EARLY DEVONIAN FISHES FROM GUIJIATUN AND XUJIACHONG FORMATIONS OF QUJING,YUNNAN,AND RELATED BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC PROBLEMS

Pale0nt0IogicStudiesSubclassGaleaspidaHalsteadTarl0,l9670rderHuanana8piformesJanvier,l975FamilyGantar0stra8pidaeWangetWang,l992GenusCantarostraspisWangetWang,l992CQntarostra8pisgeniWangetWang,l992(Fig.l3Pl-II,4-5)1992,Gantarostraspisgeni,Wang,J.Q.etWang,N.Z.,Fig-l,Pl.l.HolotypeAdorsalshieldV9758,LowerDevonianPosongchongF0rmation,Gu-mu,Wenshandistrict,Yunnan-ReferredspeeimensAdorsalshieldVlO494.1;arostra1pr0cessV1O494.2.Loca1ityandh0riz0nXujiach0ng,Xishan,Qujing,Yunnan,Lowe…     

AUDIO COMPUTERS—THEORY OF OPERATION AND GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION OF SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS

ABSTRACT

Computers are available that can store, synthesize and replay sounds using digital technology. I describe the major components of audio computers, the principles of digital sound acquisition and playback, and information and caveats for scientists interested in acquiring an audio computer system for their own use. A tutorial on analog filter application is also included as well as a diagnostic procedure and a buyer's check list.     

SYNTHESIS,HYDROLYSIS AND ANTI-EBV ACTIVITY OF A SERIES OF 3′-MODIFIED cycloSal-BVDUMP PRONUCLEOTIDES

A series of cycloSal-BVDUMP phosphate triesters has been prepared. The prototype compound was 3-methyl-cycloSal-BVDUMP 2. Furthermore, a series of 3′-O-acyl-modified derivatives having carboxylic acids with different lipophilicity or a L-configurated α-amino acid (phenylalanine) was prepared. The hydrolysis properties in phosphate buffer PBS as well as in PBS containing pig liver esterase (PLE) will be described. Finally, the biological activity against EBV has been determined.     

BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION OF FRESHWATER FISH IN HONG KONG, CHINA

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,China,has an area of1095km2and is located at the edge of thenorthern tropical zone.The landscape is dominated byhills and ravines withflat landrestrictedtothe lowflood-plains and coastal regions.Inthis hilly domain,the smallrocky streams are typically fast flowing at their uplandsources,and graduallyreduceinspeed asthey wind alonghill cuttings to reach the lowlands.While streams arecommonlyfound,rivers are very limited in number.Thefewlong and meanderi…     

THE DISTRIBUTION AND ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM IN ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF PLANTS NATURALLY GROWN IN THE SOILS OF KEBAN’S PB-ZN-F MINING AREA,TURKEY

The objective of this study is to determine the distribution factors and enrichment coefficients between soil and plant parts by studying the accumulation and distribution of selenium (Se) in the roots and shoots of different plants. The plants (9 samples of Euphorbia macroclada, 5 samples of Verbascum cheiranthifolium, 8 samples of Astragalus gummifer) and their associated soil samples were collected from the Keban mining area. The roots and the shoots of these plants, together with the associated soils, were analyzed by ICP-MS. The mean Se value of the contaminated surface soils was found to be two to five times higher than those of previously studied uncontaminated surface soils. Se concentrations of the plant parts were lower than those in their associated alkaline soils, where the plants were grown, except for in the shoots of A. gummifer. Mean Se concentrations in the roots of E. macroclada, V. cheiranthifolium, and A. gummifer were 0.82, 0.22, and 0.47 mg kg^?1 on a dry weight basis, respectively, while Se concentrations were 0.29, 0.26, and 2.66 mg kg^?1 in the shoots on a dry weight basis, respectively. The enrichment coefficients and the distribution factors of those plants were lower than 1, except for the distribution factors of V. cheiranthifolium and A. gummifer plants. Thus, it appeared that the shoots of these plants could make them efficient bioaccumulator plants for Se because of high distribution factors and enrichment coefficients. Due to such factors, they can also be used to clean or rehabilitate soils and areas contaminated with Se.     

