotophase and photophase . The altered patterns in LL and DD were different. In LL a rhythmic component could not be statistically determined. A high, irregular level of activity was seen, higher than the mean level in LD. In DD a combined 24 and 48 h cosinor pattern best fit the observed data. The major peaks occurred in nature during every other photophase and alternate scotophase time in the constant photoperiod conditions. Serotonin secretion patterns in LD, LL, and DD statistically fitted a 24-h cosinor model. Peak secretion times occurred in mid photophase for LD and LL. A later photophase peak was seen in DD. LL animals showed a mean level of serotonin and secretion pattern which was not statistically different from LD. The hypothesis that LD photoperiods direct a peak of serotonin secretion which initiated the activity pattern could not be accepted.     

玉米农田水热通量动态与能量闭合分析

 基于锦州农田生态系统野外观测站玉米农田涡度相关系统近2年的水热通量观测数据，分析了玉米农田水热通量的日际、年际变化特征及其能量 平衡状况。结果表明： 1）玉米农田水热通量日变化与年变化均呈单峰型二次曲线，峰值出现在12∶00～13∶00左右，与净辐 射的日变化、年 变化同步，潜热通量最大可达到655 w&#8226;m^－2（出现在2004年7月8日1 3∶00），显热通量最大值大约为369 w&#8226;m^－2（出现在2004年5月31日13∶ 00）。2）玉米农田水热通量强度与局地的环境条件密切相关：显热通量与大气压的年变化呈负相关，潜热通量与气温年变化呈正相关。水热通 量受降水的影响较大，对降水的反应较敏感。其中，潜热通量(LE)不仅与降水的强度有关，而且随着降水的季节分布的不同而出现不同的响应 ，即使同样量级的降水在夜间与白天对LE的影响也是不同的。3）玉米农田通量观测呈现能量不闭合现象，主要原因可能是未包含0～5 cm土壤 热储量与冠层热储量，造成大约15.5%的能量损失。     

黑腹果蝇昼夜活动节律及行为时间分配

采用试验室单管观察记录的方法,对3,4,5日龄野生型黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster Meigenw1118成虫每日活动节律进行研究。试验将果蝇活动划分为强活动(飞行和爬行)、弱活动(梳理、觅食等原地发生的运动)和静息(身体不发生移动的休息)3种类型。强活动和弱活动之和为总运动。研究结果显示,野生型黑腹果蝇w1118的昼夜活动表现为明显的双峰模态,晨峰和晚峰分别处于开、关灯前后;雌、雄果蝇总体活动无差异,关灯(18:30)前后雌蝇活动稍强于雄蝇,开灯(6:30)前后则相反;果蝇强活动的节律与总运动基本一致,而弱活动节律不明显;静息节律为单峰模式,其高峰期位于夜间1:00~5:00;雌蝇的静息活动显著多于雄蝇(P<0·05)。     

The relationship between locomotor activity rhythm and burying behavior in the wrasse,Suezichthys gracilis

The wrasse,Suezichthys gracilis, is a diurnal fish which buries itself in sand during the night-time. The present paper deals with the locomotor activity rhythms ofS. gracilis, examined by using an actograph with infra-red photo-electric switches in a dark room. The fish were kept in eight experimental tanks (each 30l in capacity), with three different bottom conditions: sand (grain size about 1 mm in diameter and 5 cm deep); 1 or 2 stones (about 10cm in diameter) without sand; and transparent acrylic pellets (2 × 2 × 3 mm in size, 5 cm deep). The light intensities were 550–700 lux just above the water surface, decreasing to 21.3% under the acrylic pellets at a water depth of 20cm. The water temperatures were kept at 22.0–25.0°C during the experiments for 7 to 14 days. In the aquarium with bottom sand, diel activity rhythms ofS. gracilis were mostly synchronized to LD (LD12:12; 06:00–18:00 light, 18:00–06:00 dark), free-running activity rhythms continued distinctly under LL (constant illumination), and locomotor activity was greatly suppressed, with disappearance of the activity rhythm, under DD (constant darkness). In the aquarium without sand, locomotor activity ofS. gracilis could be summarized as follows. The fish moved throughout almost the entire period under LD, though more frequent movements were observed in light conditions than in dark ones. Under LL they showed continuous locomotor activity during the experiment, with no obvious periodicity. Under DD the activity of the species was somewhat suppressed, but irregular movement or indistinct periodicity was observed. In the aquarium with transparent acrylic pellets, locomotor activity under LD and DD, respectively, bore a close resemblance to activity patterns under the same light conditions with sand, whilst activity under LL was identical to that under LL without sand. Accordingly, it seems that maintenance of normal activity rhythms in the wrasse was due not only to the darkness, but also to the presence of bottom sand. It therefore seems that the biological clock inS. gracilis is not related to locomotor activity, but to burying behavior.     

