桤柏混交林的初步研究

桤柏混交林是四川盆地近年兴起并正在大力推广的人工林。桤木(Alnus cremas-togyne)是我国的特有种,原系常绿阔叶林区的散生和伴生树种。它喜温,阳性,现已成为荒山造林的重要树种之一。它和柏混交形成一种新的混交林型。四川盆地森林郁蔽率仅5%左右,有的县尚不足1%。桤柏混交林营造三年左右郁闭成林,打破了过去多年造林不见林的局面,并由于桤木固氮量高,叶肥高效促进了农田增产,现已引起各方面的重视;     

紫色土造林树种苗期生态条件的研究上

紫色土是四川盆地最主要的土壤类型,约占盆地山丘总面积的70％。杉木(Cunninghamialanceolata、柏木(Cupressus funebris)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、大叶桉(Eucalyptus robusta)、香椿(Toona sinensis)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)和桤木(Alnus cremastogyne),是盆地内的常见造林树种,具有生长迅速、适应性较强和用途广泛等特点。由于紫色土性质及肥力条件的差异,不同树种又有生态要求的区别,为了使植物和     

科尔沁沙地主要造林树种细根生物量垂直分布特征

以科尔沁沙地主要造林树种杨树、榆树、油松和樟子松细根为对象,分析各树种细根生物量的垂直分布特征,探讨其与土壤水分和有机质的关系。结果表明,科尔沁沙地主要造林树种细根生物量分布消弱系数为0.968~0.979,32 a生樟子松总细根生物量显著高于其它年龄樟子松(P0.05),而同龄级树种细根总生物量差异不显著(P0.05)。各树种细根生物量垂直分布与土壤水分的相关性大于土壤有机质(22 a生樟子松除外);10、22、42 a生樟子松及44 a生油松和35 a生榆树细根生物量与土壤水分呈显著正相关(P0.05),而32 a生樟子松和13 a生杨树细根生物量与土壤水分呈显著负相关(P0.05)。以上结果表明,科尔沁沙地主要造林树种细根生物量垂直分布较深,其与土壤水分显著相关。     

岩溶石山台湾桤木生长表现及根瘤生物量特征

了解台湾桤木(Alnus formosana)在岩溶石山的生长表现以及根瘤生物量的特征,对石山植被的恢复与重建具有重要意义。该文采用典型样地调查方法对岩溶石山4.5年生台湾桤木与速生乡土树种任豆(Zenia insignis)、顶果木(Acrocarpus fraxinifolius)进行了调查研究,并用方差分析方法进行统计和评价。结果表明:台湾桤木平均胸径、树高、材积和冠幅分别为8.39 cm、7.72 m、0.0271 m3和3.18 m,均大于任豆和顶果木,且差异达到极显著水平;台湾桤木冠长达6.01 m,分别比任豆和顶果木增加106.53%和70.25%;台湾桤木在岩溶石山表现出速生的特性。对台湾桤木样株的根瘤生长状况进行深入调查分析发现,台湾桤木根瘤生物量平均每株达52.77 g,根瘤在水平方向分布从树干基部至树冠投影范围均有生长,离树干50 cm与离树干50～100 cm范围的根瘤生物量相近,离树干100 cm至树冠投影范围的根瘤生物量最多,三个地段的根瘤分别占整株根瘤生物量的15.7%、16.9%、67.4%;大根瘤(直径≥1 cm)在离树干100 cm至树冠投影范围分布最多;根瘤在垂直方向主要分布在0～20 cm土层,20～40 cm土层少有根瘤出现;台湾桤木在岩溶石山表现出良好的结瘤固氮特性。该研究结果可为台湾桤木在岩溶石山的推广发展提供科学依据。     

草海国家级自然保护区森林群落优势种群数量动态及物种多样性研究

该研究以草海国家级自然保护区森林群落乔木树种为依据进行聚类分析,将森林划分为4种群落类型,分别为云南松林、云南松-桤木林、桤木-滇杨林、桤木-华山松林。采用空间代替时间的方法,分析不同种群优势树种的年龄结构、存活曲线及静态生命表,应用时间预测模型对4种群落优势树种的发展趋势进行预测,并分析群落物种多样性,为研究区森林保护及可持续经营提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)云南松林和云南松-桤木林优势树种径级结构均呈现偏正态分布,衰退趋势明显,桤木-滇杨林、桤木-华山松林呈偏倒"J"型,衰退趋势相对较弱。(2)静态生命表及存活曲线分析表明,研究区内森林群落不同种群均出现不稳定状态,存活曲线不同程度偏离DeeveyⅢ型曲线。(3)时间序列分析表明研究区内经过未来2、4、6龄级时间后各种群数量出现增加,但中幼龄个体不断减少,老龄个体先增多后减少,如果不加以抚育管理,种群将不可避免走向衰退。(4)研究区内林下共有植物种类35科70属83种,其中灌木层植物17科23属29种,草本层植物21科48属54种。在3种群落类型中,物种丰富度指数(S)为草本层灌木层,Pielou指数(J_(sw))为灌木层草本层,而桤木-华山松林则呈现相反趋势,物种多样性存在明显差异。     

