Diurnal Changes in Citrus Leaf Thickness, Leaf Water Potential and Leaf to Air Temperature Difference

Diurnal changes in leaf water potential and leaf thickness ofwell-watered citrus trees were found to be highly correlated.Midday decreases in leaf thickness of about 30–35 µm reflected midday decreases in leaf water potential of about1.1–1.3 MPa from predawn values. Leaf water potentialwas also correlated with changes in leaf-to-air temperaturedifference and ambient vapour pressure deficit. Leaf thicknessas well as leaf to air temperature difference could possiblybe used to monitor leaf water status continuously as an indicatorof citrus tree water stress.     

An Instrument for the Continuous Determination of Leaf Thickness Changes in the Field

The paper deals with the construction and use of an instrumentwhich measures changes in leaf thickness. Results obtained in the field with four tree species are presented.Changes in thickness were of an individual nature for each leaf;collectively the leaves of one tree species differed in theirthickness changes from those of others. Changes in leaf thickness were mainly due to changes in thevolumes of special water-storage tissues. Leaf water contentchanges and leaf thickness changes determined simultaneouslyin the laboratory were well correlated, provided that the thicknesschanges did not exceed those occuring m the field. Several of the factors which influenced changes in leaf thicknesswere measured.The march of leaf temperature was found to becorrelated most closely with the march of leaf thickness.     

Diurnal Changes in Maize Leaf Photosynthesis : III. Leaf Elongation Rate in Relation to Carbohydrates and Activities of Sucrose Metabolizing Enzymes in Elongating Leaf Tissue

Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Pioneer 3184) leaf elongation rate was measured diurnally and was related to diurnal changes in the activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes and carbohydrate content in the elongating portion of the leaf. The rate of leaf elongation was greatest at midday (1300 hours) and was coincident with the maximum assimilate export rate from the distal portion of the leaf. Leaf elongation during the light period accounted for 70% of the total observed increase in leaf length per 24 hour period. Pronounced diurnal fluctuations were observed in the activities of acid and neutral invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase. Maximum activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase were observed at 0900 hours, after which activity declined rapidly. The activity of sucrose phosphate synthase was substantially lower than that observed in maize leaf source tissue. Neutral invertase activity was greatest at midday (1200 hours) and was correlated positively with diurnal changes in leaf elongation rate. There was no significant change in the activity of sucrose synthase over the light/dark cycle. Sucrose accumulation rate increased during a period when leaf elongation rate was maximal and beginning to decline. Maximum sucrose concentration was observed at 1500 hours, when the activities of sucrose metabolizing enzymes were low. At no time was there a significant accumulation of hexose sugars. The rate of starch accumulation increased after the maximum sucrose concentration was observed, continuing until the end of the light period. There was no delay in the onset of starch mobilization at the beginning of the dark period, and essentially all of the starch was depleted by the end of the night. Mobilization of starch in the elongating tissue at night could account for a significant proportion of the calculated increase in the tissue dry weight due to growth. Collectively, the results suggested that leaf growth may be controlled by the activities of certain sucrose metabolizing enzymes and may be coordinated with assimilate export from the distal, source portion of the leaf. Results are discussed with reference to diurnal photoassimilation and export in the distal, source portion of the leaf.     

Diurnal Rhythm and Characteristics of Photosynthesis and Respiration in the Leaf and Root of a Phalaenopsis Plant

A hybrid Phalaenopsis plant was grown hydroponically on a nutrientsolution of Hyponex in the greenhouse. Typical daily patternsof CO₂ fixation, production of malic acid and citric acid andpH of the leaf and root were determined. The rate of primaryfixation of CO₂ in the leaf increased markedly in the evening,remained high until well into the afternoon, then decreasedsharply. The pattern of production of organic acids resultedfrom the fact that the rate of uptake of CO₂ gas was highestat night and fell during the day. A high correlation betweenpH value and level of malic acid in the leaves was observed,and an exponential relationship appeared to exist between theseparameters. These rhythmic sequences were not observed in theroot. The results suggest that metabolism in the leaf had characteristicsof CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism), while the root did not. (Received May 6, 1988; Accepted October 25, 1988)     

