P119驱动amiRNA介导的PL基因沉默对草莓果实硬度的影响

果胶裂解酶基因(Pectate lyase,PL)是调控果实软化的重要靶点。本研究测定了红颜草莓果实在发育过程中果胶裂解酶活性变化和硬度变化规律,并通过人工小干扰RNA(artificial micro-interfering RNA interference,amiRNA)技术,以拟南芥miR390a前体序列作为沉默PL基因的骨架,在番茄果实特异性启动子P119的驱动下,通过农杆菌介导转入草莓果实中瞬时表达,通过RT-PCR分析草莓瞬时转染后PL基因的表达量,并检测了PL沉默对果实硬度的影响。结果表明,随着草莓果实发育的推进,果胶裂解酶活性呈逐渐上升趋势,与果实硬度呈负相关;构建了基于拟南芥miR390a为骨架的amiRNA靶向栽培草莓中的PL基因;在番茄果实特异性启动子P119驱动下,miRNA前体可以在草莓果实中瞬时表达;草莓果实中总PL基因表达量下降达34. 5%;基因沉默组果实硬度比对照组更高,且沉默对果实颜色发育进程无明显影响。该结果表明:果胶裂解酶主要在果实发育后期调节细胞壁的解离,采用amiRNA沉默PL基因可以延缓草莓果实软化进程。     

芜菁的类黄酮3'羟化酶基因克隆和UV-A诱导表达特性

用UV-A处理'津田'芜菁和'赤丸'芜菁块根24 h后提取总RNA,以RT-PCR方法分别克隆到BrF3'H1和BrF3'H2基因.BrF3'HI和BrF3'H2的开放读码框为1 536 bp,均编码511个氨基酸.氨基酸序列分析显示,BrF3'Hl和BrF3H2与甘蓝型油菜F3tH的同源性达99%.在第45～476的肽段含有细胞色素P450家族基因的结构域.BrF3HI和BrF3'H2基因有高度同源性,核苷酸序列的17个位点处有差异,推导的氨基酸序列在5个位点处有差异.Northern杂交结果显示,UV-A可以诱导BrF3HI表达,基因的表达量与UV-A处理时间呈相关,UV-A不能诱导BrF3'H2基因表达.     

Fsp27基因沉默载体的构建及其对细胞脂解的影响研究

构建脂肪特异性蛋白27(Fat-specific protein of 27,Fsp27)基因沉默载体,研究沉默Fsp27基因表达对3T3-L1细胞脂解的影响,并对其作用机制进行探究。采用RNAi技术,构建Fsp27基因真核干扰载体,下调Fsp27基因的表达。“鸡尾酒”法诱导3T3-L1前脂肪细胞分化为成熟脂肪细胞。脂质体转染脂肪细胞,油红O染色脂滴,酶法测定细胞中甘油及甘油三酯的含量。Western blot法检测细胞中Fsp27、HSL、ATGL和PPARγ的蛋白表达。Western blot结果显示:阳性sh-Fsp27干扰载体均能有效下调Fsp27的表达,且伴随细胞内ATGL和PPARγ的表达量升高(P<0.05),其中sh-Fsp27-2的沉默效果最好;酶学方法检测结果显示:阳性sh-Fsp27干扰组细胞中甘油三酯含量下降,甘油含量升高(P<0.05);油红O染色结果发现:空白对照组与阴性对照组均有大脂滴堆积,阳性sh-Fsp27组小脂滴分布广泛,未见明显的大脂滴。sh-Fsp27-2组基因沉默载体的沉默效果最好,Fsp27基因沉默可以加快3T3-L1细胞的脂解速率,其主要是通过抑制脂滴融合和增强ATGL酶的水解来完成对脂解的调控。     

植物类黄酮生物合成途径及重要基因的调控

类黄酮是一类广泛存在于植物中的多酚类次生代谢产物,具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗病毒、调节机体免疫力等多种功效,从而可以预防癌症、冠心病、中风等疾病,同时还具有抗衰老的作用.因此,类黄酮被人们称为"植物营养素".丰富的类黄酮种类和生物活性已使其成为世界保健品研究的热点和重点之一,本文比较详细地总结和阐述了类黄酮生物合成途径及重要基因的调控机制,使我们能够深入和全面地认识类黄酮,对从分子水平上研究和调节类黄酮的合成具有重要的意义.?＃     

The Gene Encoding Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase is Expressed Normally in the Pale Yellow Flowers of the Japanese Morning Glory Carrying the speckled Mutation Which Produce Neither Flavonol nor Anthocyanin but Accumulate Chalcone, Aurone and Flavanone

The Japanese morning glory carrying the recessive mutable speckledallele with the dominant speckled-activator bears colorlessflowers with fine and round colored spots distributed over thecorolla whereas the plant without the speckled-activator producespale yellow flowers. Previous chemical analysis has indicatedthat a mutation in the gene for flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H)is a likely candidate for the speckled allele. However, theF3HmRNA without sequence alteration accumulates normally inthe pale yellow flowers, indicating that the speckled alleleis neither the F3H gene nor a regulatory gene acting on theF3H gene expression. (Received April 4, 1997; Accepted June 2, 1997)     