人工混交林中杉木,恺木和刺楸细根养分过移的初步研究

比较分析了杉木－桤木和杉木－刺楸混交林中杉木、桤木和刺楸活细根、死细根的Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ含量,结果表明,桤木细根Ｎ迁移能力较强,刺楸较弱,杉木细根Ｎ不迁移;Ｐ在桤木和刺楸细根中迁移能力较强,而在杉木细根中基本不迁移;３个树种细根脱落前者将Ｋ迁移回树体内,比较分析２个混交混林中活细根Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ在树种间的差异,发现在杉木－桤木混交林中桤木根部Ｎ可能向杉木迁移,而在杉木－刺楸混交林中刺楸根部Ｋ可能向杉木根部迁     

传统农业生态系统中桤木改良土壤效应研究综述

桤木(Alnus nepalensis)是一种重要的非豆科固氮植物,广泛分布于喜马拉雅山脉东部地区。在东南亚地区的传统农业生态系统中,多用桤木作为休耕树种,或将其与农作物间作。桤木根瘤固氮量随季节和年龄而变化,在桤木-小豆蔻(Elettaria cardamomum)系统中15年达到高峰(155 kg·hm^-2);桤木通过共生固氮对系统产生的氮增加量在纯桤木林中7年达到高峰(117 kg·hm^-2)。桤木与农作物间作可显著提高农作物的产量,桤木-小豆蔻立地上小豆蔻的经济产量是在森林-小豆蔻立地上的2.2倍。桤木休闲地的休闲效果明显好于自然休闲地,其地上部分生物量在休闲6年后是自然休闲地的4倍,N蓄积量是自然休闲地的3倍,P、K蓄积量是自然休闲地的2倍。桤木根系特征似乎最适合混农林系统,其细根生物量(FRB)集中于土壤剖面上层10 cm范围内,在此范围内,FRB在“树+农作物”间作条件下比在“只有树”条件下高5%;在两种立地条件下,60%以上的细根都分布于树干周围0.5 m内,大部分木质根(直径>0.5 mm)都分布于土壤上层0~10 cm处,长度都不超过1 m。桤木可加速系统的养分循环。桤木凋落物降解速率比非固氮植物快,并且与其它植物凋落物混合后的降解速率与自身凋落物降解速率一样快。在传统刀耕火种系统中,用桤木替代自然林休闲在3~6年内即可恢复土壤肥力,改善土壤理化性质,显著缩短休闲周期。该文综述了近30年来桤木在传统农业生态系统中改良土壤效应的研究成果,以提高人们对桤木的生态作用的重视程度,使人们更好地将桤木利用到农业生态系统中,达到发展山区农业和保护生态环境双赢的目的。     

人工混交林中杉木、桤木和刺楸细根养分迁移的初步研究

比较分析了杉木 桤木和杉木 刺楸混交林中杉木、桤木和刺楸活细根、死细根的N、P、K含量 .结果表明 ,桤木细根N迁移能力较强 ,刺楸较弱 ,杉木细根N不迁移 ;P在桤木和刺楸细根中迁移能力较强 ,而在杉木细根中基本不迁移 ;3个树种细根脱落前都将K迁移回树体内 .比较分析 2个混交林中活细根N、P、K在树种间的差异 ,发现在杉木 桤木混交林中桤木根部N可能向杉木迁移 ,而在杉木 刺楸混交林中刺楸根部K可能向杉木根部迁移 ,但迁移机制还有待于从根 土界面生态过程进行研究     