Environmental stress of mobile phone EM radiation on locomotor activity and melatonin circadian rhythms of rats

Biological clocks are innate timing mechanisms that regulate many behavioral and physiological parameters in most organisms. In our modern life, heavy use of mobile phones (MPs) exerts a massive stress on organisms because their electromagnetic radiation usually results in varying degrees of damage to their biological systems including the biological rhythms. In the present study, the possible effects of exposure to radiofrequency–electromagnetic radiation (RF–EMR) from MPs on two characteristic circadian rhythms, locomotor activity and melatonin hormone rhythms, were investigated. Rats were exposed to RF–EMR from MPs at 900 MHz frequency (2-h/day for 2 weeks) during nighttime (20:00–22:00 h) followed by another two weeks without exposure for recovery. Locomotor activity rhythms of the control and treated groups (n = 5/group) were daily recorded using running wheels along the experimental period. For evaluating melatonin hormone rhythm, blood samples of control and treated groups (n = 12/group), were collected at the end of exposure and recovery periods, at 6-h time intervals per day (at 4:00, 10:00, 16:00, and 22:00 h). Rats exposed to RF–EMR exhibited phase shifting as well as a significant increased acrophase level in locomotor activity. Meanwhile, a significant decrease in serum melatonin levels with retaining lower amplitude rhythmicity was observed. Ceasing exposure for two weeks did not restore melatonin levels and circadian locomotor activity rhythms. It could be concluded that, under the current conditions, exposure to RF–EMR revealed disturbances in locomotor activity and melatonin level, although they maintained rhythmicity.     

Effects of serotonin depletion byp-chlorophenylalanine,p-chloroamphetamine or 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on central dopaminergic neurons: Focus on tuberoinfundibular dopaminergic neurons and serum prolactin

Three serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxins,p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 125 and 250 mg/kg, i.p.),p-chloroamphetamine (PCA, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 200 µg/rat, i.c.v.) were used to examine whether depletion of central 5-HT has an effect on central dopaminergic (DA) neuronal activities or on prolactin (PRL) secretion. Adult ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats primed with estrogen (polyestradiol phosphate, 0.1 mg/rat, s.c.) were treated with one of three neurotoxins and then decapitated in the morning after 3–7 days. Blood sample and brain tissues were collected. The acute effect of PCA (from 30 to 180 min) was also determined. The concentrations of 5-HT, DA and their metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, in the median eminence, striatum and nucleus accumbens were determined by HPLC-electrochemical detection. All three toxins significantly depleted central 5-HT stores by 11–20%. Except for PCPA, neither PCA nor 5,7-DHT had any significant effect on basal DA neuronal activities or PRL secretion. PCA also exhibited an acute effect on the release and reuptake of 5-HT and DA. In summary, depletion of central 5-HT stores to a significant extent for 3–7 days did not seem to affect basal DA neuronal activity and PRL secretion.     

鱼藤酮对果蝇运动行为及果蝇头部多巴胺合成相关酶基因表达的影响

为了探讨鱼藤酮对黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster运动行为的影响与其头部多巴胺水平之间的关系,我们测定了鱼藤酮对黒腹果蝇成虫运动行为、头部多巴胺水平及酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴脱羧酶基因表达的影响。结果表明：与取食未加入药剂饲料的果蝇相比雌成虫用0.2～0.8 mmol/L、雄成虫用0.1～0.8 mmol/L浓度药液配制的饲料连续饲养6 d后运动能力显著下降,在0.8 mmol/L浓度下雌、雄成虫的运动能力分别仅为对照的55.6%和49.1%。取食用0.8 mmol/L浓度药液配制饲料6,12和21 d的果蝇雌、雄成虫头部多巴胺水平均显著下降,雌成虫头部多巴胺水平分别为对照雌成虫的83.2%,72.3%和59.8%;雄成虫头部多巴胺水平分别为对照雄成虫的79.3%,66.8%和53.2%。用0.8 mmol/L浓度鱼藤酮处理6,12和21d,雌成虫头部酪氨酸羟化酶基因（pale）的表达水平分别为对照的76.3%,51.4%和37.3%,多巴脱羧酶基因（Ddc）的表达水平分别为对照的87.1%,78.2%和63.5%, 均显著下降。结果提示,鱼藤酮可干扰果蝇成虫头部酪氨酸羟化酶和多巴脱羧酶基因的表达,导致果蝇头部多巴胺水平下降,进而影响了果蝇的运动行为。     