NOTES ON FISHES OF THE GENUS GYMNOCYPRIS OF SOUTHERN TIBET, CHINA, WITH DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES AND A NEW SUBSPECIES

The present paper deals with the Cyprinoid fishes of the genus Gymnocypris col-lected during May to October, 1961, from Gyantse (江孜) and Shigatse (日喀则) insouthern Tibet. Altogether 9 species are presented in this paper, including 4 new speciesand 1 new subspecies. The type specimens are kept in the Institute of Zoology, Acade-mia Sinica, Peking. 1. Gymnocypris molicorporus sp. nov. (Figs. 2—5) 8 specimens, Nos. TS-043, 048, 051, 064, 069, 070, 371, 372, from Bedei (白地)of Nagartse (浪卡子) (Yamdrok Tso 羊卓雍湖). Total length 265—308mm, standard     

IS LIFE IMPOSSIBLE? INFORMATION,SEX, AND THE ORIGIN OF COMPLEX ORGANISMS

The earliest organisms are thought to have had high mutation rates. It has been asserted that these high mutation rates would have severely limited the information content of early genomes. This has led to a well‐known “paradox” because, in contemporary organisms, the mechanisms that suppress mutations are quite complex and a substantial amount of information is required to construct these mechanisms. The paradox arises because it is not clear how efficient error‐suppressing mechanisms could have evolved, and thus allowed the evolution of complex organisms, at a time when mutation rates were too high to permit the maintenance of very substantial amounts of information within genomes. Here, we use concepts from the formal theory of information to calculate the amount of genomic information that can be maintained. We identify conditions under which much higher levels of genomic information can be maintained than previously considered possible among origin‐of‐life researchers. In particular, we find that the highest levels of information are maintained when many genotypes produce identical phenotypes, and when reproduction occasionally involves recombination between multiple parental genomes. There is a good reason to believe that these conditions are relevant for very early organisms, and thus the results presented may provide a solution to a long‐standing logical problem associated with the early evolution of life.     

EFFECTS OF SELENIUM ON THE GROWTH,GLUTATHI0NE PEROXIDASE AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF OCHROMONAS DANICA

Axenic culture of Ochromonas danica from the Protozoology Laboratoryof Peking University was used for this study.In proteose peptone-glucosemedium containing lppm.selenium(in the form of Na_2SeO_3),Ochromonas     

NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES OF ACRIDIDAE FROM YUNNAN-KWEICHOW PLATAU, CHINA

In the present paper,two genera and ten species of Acrididae are described as newfrom Yunnan,Kweichow and northern part of Szechwan. All type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology,Shensi NormalUniversity. Gesonula mundata szemaoensis ssp.nov.(fig.1)     

SPECTROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF THE TOXICITY,ABSORPTION, REDUCTION,AND TRANSLOCATION OF Cr(VI) IN TWO MAGNOLIOPSIDA SPECIES

Hexavalent chromium is a contaminant highly mobile in the environment that is toxic for plants at low concentrations. In this work, the physiological response of Convolvulus arvensis and Medicago truncatula plants to Cr(VI) treatments was compared. C. arvensis is a potential Cr hyperaccumulator well adapted to semiarid conditions that biotransform Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III). M. truncatula is a model plant well adapted to semiarid conditions with a well studied genetic response to heavy metal stress. The results demonstrated that C. arvensis is more tolerant to Cr toxicity and has a higher Cr translocation to the leaves. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy results showed that C. arvensis plants treated with 10 mg Cr(VI) L^–1 accumulated 1512, 210, and 131 mg Cr kg^–1 in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. While M. truncatula plants treated with the same Cr(VI) concentration accumulated 1081, 331, and 44 (mg Cr kg^–1) in roots, stems, and leaves, respectively. Enzymatic assays demonstrated that Cr(VI) decreased ascorbate peroxidase activity and increased catalase activity in M. truncatula, while an opposite response was found in C. arvensis. The x-ray absorption spectroscopy studies showed that both plant species reduced Cr(VI) to the less toxic Cr(III).     

MICRURGICAL STUDIES IN CELL PHYSIOLOGY : III. THE ACTION OF CO2AND SOME SALTS OF NA,CA, AND K ON THE PROTOPLASM OF AM?BA DUBIA.