海南省东北部沿海地区更新造林实验研究

为研究热带海岸地区不同更新方式的造林效果,选取3种阳性树种、3种中性树种和2种阴性树种在木麻黄沿海防护林内进行冠下更新造林,同时在邻近海防林的人工林采伐迹地进行植苗造林,并对2年后两种更新方式下不同造林树种的保存率、苗高和地径的生长情况进行对比分析。结果显示：3个阳性树种冠下更新造林和迹地更新造林均有较高保存率,其中除马占相思、苦楝在高郁闭度林冠下更新造林保存率分别为68%和76%,非洲楝迹地造林保存率76%,其他造林方式保存率均在80%以上。中生树种和阴性树种只有林冠更新造林能保证其存活和生长,迹地造林条件下仅小叶榄仁保存率达到15%,其余4种保存率均不足10%。对更新造林保存率最高的非洲楝、苦楝、马占相思和鸭脚木的生长进行分析得到,除马占相思高(2.16 m·a^–1)、地径(3.05 cm·a^–1)的年生长量迹地更新造林显著高于林冠下更新造林,其他3个树种均在中度郁闭(40%-55%)的林冠下更新造林生长效果最佳。以上研究为热带沿海地区更新造林方式和造林树种的选择提供依据。     

珍稀速生树种翅荚木的特性及开发利用(综述)

介绍我国南方特有珍稀树种翅荚木(Zenia insignis)的自然分布、树种特性及育苗造林技术、综合利用等方面的研究概况,为今后开展相关研究提供参考。     

Defoliation of alders (Alnus glutinosa) affects herbivory by leaf beetles on undamaged neighbours

The effects of defoliation of alder (Alnus glutinosa) on subsequent herbivory by alder leaf beetle (Agelastica alni) were studied in ten alder stands in northern Germany. At each site, one tree was manually defoliated (c. 20% of total foliage) to simulate herbivory. Subsequent damage by A. alni was assessed on ten alders at each site on six different dates from May to September 1994. After defoliation, herbivory by A. alni increased with distance from the defoliated tree. Laboratory experiments supported the field results. Not only leaf damage in the field, but also the extent of leaf consumption in laboratory feeding-preference tests and the number of eggs oviposited per leaf in another laboratory test were positively correlated with distance from the defoliated tree. Resistance was therefore induced not only in defoliated alders, but also in their undamaged neighbours. Consequently, defoliation of alders may trigger interplant resistance transfer, and therefore reduce herbivory in whole alder stands.     

Elevated air carbon dioxide concentrations increase dissolved carbon leaching from a cropland soil

Terrestrial sources of nitrogen (N), particularly N-fixing alder, may be important for sustaining production in headwater streams that typically lack substantial subsidies of marine-derived nutrients from spawning salmon yet support upstream-dispersing juvenile salmonids. However, other physiographic characteristics, such as watershed slope and topographic wetness, also control transport of nutrients to streams and may confound apparent linkages between alder and stream N. Seasonal patterns in precipitation and temperature may interact with watershed characteristics to modulate stream N availability. We empirically modeled the effect of alder cover and other watershed physiographic variables on stream N and contrasted these relationships over the growing season among 25 first-order streams from the lower Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. For each date, percent alder cover, mean topographic wetness, and mean slope were used as watershed predictors of NO _x –N concentration (nitrate?+?nitrite) and daily NO _x –N yield using Generalized Additive Models (GAM) and compared using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC_c). Alder cover was the only probable model and explained 75–96% of the variation in NO _x –N concentration and 83–89% of the variation in daily NO _x –N yield. The relationship between alder and both NO _x –N concentration and daily NO _x –N yield changed from constant inputs in May across the range of alder cover (linear fit) to increasing inputs in July and September (non-linear fits) implying that high-alder watersheds were N-saturated. The strong linkage between alder and stream N coupled with the concurrent timing of maximum stream N from alder in the spring to salmon fry emergence indicates the potential importance of this subsidy to headwater stream ecosystems.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics of Boreal Jack Pine Stands With and Without a Green Alder Understory

We compared the species composition, structure and selected components of the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) budgets of similar-aged, mature boreal jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) forests with and without green alder [Alnus crispa (Ait.) Pursh.] in two different boreal environments. The C and N content of the overstory biomass components (for example, stem, branch, and foliage), total vegetation, forest floor, and mineral soil were greater (P= 0.05 to P= 0.10) for jack pine with alder (JPA) stands than for jack pine without alder (JP) stands at both study areas. Jack pine foliage N isotopic discrimination (δ¹⁵N) and annual litterfall N content were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the JPA than the JP stands at both study areas, suggesting that alder was fixing N and that N availability was greater in the JPA than the JP stands. The greater leaf area index (LAI) and overstory C accumulation in the JPA than the JP stands (P < 0.05) is likely because of the greater N availability in the JPA stands, but the effect of soil texture discontinuity on water availability in the JPA stands can not be dismissed. Percent ground cover by feathermoss varied among the jack pine communities and was positively correlated with overstory LAI (r ²= 0.83, P< 0.05). One index of N-use efficiency (NUE), defined as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) per litterfall N, was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the JP than the JPA stands, but a second index of NUE, ANPP/N uptake, did not differ between the two jack pine communities. Jack pine trees growing without alder produced more organic matter per unit of N, but percent N retranslocation from senescing foliage and N mean residence time in the overstory did not differ between the JPA and the JP stands. A conceptual model is presented that illustrates the potential influence of alder on the species composition, structure, and function of boreal jack pine forests. Received 6 January 1998; accepted 15 April 1998.     

