出芽短梗霉产聚苹果酸发酵条件的优化

【背景】出芽短梗霉可发酵葡萄糖生成聚苹果酸,但存在转化率和转化效率低等瓶颈,阻碍其实现商业化生产。【目的】通过优化发酵培养条件,提高出芽短梗霉的聚苹果酸产量、糖酸转化率和生产强度。【方法】采用单因素试验优化适宜出芽短梗霉BK-10菌株产生聚苹果酸的培养条件,通过Plackett-Burman法对培养基组分筛选显著性影响因素,并对其培养基中无机盐进行正交试验优化,最后进行5 L发酵罐验证。【结果】最优培养基配方和培养条件:100 g/L葡萄糖,1.5 g/L尿素,0.20 g/L KH_2PO_4,0.20 g/L ZnSO_4,0.05 g/L MgSO_4,0.75 g/L KCl,30 g/L CaCO_3,0.01%吐温-80,发酵温度26°C,250 mL摇瓶装液量50 mL。【结论】通过优化,聚苹果酸的糖酸转化率达到0.71 g/g,生产强度达到0.89 g/(L·h),较优化前分别提高了18.33%和71.15%,为发酵葡萄糖合成聚苹果酸进而生产L-苹果酸工艺的工业化生产奠定经济性基础。     

出芽短梗霉菌株CBS591．75和DSM2404发酵生产聚苹果酸的研究

研究了出芽短梗霉蕾株CBS591.75和DSM2404在2L发酵罐中发酵生产聚苹果酸的过程。并以CBS591．75为菌种进行了20L规模的初步放大试验。结果表明,发酵过程可以分为3个阶段,第一阶段从接种开始。到发酵液的pH上升到最高点并开始下降为止．这一阶段中细胞缓慢增长,没有聚苹果酸产生;第二阶段以pH迅速下降和聚苹果酸大量产生为特征。这一阶段中聚苹果酸的产生与细胞增长相平行;在第三阶段中,聚苹果酸产生速度减慢．pH趋于稳定。试验结果还表明。菌株CBS591．75产生聚苹果酸的能力大于DSM2404,发酵结束时,前者聚苹果酸的产量为6．9g／L,而后者为5．4g／L。CBS591．75菌种在20L规模的初步放大试验表明,发酵144h后发酵液中聚苹果酸浓度为8．Og／L,稍高于2L发酵罐的结果,为今后的放大提供了依据和参考。     

出芽短梗霉的研究进展

出芽短梗霉是一类类酵母真菌,具有酵母样和真菌菌丝体两种形态,影响其形态的因素有碳源,氮源,离子种类及浓度和pH值等,出芽短梗霉的发酵产物多种多样,如多聚糖,酶,抗真菌素等,通过选育优良菌株可提高发酵产物的产量。     

聚苹果酸生产菌出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223的全基因组测序及序列分析

【目的】解析出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223的基因组序列信息,分析其代谢产物聚苹果酸、黑色素、普鲁兰多糖合成相关基因,为深入研究遗传多样性和代谢工程改造提供序列背景信息。【方法】使用Illumina Hi Seq高通量测序平台对出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223菌株进行全基因组测序,并对测序数据进行序列拼接,基因预测与功能注释,COG/GO聚类分析,比较基因组学分析等。下载其他5株出芽短梗霉基因组序列,比较分析6株菌的种内同源基因、全基因组进化以及代谢产物合成相关基因。【结果】出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223基因组序列全长30756831 bp,GC含量47.49%,编码9452个基因。比较基因组分析表明出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223的基因组组装长度最长,6株菌的同源基因数达到7092个,普鲁兰多糖和聚苹果酸合成相关基因的蛋白序列有很高的保守性。出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223和Aureobasidium pullulans var.melanogenum亲缘关系最近,而这2株菌的黑色素合成相关基因的蛋白序列有一些插入和突变。【结论】本研究解析了出芽短梗霉CCTCC M2012223的基因组序列信息,获得黑色素、普鲁兰多糖和聚苹果酸合成相关基因,为后续的代谢机制解析和改造提供相关依据。     

出芽短梗霉原生质体再生变异菌株的同工酶及可溶性蛋白的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对出芽短梗霉的亲本菌株及其４株原生质体再生菌株的脂酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶、细胞色素氧化酶和可溶性蛋白进行了比较。发现各变异菌株之间,变异菌株与亲本菌株之间的谱带均有差异,原生质体再生菌株的变异涉及酶蛋白的改变。     

