中国中部及北部地区奥陶系——三叠系的牙形刺色变指标（CAI）图

本文采用Ａｎｉｔａ Ｈａｒｒｉｓ建立的统一标准,编制了中国中部和北部地区奥陶系－三叠系的１５幅牙形刺ＣＡＩ图,并作了说明,这对找油找气具有十分重要的意义。     

一种抽屉式昆虫箱的设计

野外采集蝶类、蛾类、蜻蜓类昆虫时 ,一般用三角纸袋来暂时固定昆虫。虽然此法较经济 ,但是由于纸质柔软 ,三角纸袋很易松散、折叠 ,因此昆虫易受损坏 ,保护效果差。作者设计了一种新型的抽屉式昆虫箱 ,现做一简介。1　昆虫箱的结构、尺寸及制作要点1 1　外壳　昆虫箱长 2 4ｃｍ、宽 1 2ｃｍ、高 1 5ｃｍ ,除一般结构外 ,还包括背带、铁扣、活页等部件 (图 1 )。图 1Ａ 背带　Ｂ 铁扣　Ｃ 活页1 2　储备箱　如图 2所示 ,在距Ａ点 6ｃｍ处找一点Ａ′,距Ｂ点 6ｃｍ处找一点Ｂ′,然后同理可得Ｅ′、Ｆ′,在平图 2面Ａ′Ｂ′Ｆ′Ｅ′处安装…     

普通小麦：华山新麦草异代换系的选育及细胞遗传学研究

利用缺体小麦－华山新麦草七倍体杂种（２ｎ＝４９,ＡＡＢＢＤＤＮ）杂交,Ｆ１再瑟相应的缺体小麦回交２次,在ＢＣ２Ｆ１镜检选出２ｎ＝４１的植株,同时套代自交,选育出５Ａ和３Ｄ两种异代换系。单体找换植侏自交产生二体代换植侏的频率为２３．１６％。５Ａ代换植侏在减数分裂中期Ⅰ２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为８４．５２％,３Ｄ代换植侏２１Ⅱ的出现频率平均为６２．６１％。异代换系均生长旺盛,结实正常,说明异染色体能较好地     

采集水螅的一点经验

以前直到现在一般采集水螅都是凭经验找水草,然后将找得的水草和水带回实验室再观察,若有时就算采到了,若没有就是白跑了一次,我们在天津采集时也是如此,常常跑了好几次连一个水螅也找不到。最近,在十一月八日我在天津水上公园一个水池旁边的砖头下看见了很多肉色小点,将它用小镊子镊入盛有水之玻璃瓶中观察,发现是水螅,结果,就在该地砖头下一气就找了一百多个水螅,     

低温预处理过程中大麦花药内源激素的变化

很多文章曾报道低温预处理可以明显提高大麦花药反应频率。但对于低温预处理的机理,至今研究报道甚少。我们应用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定了大麦花药低温预处理过程中内源激素ＩＡＡ、ｉＰＡ和ＡＢＡ含量。根据实验结果,推测低温预处理改变了花药内源ＩＡＡ和ｉＰＡ含量,阻断了花粉原来的发育方向,使其由配子体的发育途径转向孢子体的发育途径。     

大鼠左室壁血管内皮凝集素受体的观察

采用生物素化凝集素ＣｏｎＡ、ＲＣＡ－Ｉ、ＵＥＡ－Ｉ、ＰＮＡ、ＳＢＡ 和ＷＧＡ, 对大鼠左室壁血管内皮的凝集素受体进行了观察, 结果发现, 大鼠左室壁血管内皮存在有ＣｏｎＡ、ＲＣＡ－Ｉ及ＷＧＡ受体, 文中讨论了血管内皮凝集素受体的分布情况及其意义。     

外源激素对大豆种子内源ABA水平的影响及其和同化物积累的关系

用微注射法将ＩＡＡ、ＧＡ３、ＫＴ引入开花后３０ｄ的大豆（ＧｌｙｃｉｎｅｍａｘＬ．）完整植株种子的两片子叶之间,７ｄ后取样,分别测定了种皮和子叶中的ＡＢＡ含量、酸性转化酶和ＡＴＰ酶活性,同时分析了子叶中的糖和蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明：１０－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＩＡＡ和１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＫＴ处理使种皮中的ＡＢＡ水平升高,酸性转化酶活性提高,而ＡＴＰ酶活性降低;相反,对照子叶中的ＡＢＡ水平下降,酸性转化酶活性也下降,而ＡＴＰ酶活性显著提高;１０－６ｍｏｌ／ＬＧＡ３的作用正相反,使种皮和子叶中的ＡＢＡ水平均下降,酸性转化酶活性及子叶中的ＡＴＰ酶活性也相应下降,但种皮中的ＡＴＰ酶活性却上升;子叶中的糖和蛋白质含量的变化没有明确的规律。内源ＡＢＡ含量的变化与转化酶和ＡＴＰ酶活性变化呈现一定的相关关系,表明ＡＢＡ参与了调节大豆种子中的同化物积累。对外源激素对大豆种子内源ＡＢＡ水平的影响及其和同化物积累的关系进行了讨论。     