芜菁类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因的功能鉴定及启动子初步分析

类黄酮3′-羟化酶（Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase,F3′H）是细胞色素P450单加氧酶,在花青素合成途径中催化二氢山奈酚生成二氢槲皮素,进而形成矢车菊色素。利用津田芜菁BrF3′H1和赤丸芜菁BrF3′H2基因构建过量表达载体后遗传转化烟草,转基因植株的花色加深。通过染色体步移法克隆了BrF3′H1和BrF3′H2基因上游846和851 bp的启动子序列。生物信息学分析表明,BrF3′H1P和BrF3′H2P均包含TATA box、CAAT box、光调控元件、MRE、ABRE、ATGCAAAT-motif、ERE、O2-site、RY-element、LTR等多个顺式作用元件;二者的核苷酸序列在7个位点存在差异。利用BrF3′H1P和BrF3′H2P序列替换pCAMBIA1301植物表达载体的35S启动子后遗传转化烟草。GUS组织化学染色结果表明,BrF3′H1P和BrF3′H2P序列均能驱动GUS基因表达。通过PCR方法获得了BrF3′H1P和BrF3′H2P的一系列缺失片段,融合GUS基因后转化烟草。染色结果显示,BrF3′H1P和BrF3′H2P系列缺失片段均具有起始GUS基因表达的活性。BrF3′H1和BrF3′H2基因的功能鉴定及启动子的初步分析将为揭示津田芜菁和赤丸芜菁F3′H基因的光诱导表达调控机理奠定研究基础。     

病毒诱导基因沉默鉴定穿心莲内酯生物合成关键酶ApCPS功能

该研究采用病毒诱导基因沉默技术(VIGS),以生长到第8片真叶期的穿心莲植株为实验材料,沉默参与穿心莲内酯生物合成的ent-柯巴基焦磷酸合酶基因(ApCPS),用半定量和荧光定量PCR检测病毒诱导沉默后ApCPS及其上游基因的表达,用HPLC法检测ApCPS沉默后穿心莲内酯的积累变化,同时检测茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理后ApCPS及上游基因的表达,以全面分析穿心莲内酯代谢以及ApCPS在穿心莲内酯生物合成中的作用机制,验证其在植物体内的功能。结果显示:(1)ApCPS基因被成功沉默,基因表达显著下调,进而引起上游牻牛儿基牻牛儿基焦磷酸合成酶基因(GGPS)的表达下调,而3-羟-3-甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因(HMGR)和1-脱氧木酮糖-5-磷酸合成酶基因(DXS)的表达未受影响。(2)ApCPS基因沉默15d后穿心莲内酯积累量显著下降,表明ApCPS是穿心莲内酯生物合成关键酶基因,且能够负反馈影响上游基因表达。(3)茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)显著诱导ApCPS及上游基因HMGR、DXS和GGPS的表达,表明穿心莲内酯生物合成基因受到MeJA的广泛调控。该研究首次使用VIGS证明ApCPS参与到穿心莲内酯生物合成,为利用该技术鉴定穿心莲内酯生物合成途径中其他基因功能奠定了基础。     

Recombinant Production of Hispidin-3-Hydroxylase: the Key Enzyme in Fungal Luciferin Biosynthesis

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - Bioluminescence is a phenomenon of light emission resulting from oxidation of a substrate, luciferin, catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase. The fungus...     

Overexpression of Polyphenol Oxidase Gene in Strawberry Fruit Delays the Fungus Infection Process

Polyphenols are secondary metabolites widely present in plants which benefit to human health. In the present study we analyzed the changes of polyphenol contents during strawberry fruit development as well as changes of polyphenol oxidase (PPO). The results depicted that the polyphenol content showed a decreasing trend with the fruit development. The pH value impacts the PPO activity, and in strawberry fruit the optimal pH for the PPO activity was 4.5. Meanwhile, PPO activity kept decreasing with the development of the fruit flesh and achenes. The damaged fruit enhanced the PPO activity. We found four PPO genes encoding the PPO in the strawberry that had different expression levels in tissues. The overexpression of the FaPPO1 genes improved the PPO activity in strawberry fruit and delays the fungus infection process. The FaPPO1 gene expression changes had affected the pathogen-related gene expression, such as PAL, SOD, POD, BG, and Chitinase genes. The fruit damage induced the FaPPO1 gene expression, and the abscisic acid and methyl jasmonic were also involved in the regulation of FaPPO1 gene expression. The FaPPO1 and FaPPO2 gene expressions were regulated both by abiotic stresses of low temperature, NaCl, and H₂O₂ and biotic stresses of powdery mildew and gray mold. Understanding the regulation mechanism of PPO will be helpful and provide meaningful ideas in future for strawberry breeders.     