Threshold and receptor reserve in the action of 5-hydroxytryptamine on the salivary glands of Calliphora erythrocephala

The interrelationships of 5-HT receptors and the increased fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of Calliphora have been studied using pharmacological techniques. Removal of the 5-OH group (tryptamine) or displacement to position 6 (6-HT) results in a decrease in potency but no change in intrinsic activity of the hormone whereas altering the ethyl amine side chain (5-OH tryptophan) results in a decrease in both potency and intrinsic activity. Removal of the 5-OH group and alteration of the side chain (gramine and tryptophan) results in a total loss of activity. Gramine and tryptophan behave as competitive antagonists of 5-HT.Prostaglandin E₁ (PGE₁) was found to be a non-competitive inhibitor of 5-OH tryptophan and theophylline whereas the response to 5-HT and cyclic AMP was only slightly diminished indicating a ‘receptor reserve’ for 5-HT.Saturating concentrations of gramine and tryptophan potentiate theophylline revealing a ‘threshold’ for the mediation of the response. It is concluded that 5-HT derivatives are capable of producing graded effects on adenyl cyclase both above and below the range of enzyme activity which evokes graded changes in fluid secretion.     

Characterization of the 'In Vivo' Nitrate Reductase Activity in the Roots and Leaves of Eichhornia crassipes

Studies of in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Eichhorniacrassipes showed that adding 5% isopropanol gave highest NRAin all parts of the plant, but it was also necessary to flushthe assay media containing leaves with N₁ to obtain the maximalactivity. There were differences in the pH optima for NRA, theroot optimum being 6·5 leaf 7·5–8·0,and the petiole showing a major peak at 6·5 and a minorpeak at 7·.5–8·0. Possible significancesof these differences are discussed. Nitrate reductase activity, Eichhornia crassipes     

Involvement of some 5-HT receptors in methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity in mice.

Effects of some selective 5-HT antagonists on methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity were investigated in male mice in order to study whether this effect of methamphetamine is selectively or at least partially, induced through stimulation of a specific serotonin receptor subtype. Methamphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, IP) produced a significant increase in locomotor activity. Methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity by the above mentioned dose was significantly antagonized by NAN-190 ( 5-HT(1A) antagonist) at a dose of 4 mg/kg, IP, methiothepin (5-HT(1B/1D) antagonist) at a dose of 0.1mg/kg, IP or mianserin ( 5-HT(2C) antagonist) at a dose of 8 mg/kg, IP. On the other hand, methysergide ( 5-HT(2A/2B) antagonist) at a dose of 1mg/kg, IP or ondansetron ( 5-HT(3) antagonist) at a dose of 0.5mg/kg, IP potentiated the methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity. None of the above mentioned doses of 5-HT antagonists altered the spontaneous activity of mice when administered alone. The results of the present study indicate a possible role for serotonergic mechanisms, in addition to the catecholaminergic systems, in the locomotor stimulant activity of methamphetamine in mice. This role is possibly mediated through direct stimulation of some 5-HT receptor subtypes. Stimulation by methamphetamine of 5-HT(1A), 5-HT(1B/1D) and/or 5-HT(2C) receptor subtypes may result in hyperactivity, whereas stimulation by methamphetamine of 5-HT(2A/2B) and/or 5-HT(3) receptor subtypes may result in decreased activity.     