Nitrogen Deprivation Induces Changes in the Leaf Elongation Zone of Maize Seedlings

The influence of nitrogen deprivation on leaf development and the biomechanics of leaf growth were studied using maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown under low irradiance. Although the nitrogen deprivation had no significant effect on photosynthesis, the leaf length, the leaf area, and the total assimilation area of plants decreased. The mature size of the epidermal cells was not altered, while the cells of nitrogen-deprived plants reached their final length closer to the leaf base than the epidermal cells of control plants. Decreases in the length of the growing zone (from 50 to 30 mm) and in the maximum value of relative elemental growth rate (from 0.08 to 0.06 mm mm^–1 h^–1) were observed in the nitrogen deprived plants. The maximal value of growth velocity in the control treatment was higher along the elongation zone, except for the basal 20 mm, where there was no significant difference between the control and the N-deprived plants. The net deposition rates of water and dry matter were also affected by nitrogen deprivation: the values of these features decreased and the spatial position of the maximum of the deposition rates shifted towards the leaf base.     

复叶槭挥发性物质的日释放节律及对光肩星天牛引起的行为反应

采用动态顶空采集吸附,热脱附及GC-MS分析的方法。对活性复叶槭（Acer negundoL.)释放的挥发性物质的组成及日释放节律进行了研究。鉴定出复叶槭挥发性物质中的32种化合物成份。包括醛类,醇类,酮类,酯类,脂肪酸类,萜烯类等。日释放节律研究表明,在7月份主要挥发性物质释放高峰集中于14时左右。而8月份则提前到10时左右。虽然在7月份和8月份采样时保持条件一致。但所释放的挥发性物质在种类及相对含量上有明显的不同,这很可能与复叶槭不同时期的生长状况及叶片的衰老有关。在田间采用诱捕器研究了光肩星天牛对上述挥发性物质的行为反应。田间试验结果表明,与其它挥发物相比,顺-3-己烯-1-醇在田间对光肩是天牛具有更强的引诱活性。由1-丁醇,1-戊醇和2-戊醇混合而成的混合物具有最强的引诱活性。     

复叶槭挥发性物质的日释放节律及对光肩星天牛引起的行为反应

采用动态顶空采集吸附、热脱附及GC-MS分析的方法,对活体复叶槭(Acer negundo L.)释放的挥发性物质的组成及日释放节律进行了研究.鉴定出复叶槭挥发性物质中的32种化合物成份,包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、脂肪酸类、萜烯类等.日释放节律研究表明,在7月份主要挥发性物质释放高峰集中于14时左右,而8月份则提前到10时左右.虽然在7月份和8月份采样时保持条件一致,但所释放的挥发性物质在种类及相对含量上有明显的不同,这很可能与复叶槭不同时期的生长状况及叶片的衰老有关.在田间采用诱捕器研究了光肩星天牛对上述挥发性物质的行为反应.田间试验结果表明,与其它挥发物相比,顺-3-己烯-1-醇在田间对光肩星天牛具有更强的引诱活性;由1-丁醇,1-戊醇和2-戊醇混合而成的混合物具有最强的引诱活性.     

Endogenous Diurnal Rhythm in the Osmotic Surplus of the Guard Cells

The osmotic surplus of the guard cells —i.e., the difference between the guard cells’and epidermal cells’omotic value at incipient plasmolysis (Vicia Faba) —exhibits an endogenous diurnal-periodic variation that is synchronous with the endogenous diurnal periodicity in the movements of the guard cells. The osmotic surplus of the guard cells is found to arise and drop by changes not only in these cells, but also in the epidermal cells.     

