黄麂标记行为初探

2002年3-4月对上海动物园人工饲养的黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi)的标记行为进行了初步研究。结果表明黄麂的标记方式可分为用面腺(包括额腺和眶前腺)、尿液和粪便标记3种。雌雄黄麂用面腺标记的频次差异显著(P＜0,01)。面腺标记是雄麂最主要的标记方式,占总标记次数的74.27%;雌麂最主要的标记方式是排便(48.10%)和排尿(44.30％)。进入发情期后,个体的标记行为变得频繁,雄性个体的这种差异尤为显著(P＜0．05),这说明黄麂的标记行为具有发情信号的作用。     

麂的结节线虫一新种：圆形亚目：毛线科

本文报道的寄生于小麂Muntiacus reevesii Ogilby和赤麂Muntiacus muntjak vaginalisBeddaert大肠和盲肠的麂结节线虫,新种Oesophagostomum(Hysteracrum)muntiacum sp.nov.,系尹文真(1973)从赤麂报道的Oesophagostomum(Hysteracrum) sp.Yen未定种的补充定名报道。新种虫体较细小,雌、雄虫的体长均不达5mm;具10个外叶冠,20个内叶冠;雌虫阴道横向和尾较细长等特征,显著区别于结节线虫属Oesophagostomum Molin的后突亚属Hysteracrum Railliet et Henry线虫中迄今报道的各个种。     

圈养条件下黑麂雄性标记行为与雌性化学信息存留位置的关系

化学物质被认为是哺乳动物标记行为信息传递的主要载体,而标记在鹿科动物的竞争雌性资源中具有重要的作用,因此本文重点对雄性黑麂的化学标记与雌性化学信息存留点的关系进行了行为学研究。观察发现面腺标记(利用额腺和眶下腺)是雌雄黑麂共有的化学标记行为,而行为性排尿和刨地行为(利用蹄腺)则仅为雄性具有的标记行为;躺卧不具有化学标记作用,而排粪在化学标记上的作用则难以确定。同时分析表明,雄性黑麂更倾向于在靠近雌性化学信息存留区的区域进行化学标记,且可能会因竞争压力的增大而扩大领域范围。     

华南昭通古猿产地的晚中新世麂属新材料（英文）

2007~2010年在云南昭通水塘坝砖厂采煤场进行的抢救性采掘中不仅出土了禄丰古猿新材料,使得云南的禄丰古猿产地新增了一处,而且还出土了一种麂的新材料。这种麂具有鹿角眉枝较低、主枝先向外侧偏上方向生长然后再向内侧弯曲,上臼齿具有发育的新棱和内齿带,四肢较短等特征。根据支序分析这种麂与元谋晚中新世雷老麂不是姐妹群关系,而是一个独立的支序,因此将新材料订立为一个新种:昭通麂(Muntiacus zhaotongensis sp.nov.)。1978年在昭通"永乐煤场"出土的"后麂(Metacervulus sp.)"也当归为昭通麂,而"永乐煤场"即为水塘坝煤场。根据古地磁地层对比的结果,昭通麂的出土层位均相当于C3An.1n,绝对年龄在6.1~5.9 Ma,为最晚中新世。     

12S rRNA 在黑麂和黄麂物种鉴定中的应用

黑麂(Muntiacus crinifons),别名乌獐,其体长为95～108 cm,体重21～26 kg,是我国特有物种,全国资源量约6 000只,为国家I级重点保护的动物[1,2].由于黑麂皮革上乘,且肉嫩味美,故长期被不法分子列为主要的偷猎对象之一[1].黄麂(Muntiacus reevesi),又名小麂,其体长为73～87 cm,体重10～15 kg,为浙江省重点保护的野生物种.由于黄麂的经济价值高,一直为传统的出口商品.正因为如此,黄麂在近年来遭到了人类的大肆猎杀[2].     