Effect of Down-Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis on Fruit Flavor Complex in Apple Fruit

The role of ethylene in regulating sugar, acid, texture and volatile components of fruit quality was investigated in transgenic apple fruit modified in their capacity to synthesize endogenous ethylene. Fruit obtained from plants silenced for either ACS (ACC synthase; ACC-1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) or ACO (ACC oxidase), key enzymes responsible for ethylene biosynthesis, expectedly showed reduced autocatalytic ethylene production. Ethylene suppressed fruits were significantly firmer than controls and displayed an increased shelf-life. No significant difference was observed in sugar or acid accumulation suggesting that sugar and acid composition and accumulation is not directly under ethylene control. Interestingly, a significant and dramatic suppression of the synthesis of volatile esters was observed in fruit silenced for ethylene. However, no significant suppression was observed for the aldehyde and alcohol precursors of these esters. Our results indicate that ethylene differentially regulates fruit quality components and the availability of these transgenic apple trees provides a unique resource to define the role of ethylene and other factors that regulate fruit development.     

病毒诱导的基因沉默及其在植物研究中的应用

病毒诱导的基因沉默(Virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)在植物的基因功能鉴定中是一个非常有用的工具,在植物中了得到广泛应用。与传统的研究植物基因阻断的方法相比,VIGS具有简便高效、周期性短、不需要对植物进行转化以及可以沉默基因家族等特点,而且在一定条件下其沉默效应还能够传递给后代。介绍了VIGS的原理与操作过程,综述了该技术的应用与研究成果,有助于推动其在植物尤其是农作物育种中的进一步应用与发展。     

Effect of gamma-Irradiation on the Biosynthesis of Carotenoids in the Tomato Fruit

Fruits of the lutescent tomato genetic line were exposed to γ-radiation at different stages of maturity to determine the effect of ionizing radiation on carotenoid synthesis in the ripening fruit. Irradiation generally resulted in the inhibition of carotenogenesis. The effect was more pronounced at the higher dosage and in less mature fruit. Lycopene synthesis was inhibited more extensively than β-carotene synthesis. The total carotenoid content was also generally lower in irradiated fruits. It was proposed that the β-carotene in the tomato fruit is formed by a pathway not involving lycopene.     

Overexpression of Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase Gene Enhances Biosynthesis of Decursinol Angelate in Angelica gigas Hairy Roots

Angelica gigas is a medicinal plant that produces pyranocoumarins, including decursin (D) and decursinol angelate (DA), which have neuroprotective, anticancer, and antiandrogenic effects. In this study, the coumarin biosynthetic pathway was engineered to increase the production of DA. Specifically, a vector was constructed which contained the A. gigas phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (AgPAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (AgC4H) genes that were driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter. Transgenic hairy roots that overexpressed AgPAL or AgC4H genes were obtained by using an Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation system. Among them, only AgC4H-transgenic hairy root lines produced more DA than control transgenic hairy root lines. The enhanced gene expression corresponded to elevated C4H activities. This study showed the importance of C4H in the production of DA in A. gigas hairy root culture.     

半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)基因沉默对Eca109人类食管癌细胞的影响

半乳糖凝集素-3(galectin-3)是一种多功能的β-半乳糖苷结合凝集素,涉及包括细胞生长、粘附、增殖、进展、转移以及凋亡等多种生物学功能,在恶性肿瘤中高表达。以前的研究已经证实了galecin-3过表达在Eca109人食管癌细胞的生物学作用。本研究试图通过进行小干扰RNA(siRNA)介导的galectin-3沉默,以分析galectin-3沉默对食管癌细胞生物学行为的影响。我们采用Western blotting和RT-qPCR被用来证实在蛋白质和mRNA水平上的galectin-3低表达,使用细胞计数试剂盒-8评估细胞增殖,用Annexin V-PE/7-AAD细胞凋亡检测试剂盒和流式细胞术检测Eca109细胞的凋亡。研究结果表明,转染后72 h,si Gal-3组Eca109细胞增殖明显低于siRNA对照组和未处理组(p<0.001)。Transwell实验结果显示,与其他组相比,galecin-3的抑制作用显著降低Eca109细胞的迁移和侵袭能力(p<0.05)。与siRNA-对照组和未处理组相比,galectin-3敲低显著增加Eca109细胞的凋亡率(p<0.05)。敲低Eca109细胞中galecin-3的表达后,细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力下降,而细胞凋亡增强,说明galectin沉默可作为食管癌治疗的新策略。     

新型PEI衍生物对基因沉默作用的研究

目的:构建出一种新型的高效的非病毒基因输送材料.方法:利用1,4-丁二醇二氯甲酸酯连接小分子PEI,合成新型的PEI衍生物(dPEI),通过体外COS-7和HSC细胞实验检测其对质粒和siRNA的输送情况.结果;COS-7细胞实验显示,dPEI具有高效输送质粒的能力,其转染效率是对照组PEI 25 kDa的10倍以上;同时,HSC细胞实验进一步证实dPEI包裹siRNA转染具有一定的基因沉默作用.结论:本研究合成的新型PEI衍生物既可以用于质粒基因的转染,也可用于siRNA的转染,是一种新型的高效的非毒基因输送材料.