Diurnal Growth of Tall Fescue Leaf Blades : II. Dry Matter Partitioning and Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Elongation Zone and Adjacent Expanded Tissue

The spatial distributions of net deposition rates of water soluble carbohydrate-free dry matter (WSC-free DM) and WSC were evaluated within and above the elongation zone of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) leaf blades during light and darkness. Imported DM used for WSC-free DM synthesis during darkness (67% of the total in experiment I and 59% in experiment II) was greater than during light (47% in both experiments), suggesting that the 65% higher leaf elongation rate during darkness was accompanied by higher rates of synthesis of cellular structural components. Deposition rates of WSC in the basal and central part of the elongation zone (0-20 mm from the ligule) were similar during light and darkness, but above 20 millimeters WSC deposition occurred during light and WSC loss occurred during darkness. WSC deposition and loss throughout the elongation zone and the recently expanded tissue were mostly due to net synthesis and degradation of fructan. Fructan was predominantly low molecular weight and contributed about 50% of the total osmotic partial pressure of WSC. In the most actively growing region, where fructan synthesis was most rapid, no diurnal change occurred in molecular weight distribution of fructan. WSC solute concentrations were diluted in the most actively growing tissue during darkness because net monosaccharide and fructan deposition were unaltered and sucrose deposition was decreased, but growth-associated water deposition was increased by 77%. Net rates of fructan synthesis and degradation were not related to tissue sucrose concentration, but appeared to respond to the balance between assimilate import and assimilate use in synthesis of cellular structural components (i.e. WSC-free DM) and deposition of monosaccharides. Fructan synthesized in tissue during most active elongation was degraded when the respective tissue reached the distal limit of the elongation zone where assimilate import in darkness was insufficient to maintain synthetic processes associated with further differentiation of cells.     

Comparison of Retinal Thickness Measurements between the Topcon Algorithm and a Graph-Based Algorithm in Normal and Glaucoma Eyes

Purpose

To assess the correlation and agreement between the Topcon built-in algorithm and our graph-based algorithm in measuring the total and regional macular thickness for normal and glaucoma subjects.

Methods

A total of 228 normal eyes and 93 glaucomatous eyes were enrolled in our study. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination and Topcon 3D-OCT 2000 scan. One eye was randomly selected for each subject. The thickness of each layer and the total and regional macular thickness on an Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart were measured using the Topcon algorithm and our three-dimensional graph-based algorithm. Correlation and agreement analyses between these two algorithms were performed.

Results

Our graph search algorithm exhibited a strong correlation with Topcon algorithm. The macular GCC thickness values for normal and glaucoma subjects ranged from 0.86 to 0.91 and from 0.78 to 0.90, and the regional macular thickness values ranged from 0.79 to 0.96 and 0.70 to 0.95, respectively. Small differences were observed between the Topcon algorithm and our graph-based algorithm. The span of 95% limits of agreement of macular GCC thickness was less than 28 μm in both normal and glaucoma subjects, respectively. These limits of total and regional macular thickness were 15.5 μm and 23.1 μm for normal subjects and 29.1 μm and 46.4 μm for glaucoma subjects, respectively.

Conclusion

Our graph-based algorithm exhibited a high degree of agreement with the Topcon algorithm with respect to thickness measurements in normal and glaucoma subjects. Moreover, our graph-based algorithm can segment the retina into more layers than the Topcon algorithm does.     

Diurnal Rhythm of the Muscular Performance of Elbow Flexors During Isometric Contractions

The influence of time of day on elbow flexion torque was studied. Thirteen physical education students, 7 males and 6 females, made maximal and submaximal isometric contractions at 90° of elbow flexors using a dynamometer. The torque developed was measured on each contraction. The myoelectric activity of the biceps muscle was also measured at the same time by surface electromyography (EMG) and quantified from the root mean square (RMS) activity. Torque and surface EMGs were measured at 6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, 21:00, and 24:00 h over the same day. Oral temperature before each test session was measured on each occasion after a 30-min rest period. We observed a diurnal rhythm in elbow flexor torque with an acro-phase at 18:00 h and a bathyphase at 6:00 h, in phase with the diurnal rhythm in oral temperature. However, the diurnal rhythm of temperature did not appear to have any influence on the torque. Links between neuromuscular efficiency and RMS/torque ratio were evaluated by measuring muscle activity along with torque. We also assessed variations in the level of maximal activity of the muscle under maximal voluntary contraction. Neuromuscular efficiency fluctuated during the day, with maximal and minimal efficiency at 18:00 h and 9:00 h, respectively, whereas activation level was maximal at 18:00 h and minimal at 9:00 h. The diurnal rhythm of torque was accounted for by variations in both central nervous system command and the contractile state of the muscle.     