同域分布的黑麂和小麂的时空生态位分化

生态位分化是解释物种共存的重要理论。Schonenr认为空间维度对生态位差异形成的影响程度最高,营养维度次之,时间维度则最后被启动。为验证这一假说,我们于2018年12月至2019年11月,在浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区龙塘山区域采用公里网格法布设52台红外相机,对同域分布且食性相似的黑麂和小麂种群进行监测,计算平均拍摄率,分析不同季节黑麂和小麂对不同植被类型、海拔、坡位、水源距离的选择差异,并运用核密度估计法分析二者日活动节律及重叠程度。结果显示,(1)黑麂和小麂对空间生态位的选择出现分化：黑麂偏好针阔混交林,主要栖息于1 301～1 500 m的高海拔地区,回避下坡位和谷地,在距离水源较近的区域内活动频繁;小麂则偏好落叶阔叶林,主要栖息于901～1 100 m的中海拔地区,偏好中坡位,回避谷地,对水源距离没有明显的选择倾向。(2)黑麂和小麂均为晨昏性活动的昼行性动物,二者全年日活动节律重叠程度较高(Δ4=0.86),仅冬季较低(Δ1=0.65)。上述结果支持Schonenr的假说：首先,空间维度对物种生态位分化的影响大于时间维度,龙塘山区域黑麂和小麂主要通过选择不同的栖息地来增加空间...     

麂属动物陈旧皮张标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增

本实验用改进的方法从保存于标本馆的动物皮张标本中提取ＤＮＡ,所得ＤＮＡ片段的分子量从１００ｂｐ到１ｋｂ以上。利用线粒体ＤＮＡ细胞色素ｂ通用引物和ＰＣＲ技术,从小麂、印度麂、贡山麂、费氏麂、黑麂ＤＮＡ中扩增出３０７ｂｐ的细胞色素ｂ特异片段。用２８种限制性内切酶对从新鲜血样和从陈旧皮张标本中所得扩增片段进行酶切分析,发现只有４个酶在这个片段上有切点,其中ＨａｅⅢ和ＨａｐⅡ的识别位点在各种麂中有所不同。     

浙江黑麂栖息地评价及保护对策

运用地理信息系统技术,在分析黑麂栖息地的地形、植被、水系和人为干扰等地理特征的基础上,系统研究九龙山和古田山自然保护区黑麂栖息地分布、栖息地质量与空间格局。结果表明,在九龙山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地3172．6hm^2,由于人类活动的影响导致栖息地丧失501．5hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地2671．1hm^2。它们主要分布于上寮坑、九龙山、内北坪、外九龙和大岩前附近区域。古田山自然保护区有黑麂潜在栖息地4635．75hm^2,在人类活动影响下丧失栖息地1118．11hm^2,目前尚存的黑麂适宜栖息地3517．64hm^2。它们主要分布于青尖、古田山、巧观尖、催顶尖附近区域。目前九龙山和古田山自然保护区内的黑麂栖息地基本上处于多斑块破碎化状态。为了使黑麂能得到更好的保护,对这两个研究区域黑麂栖息地的恢复和重建工作亟待加强。     

小麂、赤麂、黑麂mtDNA序列变异性及反映的进化关系

利用已测定的鹿科麂亚科动物小麂、赤麂、黑麂的线粒体全基因组序列,统计它们各自连接在一起的13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和1个控制区序列的碱基长度和组成,计算rRNA基因遗传距离,估算分歧时间,比较蛋白编码基因的碱基水平和氨基酸水平上的差异,基于连接在一起的13个氨基酸序列,以羊为外群,通过邻位相连法和最大简约性法构建进化树,探讨小麂、赤麂、黑麂的进化关系。结果表明,小麂是较原始的物种,赤麂和黑麂较为近缘,是从类似小麂的祖先演化而来。     

圈养条件下黑麂行为初步观察

对12头成年黑麂（5♂♂、7♀♀）的主要个体行为和个体间的交往作了初步的观察和研究,发现圈养条件下黑麂全天摄食,仅在16：30之后有一个较小的摄食峰值,其余时间比例变化不大。受游人干扰等外界因素的影响,黑麂全天均有一个较高的警戒行为值,同时运动行为发生频次很高,仅次于休息,尤其从下午13：30以后黑麂多处于运动状态,而且多数情况下都带有明显的觅食意图。黑麂个体间的交往多发生在晨昏,雌雄之间多表现为性行为（53．07％）和亲密行为（46．15％）,雌雌之间主要表现为骚扰行为（68．35％）和亲密行为（31．65％）,而雄雄之间则主要表现为敌对行为。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.