I. Plasmalemma. 1. Of the salts used in these experiments the anions have only a modifying effect on the cations. The dispersive action of Na and, to a lesser extent, of K, predominates. Borate increases the toxicity of Na and acetate decreases it. 2. CO₂ and carbonates dissolve the plasmalemma readily. 3. Na lactate tends to dissolve the surface especially when brought into contact with it from the interior by injection. Lactate antagonizes the stimulating effect of Ca on the plasmalemma. II. The Internal Protoplasm. 4. Acid phosphate of Na and K, when injected, causes a membrane to form around the granular endoplasm within the ameba. 5. Na borate increases the toxicity of Na inside the cell. 6. Bubbles of CO₂, injected into the cell, cause an increase of fluidity of the internal protoplasm. These bubbles shrink and disappear from the cell more readily than air bubbles. 7. The anions modify the typical cation effect. Carbonates accentuate the liquefying and solvent action of Na. Phosphates prevent a complete rounding of the ameba caused by Na. Lactate inhibits the solidification and pinching off effect caused by Ca. III. Physiological Significance of Salts. 8. The buffer salts can be injected in high concentrations without toxic effects but amebæ can be immersed in them only in very dilute solutions without injury. 9. The inhibiting action of lactate and the dispersive effect of CO₂, carbonates, and lactate on the plasma membrane, must be of importance in a consideration of the functions of the organism and perhaps in the production of pathological changes.     

ON SOME SPECIES OF GLOBULAROSCHONGASTIA AND TROMBICULA

1. Globularoschongastia rattihaikonga sp. nov. (Figs. 1-13). When alive, both body and eyes are red in color. Well-fed specimensmeasure 493 μlong and 273 μwide. Gnathosoma measures 91 μlong and85 μ wide. Gnathosoma or capitulum. Gnathosoma large. Chelicera punctate dorso-proximally and with a tricuspid cap distally. Galeal setae nude but veryoccasionally with one tiny branch. Palpal segments: setae on femur andgenu plumose; those on dorsal and ventral side of tibia plumose, while thelateral ones nude but occasionally with 1-2 branches; on tarsus are one     

EDITORIAL BOARD OF“CHINESE JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOCHEMISTRY”

Advisor　 L i Zhaote(Beijing Medical U niversity,Beijing)Xue Shepu (Chinese Academ y of Medical Science,Beijing)Editor　 Xiong Xikai (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)Associate Editors　 L u Jinhuo (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)L i Zhaochun (Tongji Medical University,Wuhan)Members of the Editorial BoardBen Changen　　 (Beijing U niversity of Traditionl Chinese Medicine,Beijing)Cai Wenqin (The Third Military Medical University,Chongqing)Chen Kequan (Chinese Academ y of M…     

QUATERNARY STRATIGRAPHY AND MAMMAL FOSSILS OF YIHE AND SHUHE RIVER DRAINAGES

PartlissubdividedintotWollthofaed,Whichcomrisefluvial-lacustrinandfissure-cavemlahons'Fluvial-laCUStrinetritSdopoaitalinthelowerpartoftheriverchannels,basinsorplain;fissare-cavendbotSexPondonlyinthemountaintriin,wherePartIisabout5-8mmickandharsmammalfotalsSUchasbooridaefeen'etrp.indot.),MbonasP.,lycbotessineasis,cfMthechtai,FelissP-,Archhaplandna,Cervche,andColubdee'ItmaybeconsideredtobeearlyPleistocene'Partnismorethan2OInmick'ThefadesofPartIIcomrisealluvial-laCUStrineandfise-caved…     

DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN SPECIES OF ALEYRODIDAE FROM CHINA AND MALAYA(HOMOPTERA)

Pupa case: Pale in colour, but with a large dark brown patch at eachthoracic tracheal pore, on each side of abdomen laterad of the median segmen-ted area,and also at the hind end of body (5 patches in all), the patch laterad     

NEW MATERIAL OF AZYGOGRAPTIDAE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Among the graptolites collected by Unit 734 from the Lower Ordovician Qiaotingzi Formation (corresponding to the Ningkou Formation) at Xiayanzhai of Jishou, Hunan, more than ten specimens particularly chosen from the collection were handed over to the writer for. study. These spe cimens preserved as mere carbonaceous films in grey green slate belong to one new genus and the same new species named by the writer Jishougraptus mui gen. et sp. nov. in association with Didymograptus cf. praenuntius