Plasma Cortisol in the Horse,Diurnal Rhythm and Effects of Exogenous Acth

Peripheral blood plasma Cortisol concentration and its diurnal variation was measured in 4 horses. Mean concentration of Cortisol during 24 hrs. was 42 ng/ml (s ± 20 ng/ml). Peak values occurred at 6 a.m. and the lowest values were observed at about 6 p.m. (mean 65 ng/ml and 20 ng/ml, respectively). Long-acting ACTH at a dose of 150 i.u. was given by intramuscular injection to the 4 horses. Peak Cortisol concentrations markedly exceeding the prestimulation level were obtained between 2 and 4 hrs. after injection. During the immediate 24 hrs. after these peaks, the mean Cortisol level was markedly lower and the cyclic variation out of phase with the basal diurnal pattern. After a gradual adjustment during the second postinjection day, no differences could be seen between the 2 patterns on day 3 after injection.     

美国黑核桃实生苗单叶片光合作用生理生态模型的建立与验证

在对叶片光合过程机理分析的基础上,结合数学分析方法,建立了模拟美国黑核桃单叶片光合作用的机理模型,该模型包含了叶片光合作用的限速的生化过程和气孔调节因素,对光合作用一气孔导度的耦合模型进行了简化,使之既便于应用,又能较准确地反映田间条件下的情况,并就光合作用对环境因子(太阳辐射、温度及CO2浓度等）变化的响应特征及响应的合理性进行了分析,使用整个生长季实测的叶片生理数据及生态环境数据对所建模型进行了验证,结果表明,模型可以较准确地模拟田间美国黑核桃叶片的光合速率;确定了美国东部黑核桃、北加州黑核桃等两种黑核桃单叶片光合作用与环境因子互作的数量美系。     

Light-Induced Changes in Cytosolic pH in Leaf Cells of Egeria densa: Measurements with pH-Sensitive Microelectrodes

Light-induced changes of cytosolic pH (pH_c) and the plasmalemmapotential (E_m) in dark-adapted leaf cells of the aquatic plant,Egeria densa were measured simultaneously with double-barreledpH-sensitive microelectrodes. Upon illumination, pH_c increasedtransiently and then decreased to a level that was lower thanthe original value, while the plasmalemma was greatly hyperpolarizedafter an initial small depolarization. DCMU inhibited the light-inducedchanges in both pH_c and E_m. DCMU acted without directly inhibitingthe electrogenic proton pump in the plasmalemma since a decreasein pH_c caused by treatment with butyrate (H⁺-loading) hyperpolarizedthe plasmalemma in DCMU-pretreated cells. N.N-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCCD) also inhibited the light-induced changes in both pH_cand E_m. This result may be explained by direct inhibition ofthe proton pump in the plasmalemma by DCCD since the decreasein pH_c caused by butyrate did not induce membrane hyperpolarizationin DCCD-treated leaf cells. Fusicoccin induced membrane hyperpolarizationand slight acidification of the cytosol. DCCD inhibited thefusicoccin-induced changes in both pH_c and E_m. The mechanismof the light-induced changes in pH_c is discussed in relationto activities of the proton pump in the plasmalemma and photosynthesis. (Received January 10, 1994; Accepted June 9, 1994)     

Specific Leaf Weight in Zones of Cell Division, Elongation and Maturation in Tall Fescue Leaf Blades