出芽短梗霉细胞多形性及影响细胞分化因素探索

【背景】出芽短梗霉(Aureobasidium pullulans)是在生活史中有酵母状细胞生长阶段,并合成黑色素的一种黑酵母(Black yeast),具有典型的细胞多形性,可分化形成酵母状细胞(Yeast-like cell,YL)、膨大细胞(Swollen cell,SC)、厚垣孢子(Chlamydospore,CH)、菌丝(Hyphae,HY)、念珠状菌丝(Monilioid hyphae,MH)、有隔膜膨大细胞(Septate swollen cell,SSC)、分生组织状结构(Meristematic structure,MS),其中膨大细胞既可以作为生长的细胞类型,也可分化为其他的细胞类型。出芽短梗霉的形态分化是可调控的,调控因子有pH、温度、营养条件等。【目的】探究不同的氧气浓度、温度、盐浓度、营养水平对出芽短梗霉细胞形态的影响。【方法】利用显微镜、美兰染色等技术观察不同条件对出芽短梗霉细胞形态的影响。【结果】在完全无氧的试管底部菌体不能生长;在高层半固体表层(高氧气浓度),酵母状细胞(YL)在营养丰富的生长初期出芽繁殖,在养分匮乏的培养后期诱导酵母状细胞(YL)经过膨大细胞(SC)形成厚垣孢子(CH)并合成黑色素;在营养丰富的生长初期,半固体试管浅表层和中间层(微好氧)低浓度氧气诱导YL经过SC形成HY侵入性生长。养分差异对菌体细胞多形性分化影响显著,环境适宜养分丰富(Yeast extract peptone dextrose medium,YPD),以YL生长,不需要分化成HY;环境适宜养分不丰富(Potato dextrose agar,PDA),分化成SC或HY以适应或逃离环境;环境不适宜养分匮乏时(Malt extract agar,MEA),SC或HY分化成CH或MH进入休眠阶段。10%NaCl胁迫降低菌体生长速度,抑制色素合成、HY和MH的形成,并且细胞主要以YL生长繁殖。在相同质量浓度(10%)的KCl或Na2SO4渗透胁迫条件下,细胞多形性表型均为YL发达,HY及MH被抑制,说明高渗胁迫阻止了酵母状细胞向菌丝和厚垣孢子的分化。温度实验中,SC比YL耐高温,MS比SC耐高温。【结论】营养状态对出芽短梗霉细胞分化影响最大。     

秋水仙素诱发的产普鲁兰出芽短梗霉的变异性

基础培养基中添加秋水仙素可提高出芽短梗霉的变异频率。将０．３％的秋水仙素溶液作用时间从５天延长到９天时,所产生的活性变异株数目相对减少。某些变异林有较高的合成普鲁兰（ｐμｌ）的能力,但与出芽短梗霉倍数性的提高无关。     

农杆菌介导巨桉Eg5高效遗传转化

以巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)无性系Eg5叶片为外植体, 探讨了农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)侵染时间、共培养pH值和共培养时间对瞬时转化效率的影响, 分析了不同筛选策略对遗传转化植株筛选效果的影响。结果表明, 外植体侵染45分钟, 共培养pH值为5.8, 共培养3天所得到的瞬时转化效率最高; 逐步提高卡那霉素(Km)浓度筛选转基因植株有效, 筛选率达到15%, 转化率达到0.26%。经过GUS染色分析和PCR检测, 证实为转基因植株。     

Production of polymalic acid and malic acid by Aureobasidium pullulans fermentation and acid hydrolysis

Malic acid is a dicarboxylic acid widely used in the food industry and also a potential C4 platform chemical that can be produced from biomass. However, microbial fermentation for direct malic acid production is limited by low product yield, titer, and productivity due to end‐product inhibition. In this work, a novel process for malic acid production from polymalic acid (PMA) fermentation followed by acid hydrolysis was developed. First, a PMA‐producing Aureobasidium pullulans strain ZX‐10 was screened and isolated. This microbe produced PMA as the major fermentation product at a high‐titer equivalent to 87.6 g/L of malic acid and high‐productivity of 0.61 g/L h in free‐cell fermentation in a stirred‐tank bioreactor. Fed‐batch fermentations with cells immobilized in a fibrous‐bed bioreactor (FBB) achieved the highest product titer of 144.2 g/L and productivity of 0.74 g/L h. The fermentation produced PMA was purified by adsorption with IRA‐900 anion‐exchange resins, achieving a ～100% purity and a high recovery rate of 84%. Pure malic acid was then produced from PMA by hydrolysis with 2 M sulfuric acid at 85°C, which followed the first‐order reaction kinetics. This process provides an efficient and economical way for PMA and malic acid production, and is promising for industrial application. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2105–2113. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Biosynthesis of polymalic acid in fermentation: advances and prospects for industrial application

Some microorganisms naturally produce β-poly(l-malic acid) (PMA), which has excellent water solubility, biodegradability, and biocompatibility properties. PMA has broad prospective applications as novel biopolymeric materials and carriers in the drug, food, and biomedical fields. Malic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is widely used in foods and pharmaceuticals, as a platform chemical. Currently, malic acid produced through chemical synthesis and is available as a racemic mixture of l- and d-forms. The d-form malic acid exhibits safety concerns for human consumption. There is extensive interest to develop economical bioprocesses for l-malic acid and PMA production from renewable biomass feedstocks. In this review, we focus on PMA biosynthesis by Aureobasidium pullulans, a black yeast with a large genome containing genes encoding many hydrolases capable of degrading various plant materials. The metabolic and regulatory pathways for PMA biosynthesis, metabolic engineering strategies for strain development, process factors affecting fermentation kinetics and PMA production, and downstream processing for PMA recovery and purification are discussed. Prospects of microbial PMA and malic acid production are also considered.     