Characterization and Translation of Poly(A)+RNA from Wounded and Crown Gall Tissues of Potato Tubers

Poly(A)⁺ and poly(A)^–RNA from wounded potato tuber tissuesand crown gall tumors were separated from total RNA by oligodeoxythymidylicacid-cellulose affinity chromatography. The poly(A)⁺RNA wascharacterized by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, hybridizationwith ³(H)polyuridylic acid [Poly(U)] and in vitro translationin a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system. The tumor poly(A)⁺RNAwas a heterodisperse mixture from 3.5S to 35S. Upon poly(U)hybridization of the gradient fractions two major hybridizationpeaks at 7S and 21S and two peaks at 11S and 16S appeared. Inan in vitro translation system the poly(A)⁺RNA programmed thesynthesis of 23 different polypeptides of 9,000 to 79,800 daltonsmolecular weight as determined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The 21S poly(A)+RNA was about 5 times more active in in vitroprotein synthesis than the 7S poly(A)⁺RNA. The poly(A)⁺RNA from wounded tissues was also heterodisperse(from 4.5S to 31S) with a modal peak at 18S. This RNA codedfor at least 28 polypeptides, which were different from thoseof crown gall tumor tissues. On a per unit poly(A)⁺RNA basis the tumor RNA was slightly moreactive in translation than that from wounded tissues. The translationof tumor poly(A)⁺RNA was completely blocked by 0.5 mM 7-methylguanosine5'-phosphate, but not by 7-methylguanosine, suggesting the presenceof a 5'-cap structure. (Received May 15, 1982; Accepted June 30, 1982)     

Aquaporins in complex tissues. I.Developmental patterns in respiratory and glandular tissues of rat

Developmentalexpression of aquaporin water transport proteins is not well understoodin respiratory tract or secretory glands; here we define aquaporinprotein ontogeny in rat. Expression of aquaporin-3 (AQP3), AQP4, andAQP5 proteins occurs within 2 wk after birth, whereas AQP1 firstappears before birth. In most tissues, aquaporin protein expressionincreases progressively, although transient high-level expression isnoted in distal lung (AQP4 at postnatal day+2) and trachea (AQP5 at postnatalday +21 and AQP3 at postnatal day+42). In mature animals, AQP5 is abundant in distallung and salivary glands, AQP3 and AQP4 are present in trachea, andAQP1 is present in all of these tissues except salivary glands.Surprisingly, all four aquaporin proteins are highly abundant innasopharynx. Unlike AQP1, corticosteroids did not induce expression ofAQP3, AQP4, or AQP5 in lung. Our results seemingly implicate aquaporinsin proximal airway humidification, glandular secretion, and perinatalclearance of fluid from distal airways. However, the studies underscorea need for detailed immunohistochemical characterizations anddefinitive functional studies.

     

Fluoxetine potentiates the effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on locomotor activity and serotonergic systems in the roughskin newt, Taricha granulosa

The anxiety- and stress-related neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) elicits behavioral changes in vertebrates including increases in behavioral arousal and locomotor activity. Intracerebroventricular injections of CRF in an amphibian, the roughskin newt (Taricha granulosa), induces rapid increases in locomotor activity in both intact and hypophysectomized animals. We hypothesized that this CRF-induced increase in locomotor activity involves a central effect of CRF on serotonergic neurons, based on known stimulatory actions of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) on spinal motor neurons and the central pattern generator for locomotor activity in vertebrates. In Experiment 1, we found that neither intracerebroventricular injections of low doses of CRF (25 ng) nor the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (10, 100 ng), by themselves, altered locomotor activity. In contrast, newts treated concurrently with CRF and fluoxetine responded with marked increases in locomotor activity. In Experiment 2, we found that increases in locomotor activity following co-administration of CRF (25 ng) and fluoxetine (100 ng) were associated with decreased 5-HT concentrations in a number of forebrain structures involved in regulation of emotional behavior and emotional states, including the ventral striatum, amygdala pars lateralis, and dorsal hypothalamus, measured 37 min after treatment. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CRF stimulates locomotor activity through activation of serotonergic systems.     

Development of selective tolerance to the serotonin behavioral syndrome and suppression of locomotor activity after repeated administration of either 5-MeODMT or mCPP

Repeated administration to rats of the 5-HT -selective agonist 5-methoxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (5-MeODMT)^1A produced tolerance to the ability of a test dose of 5-MeODMT to produce the serotonin behavioral syndrome, but not to the ability of a test dose of the 5-HT_1B -selective agonist m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) to decrease locomotor activity. Conversely, repeated administration of mCPP produced tolerance to the ability of a test dose of mCPP to decrease locomotor activity, but not to the ability of a test dose of 5-MeODMT to elicit the serotonin behavioral syndrome. The lack of cross-tolerance between these two selective agonists is consistent with the idea that the serotonin behavioral syndrome and suppression of locomotor activity are mediated by different subtypes of the 5-HT₁ receptor.