构树去木质部后维管组织再生中内源IAA浓度的变化及其组织定位

用酶联免疫吸附法测定了构树（Ｂｒｏｕｓｓｏｎｅｉｔｉａｐａｐｙｒｉｆｅｒａ（Ｌ．）Ｖｅｎｔ．）去木质部后维管组织再生中内源ＩＡＡ浓度的变化,并用改进的免疫金银法测定了此再生过程中内源ＩＡＡ在组织间的分布,去木质部的刺激引起内部ＩＡＡ浓度的迅速升高,升高幅度达７０％左右,去除树冠后虽然抑制再生维管组织的分化,但没有影响内源ＩＡＡ浓度的变化,表明内源ＩＡＡ的急剧升高可能是一态ＩＡＡ释放的结果,内源ＩＡ     

抗小鼠精子特有乳酸脱氢酶C4的与分泌片装配或未装配的单克隆抗体IgA的生物学功能

为了测定抗精子ＩｇＡ在免疫不育和抗精子避孕疫苗研制方面的生物学作用,用肠道内免疫的方法制备了一组抗乳酸脱氢酶Ｃ４（ＬＤＨ－Ｃ４）的单克隆ＩｇＡ抗体（ｍｏＩｇＡ）。以免疫印迹证实了它们的异质同形体。大部分ｍｏＩｇＡ（ＰＡ１－ＰＡ５）是用肠道内免疫和以派依尔氏淋巴细胞作为亲本细胞进行融合来获得的。在豚鼠血清补体存在的情况下,小鼠精子可以被ｍｏＩｇＡＰＡ１、ＰＡ２和ＰＡ４所制动。高浓度ＰＡ４和ＰＡ５可凝集小鼠精子。小鼠体外受精率可被３个ｍｏＩｇＡ（ＰＡ２、ＰＡ３和ＰＡ４）显著降低,但用ＰＡ１、ＰＡ２和ＰＡ５被动免疫之后,小鼠体内受精无明显变化。纯化的小鼠胆汁分泌片可同纯化的ｍｏＩｇＡ或腹水中的ｍｏＩｇＡ在体外组装起来。同分泌片结合之后,ｍｏＩｇＡ对精子的制动、凝集和体外受精无明显变化。这些研究结果提供了抗ＬＤＨ－Ｃ４的ｍｏＩｇＡ和分泌性ＩｇＡ对精子功能和体外受精的生物学作用的直接证据,在免疫不育的防治,避孕疫苗的研制以及性传播疾病的防治方面均有一定的指导意义。     

在吲哚乙酸不同位点偶联载体蛋白对其抗体特异性的影响

分别选择吲哚乙醇分子上的Ｃ１位羧基和吲哚环上的Ｎ位作为偶联载体蛋白的位点,用混合酸酐法和甲醛搭桥法分别合成了两种免疫原ＩＡＡ—ＣＯ—ＮＨ一ＨＳＡ和ＩＡＡ－Ｎ－ＢＳＡ,并进而制得了对吲哚乙酸侧链识别能力不同的两种多克隆抗体,分别可特异识别甲酯化ＩＡＡ和游离态ＩＡＡ;用碳化二亚胺法和甲醛搭桥法分别合成ＩＡＡ—ＣＯ—ＮＨ－ＢＳＡｂＩＡＡ—Ｎ—ＯＶＡ两种复合物,以之为包被物,建立了两种ＩＡＡＥＬＩＳＡ。其灵敏度分别为０．３５ｐｍｏｌ和１．８０ｐｐｍｏｌ;检测范围分别为０．７８～８００ｐｍｏｌ和１．９５～２０００ｐｍｏｌ;批内变异系数分别为４．４５％和４．７９％;批间变异系数分别为１．１５％和１．５０％。笔者用这两种ＥＬＩＳＡ检测了兰花气生根和桑树苗样品中ＩＡＡ的含量,发现两种检测结果相当一致。     

Responses of Microbial Communities to Light-Hydrocarbon Microseepage and Novel Indicators for Microbial Prospecting of Oil/Gas in the Beihanzhuang Oilfield,Northern Jiangsu,China