Toxicity of acephate to larvae of gypsy moth as a function of host plant and bioassay method

We examined toxicity of acephate to third-instar gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), under different conditions of administration method, availability of food to larvae during bioassay, host plant, and activity of detoxifying enzymes. Larvae that had been fed field-collected foliage of white alder (Alnus rhombifolia Nutt.) were less susceptible 48 h after treatment with topically applied acephate if they were allowed to continue feeding on foliage during the bioassay period (LD₅₀= 60.6 μg/g larva ) than if they were not (LD₅₀= 13.5 μg/g larva ). All surviving larvae were replaced on their original food plant after the 48-h bioassay; of these, 14.4% of the larvae not fed during treatment died before pupation, compared with 1.3% of the larvae fed alder during treatment. The LD₅₀ obtained for topically treated larvae reared and treated on Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, (51.1 μg/g larva) was comparable to that obtained for larvae fed alder (60.0 μg/g larva) throughout treatment. Larvae treated orally with acephate, however, were slightly more susceptible when reared on Douglas-fir (LC₅₀, 20.3 ppm ) than when reared on alder (LC₅₀, 27.0 ppm ). Post-treatment mortality in orally treated larvae was 10.3% in those fed alder and 9.5% in those fed Douglas-fir. Higher cytochrome P-450 activities in larvae reared on Douglas-fir apparently did not enhance tolerance to acephate. Both sexes of orally treated larvae took significantly longer to pupate than did controls on both foliage types, as did topically treated males fed Douglas-fir. Pupal weight generally was slightly, but not always significantly, higher in treated than untreated larvae under all dietary and treatment regimes.     

Previous herbivore attack of red alder may improve food quality for fall webworm larvae

Summary Three hypotheses of insect-plant interactions were tested by rearing fall webworm larvae in the laboratory on foliage from red alder trees with different histories of western tent caterpillar herbivory. Fall webworm larvae raised on foliage from trees which had been attacked previously for two summers by moderate densities of western tent caterpillars grew faster and attained heavier pupal weights than did those fed foliage from unattacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that moderate levels of previous herbivory induces the production of plant defensive chemicals in red alders. Growth of webworms, when fed foliage from unattacked trees adjacent to alders that were attacked by fall webworm larvae, was the same as when fed foliage from trees isolated by distance from attacked trees. This contradicts the hypothesis that attacked trees stimulate the production of defensive chemicals in neigh-boring trees. Young and mature alder foliage was equally good for fall webworm growth and survival, and foliage from trees heavily attacked by both fall webworm and western tent caterpillars for three years produced slow growth rates and small pupal sizes. This supports the hypothesis that continued heavy insect attack can cause the deterioration of the food quality of attacked trees.     

黄土高原林草水土保持有效盖度分析

根据黄土高原缓德,延安、安寨和离石等地林、草地径流小区降雨侵蚀资料,对不同降雨和坡度下林、草地水土保持有效盖度进行了分析,建立了林地、草地水保持临界有效盖度与降雨坡度的关系式,在土壤和植被类型相对稳定的条件下,林、草地的有效盖度随着降雨和坡度的增大而增大,当临界有效盖度达到一定程度时,降雨和坡度的影响减弱;在其它条件相同时,同一水土保持作用所需求的有效盖度草地比林地大。并结合降雨频率分析,得出了林     

A study of nodulation and nitrogen fixation of alder on the purplish soils in China

Summary The alder has a perennial nodule cluster. The nodule amount on the roots increases with tree age. The N₂-fixing activity of nodules decreases with nodule age. Purple coloured soils with various soil pHs and CaCO₃ contents are, in the main, the ones which influence nodulation and N₂-fixing. Higher N₂-fixing capacity existed in the neutral and low calcium soils. High calcium soils and acid soils can restrain nodulation and the N₂-fixing rate significantly. On the slope, where calcarous light loams are found, the annual nitrogen fixation capacity of alder and cypress mixed plantations, less than 10 years old, is 16 or 17 kg/ha yr, but in the valley, a pure alder plantation can reach 40 kg/ha yr.     