低色素出芽短梗霉菌株的诱变筛选

通过紫外线和硫酸二乙酯(DES)诱变,获得一株黑色素分泌少的短梗霉变异菌株G-58。G-58菌落和发酵液颜色白色。经5次传代发酵表明该菌株稳定。     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Mentha spicata and Mentha arvensis

The stable integration of GUS and NPTII genes in Mentha arvensis and M. spicata has been achieved by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Transformation assays were performed by cocultivating plant leaf disks with either GV2260/GI or EHA105/MOG Agrobacterium strains. Transgenic plants were selected on medium containing 150 mg l⁻¹ kanamycin. Transgene presence and structure was studied by the use of PCR analysis and Southern blot hybridization. Transgene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR and transgene product activity by a histoenzymatic GUS assay. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Establishment of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation in Dunaliella bardawil

Dunaliella bardawil, a unicellular microalga, grows in relatively high concentrations of salt and has so far been refractory to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. An inverse relationship between salt concentration and hygromycin resistance was observed. Co-cultivation at 0.2?M NaCl allowed growth of both D. bardawil and A. tumefaciens. Lowering salt concentrations also enabled the use of lower concentrations of hygromycin, the selection agent. Cells resistant to 100?mg?l^?1 hygromycin were selected and growth of Agrobacterium was completely eliminated in these cells using cefotaxime/potassium clavulanate. The concentration of sodium chloride was gradually increased to 1.0?M with simultaneous reduction of hygromycin concentration for better growth of D. bardawil. Agrobacterium was unable to survive in the growth medium used for Dunaliella. Expression of β-glucuronidase (uidA), green fluorescent protein (GFP) and hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) in the hygromycin-resistant culture was detected using X-gluc as substrate and Western blotting using GFP antibodies and RT-PCR respectively. Cells growing in 1.0?M NaCl (in the absence of hygromycin) retained their ability to grow in hygromycin even after 18 months of cultivation. These cells expressed GFP and PCR for hpt gene was positive. The stability of the integrated transgene and resistance to hygromycin in three different transformation events were ascertained periodically. Southern blotting of DNA extracted from hygromycin resistant cells (HRC) that were 15–18 months old established the presence of the integrated transgene in the DNA of D. bardawil. Results of the present study substantiate A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the unicellular marine alga D. bardawil. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transgene integration along with the massive outdoor cultivation methods used for D. bardawil may allow the commercial synthesis of secondary metabolites and heterologous proteins.     

根癌农杆菌介导的球毛壳菌遗传转化及T-DNA插入突变体的获得

根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化系统是植物基因工程常用方法,目前已将这一转化系统应用到酵母、丝状真菌以及人类细胞的转化。利用这一转化系统,成功地实现了丝状真菌球毛壳菌（Chaetomium globosum）的遗传转化,转化率约为60～180个转化子/10.7个孢子 。通过对转化子的PCR检测和Southern 杂交分析表明,TDNA已整合进毛壳菌基因组中,而且在所检测的转化子中都是以单拷贝的形式整合,转化子都能够稳定遗传。根癌农杆菌介导的遗传转化具有转化率高、低拷贝、遗传稳定、操作简便等优点,因此有可能成为丝状真菌遗传转化和功能基因组研究的有力工具。     

根癌农杆菌介导转化红曲菌及转化子发酵性能的研究

利用根癌农杆菌介导转化技术成功将潮霉素抗性基因转入发白红曲菌中,优化了抗生素浓度,发白红曲菌孢子浓度,根癌农杆菌浓度,共培养温度及时间,以及乙酰丁香酮浓度等转化条件,最终转化效率可达52个转化子/105个红曲孢子.将转化子在含有潮霉素B的培养基继代培养5代,得到了多株稳定的转化子,对部分转化子进行PCR鉴定,结果进一步...     

An efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for Simplicillium subtropicum (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae)

Filamentous fungi are the organisms of choice for most industrial biotechnology. Some species can produce a variety of secondary metabolites and enzymes of commercial interest, and the production of valuable molecules has been enhanced through different molecular tools. Methods for genetic manipulation and transformation have been essential for the optimization of these organisms. The genus Simplicillium has attracted increased attention given several potential biotechnological applications. The Simplicillium genus harbors several entomopathogenic species and some isolates have been explored for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminants. Furthermore, the myriad of secondary metabolites isolated from Simplicillium spp. render these organisms as ideal targets for deep exploration and further biotechnological mining possibilities. However, the lack of molecular tools hampered the exploration of this genus. Thus, an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method was established for Simplicillium subtropicum, employing the far-red fluorescent protein TURBOFP635/Katushka, as a visual marker, and the selection marker SUR gene, that confers resistance to chlorimuron ethyl. Notably, one round of transformation using the established method yielded almost 400 chlorimuron resistant isolates. Furthermore, these transformants displayed mitotic stability for, at least, five generations. We anticipate that this method can be useful for deep molecular exploration and improvement of strains in the Simplicillium genus.