Patterns of change in specific leaf weight (SLW), water-solublecarbohydrate (WSC) content and leaf width were used to delineatethe region of secondary cell wall accumulation, and determinethe rate of increase in structural material along a developingleaf blade of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Structuralspecific leaf weight (SSLW) was determined by subtracting WSCmass from dry weight to emphasize structural material. Becausemeristematic activity, cell elongation, and cellular maturationare arranged successively in the grass leaf, these patternsrepresent a developmental sequence through which each segmentof the leaf blade passes. Patterns were generally similar fortwo genotypes, one selected for high (HYT) and the other forlow (LYT) yield per tiller, for a single genotype grown at 17or 25 C, and for two field-grown populations which differedin leaf area expansion rate (LAER). In all three studies, the elongation zone of the developingleaf had 31 to 39 per cent WSC on a dry weight basis. The LYTgenotype had a higher SLW at all stages of development whengrown at 17 than at 25 C, due to greater WSC accumulation.At 20 C, the HYT genotype had a higher SLW all along the elongatingleaf blade than the LYT genotype. This difference was due toa difference in SSLW, while WSC content was similar. The LERwas 64 per cent higher in the high population than the low,but elongation zones were similar in WSC. In all cases, SSLWwas high in the meristematic region, lowest near the distalend of the cell elongation zone, then increased linearly astissue matured. Rate of increase in SSLW was 8.5 and 5.2 g m^–2d^–1 for the HYT and LYT genotypes, respectively, and 7.6and 6.7 g m^–2 d^–1 for the high and low LAER populations,respectively. Festuca arundinacea Schreb., tall fescue, specific leaf weight, leaf width, water-soluble carbohydrates, leaf elongation rate     

Growth Rates and Carbohydrate Fluxes within the Elongation Zone of Tall Fescue Leaf Blades

Investigations were performed to better understand the carbon economy in the elongation zone of tall fescue leaf blades. Plants were grown at constant 21°C and continuous 300 micromoles per square meter per second photosynthetic photon flux density where leaf elongation was steady for several days. Elongation occurred in the basal 20 mm of the blade (0-20 millimeters above the ligule) and was maximum at 9 to 12 millimeters. Eight 3-millimeter long segments were sampled along the length of the elongation zone and analyzed for water-soluble carbohydrates. Sucrose concentration was high in the zone of cell division (0-6 millimeters) whereas monosaccharide concentration was high at and distal to the location where cell elongation terminated (20 millimeters). Fructan concentration increased in the basal part, then remained constant at about 85% of the total mass of water-soluble carbohydrates through the remainder of the elongation zone. Data on spatial distribution of growth velocities and substance contents (e.g. microgram fructan per millimeter leaf length) were used to calculate local net rates of substance deposition (i.e. excess rates of substance synthesis and/or import over substance degradation and/or export) and local rates of sucrose import. Rates of sucrose import and net deposition of fructan were positively associated with local elongation rate, whereas net rates of sucrose deposition were high in the zone of cell division and those of monosaccharide were high near the termination of elongation. At the location of most active elongation imported sucrose (29.5 milligrams per square decimeter per hour) was used largely for synthesis of structural components (52%) and fructan (41%).     

An Infra-red Psychrometer for Detecting Changes in the Humidity of Leaf Boundary Layers

An apparatus is described which uses the principle of the absorptionof infra-red light by water vapour, for the measurement of water-vapourconcentrations in the atmosphere or in the boundary layers ofleaves.     

Diurnal and Seasonal Changes in Leaf Water Potential Components and Elastic Properties in Response to Water Stress in Apple Trees

Apple trees are very drought tolerant, having the capability to grow and carry on photosynthesis even at low water potentials. Much of the tolerance is due to the ability of apple leaves to maintain turgor potentials at levels conducive to growth and stomatal opening. Diurnally, leaf turgor is maintained through decreases in osmotic potentials (due to active solute accumulation), osmotic adjustment, or to concentration of solutes via tissue water loss. These two processes combined may decrease osmotic potentials by as much as 1.65 MPn during the day. Seasonally, osmotic potentials remain fairly constant, but leaf elasticity increases, allowing growth to continue and stomata to remain open us water and turgor potentials become progressively lower. Release of stored water from plant tissues to the transpiration stream is another means of preventing water potentials from reaching critical values for stomatal closure. A combination of a number of these physiological adaptations may account for much of the drought tolerance in apple trees.