Artemisia vulgaris,a new host of 16SrV-C phytoplasma related strains infecting black alder in Poland

Yellowing of leaf tissue and strongly deformed shoots were observed in common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) growing in a nature reserve in Southern Poland. Similar foliage chlorosis together with abnormal shoot proliferation was noticed on alder tree (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.) growing next to the common mugwort. DNA specific fragments coding 16S rRNA and ribosomal proteins (rp) were amplified from mugwort and alder samples using direct and nested PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) assays. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from 16S and rps3 genes indicated that strains infecting mugwort and alder were most closely related to phytoplasmas of subgroups 16SrV-C and 16SrV-D. Based on the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the 16S rDNA, the investigated phytoplasma strains were classified to subgroup 16SrV-C. Two sequence variants of the rps3 gene which differed by a single nucleotide were detected in all analysed samples by pairwise analysis of the aligned reads. Taking into account that this single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) occurs among 16SrV-C and 16SrV-D related phytoplasmas and that the phytoplasmas have a single copy of rp operon, we concluded that each plant species was infected by two distinct, closely related phytoplasma strains. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of group 16SrV-C related phytoplasmas infecting common mugwort worldwide, adding a new host species that is possibly linked to the spread of the alder pathogen in Eastern Europe. Although alder yellows phytoplasma has been frequently found in Europe, this is the first detection of phytoplasmas associated with alder in Poland.     

Autumnal changes in total nitrogen, salt-extractable proteins and amino acids in leaves and adjacent bark of black alder, eastern cottonwood and white basswood

Autumnal changes in total nitrogen, salt-extractable protein and amino acid concentrations in leaves and adjacent bark of black alder [ Ainus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.], eastern cottonwood ( Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) and white basswood ( Tilia heterophylla Vent.) were determined for trees growing on minespoils and a prairiederived loamy soil in central Illinois. The composition of free amino acids in foliage was also determined at peak concentration for each tree species during late senescence. Total nitrogen concentration in the leaves decreased slowly throughout most of the fall for all species. In the final stages of senescence, total leaf nitrogen concentrations were about halved in eastern cottonwood and white basswood but continued to decrease slowly in black alder. The concentration of salt-extractable proteins in leaves of all species peaked early in the fall and then declined prior to leaf abscission. This decline coincided with an increase in the concentration of free amino acids in the leaves. The increase stabilized in both eastern poplar and white basswood but continued in black alder. Glutamine in black alder and eastern cottonwood, and asparagine in white basswood were the most abundant free amino acids at the time of peak concentration of total free amino acids in senescent leaves. Bark of trees of all species had higher nitrogen concentrations and higher proportions of salt-extractable proteins to estimated total proteins after leaf senescence than during the preceding summer. Results indicate that autumnal fluxes in leaf and bark nitrogen fractions of alder can differ substantially from fluxes in other broadleaved winter-deciduous trees in a way which suggests that alder does not effectively conserve leaf nitrogen through retranslocation to bark tissue.     

Nitrogen cycling in dense plantings of hybrid poplar and black alder

Summary Nitrogen cycling was studied during the third growing season in pure and mixed plantings (33×33 cm spacing) of hybrid poplar and black alder in southeastern Canada. After 3 years, hybrid poplar growth and N content of living tissues in a plot and of individual hybrid poplar plants increased with the proportion of black alder in a planting. No differences were detected among N contents of individual alder plants regardless of plot treatment. Black alder allocated a larger portion of its N to roots than hybrid poplar. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation was estimated to account for 80% of the nitrogen in aboveground alder tissues in the pure treatment using natural¹⁵N dilution. N return in leaf litter was estimated to be 70kg ha^–1 in the pure alder treatment and decreased to a minimum of 20 kg ha^–1 in the pure hybrid poplar plots. No difference was detected among treatments for throughfall N content. Nitrogen concentration in roots and leaf litterfall of black alder was higher than hybrid poplar. Significant soil N accretion occurred in mixed plantings containing two alders to one poplar and pure black alder plantings. Nitrogen availability (NO₃–N) increased with the amount of black alder in a plot. Results suggest that the early increase in nitrogen accumulation of hybrid poplar in mixed treatments can be attributed to an increase of total soil N availability resulting from the input of large amounts of N from easily mineralizable alder tissue.