Previous studies on microbial prospecting of oil/gas only focused on the anomalies of light hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbes as main exploratory indicators and their exploration applications. In this study, we investigated the responses of microbial communities to light-hydrocarbon microseepage in the Beihanzhuang Oilfield, eastern China using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis and by comparing the difference of two-type areas with high- and low-flux light-hydrocarbon seepages. The results showed that the high-flux light-hydrocarbon seepage favored the growth of Nocardioides, Aciditerrimonas, sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) related to Desulfosporosinus and Desulfovibrio, and Chloroflexi bacteria (b-7), implying that their anomalies might be adopted as novel subsidiary indicators for microbial prospecting of oil/gas in the Beihanzhuang Oilfield. Based on the newly obtained results, we have proposed a general strategy for microbial prospecting of oil/gas, i.e., to determine the anomalies of light hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbes, to select subsidiary indicators for microbial prospecting of oil/gas based on an assessment of the responses of microbial communities to light-hydrocarbon microseepage, to quantitatively measure subsidiary indicators and delimit their anomalies, to comprehensively interpret all microbial anomalies, and to make a suggestion for oil/gas prospecting. This general strategy with novel indicators may provide a more comprehensive evaluation for light-hydrocarbon microseepage and the corresponding anomalies, thereby reducing the exploration risk of oil/gas.     

中国西南地区古生代放射虫硅岩地层——一个潜在的油气勘探目标

古生代放射虫硅岩地层中富含浮游相的微体生物化石,这些化石中的脂类物质和有机质在地层中往往形成海相烃源岩而富含油气资源。这类地层的油田已在北极加拿大、美国、澳大利亚和俄罗斯等地发现,特别是俄罗斯的Domanik层(上泥盆统)是目前正在开采的世界上最有名的顶级大油田。我国西南地区的云南、贵州和广西等省区有与世界级大油田相似的古生代放射虫硅岩地层,但在过去的勘探中这类地层从未列入勘探目标,我们相信,在不久的将来,这类地层将成为一个潜在的油气勘探目标。     

China's Governance over Offshore Oil and Gas Development and Management

With its rapid economic growth, China is eager to get sufficient energy (including oil and gas) to support its dynamic national development. Economic reform in the late 1970s triggered China's offshore oil and gas exploration and exploitation. Relevant laws and regulations have been enacted and implemented, including regulations on exploiting offshore petroleum resources in cooperation with foreigners and regulations on marine environmental protection against pollution from offshore petroleum activities. This article attempts to assess and analyze China's national policy and relevant laws and regulations governing offshore oil and gas development and their effectiveness. In addition, the prospect for joint development in disputed sea areas adjacent to China is discussed.­     

Oil and gas development in the World Heritage and wider protected area network in sub-Saharan Africa

More than 25% of natural World Heritage (WH) sites worldwide are estimated to be under pressure from existing or future mining and energy activities (IUCN 2008; UNESCO 2009). However, that ‘pressure’ has yet to be quantitatively defined and assessed for many regions of the world. We conducted a GIS-based analysis of overlap and proximity between natural WH sites and areas allocated to oil and gas concessions as well as pipelines and oil wells for all of sub-Saharan Africa. We found that oil and gas concessions were located within 27% of the WH sites, though no currently active oil wells were operating directly within the WH sites. A proximity-based assessment of oil and gas concessions within 5 km of WH site boundaries included only one additional WH site, suggesting that sites susceptible to indirect impacts from oil and gas development are likely to be those already overlapped by concessions. Our findings indicate that activity from oil and gas development in sub-Saharan WH sites has to date been limited; however, future pressure cannot be ruled out, due to continued presence of concessions within more than one quarter of the network, and projected expansion of oil and gas exploration within the region. Our results may be used to inform the inclusion of new sites into the WH network.     

Oil and Gas Wells and Pipelines on U.S. Wildlife Refuges: Challenges for Managers

The increased demand for oil and gas places a burden on lands set aside for natural resource conservation. Oil and gas development alters the environment locally and on a much broader spatial scale depending on the intensity and extent of mineral resource extraction. The current increase in oil and gas exploration and production in the United States prompted an update of the number of pipelines and wells associated with oil and gas production on National Wildlife Refuge System (NWRS) lands. We obtained geospatial data on the location of oil and gas wells and pipelines within and close to the boundaries of NWRS lands (units) acquired as fee simple (i.e. absolute title to the surface land) by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We found that 5,002 wells are located in 107 NWRS units and 595 pipelines transect 149 of the 599 NWRS units. Almost half of the wells (2,196) were inactive, one-third (1,665) were active, and the remainder of the wells were either plugged and abandoned or the status was unknown. Pipelines crossed a total of 2,155 kilometers (1,339 miles) of NWRS fee simple lands. The high level of oil and gas activity warrants follow up assessments for wells lacking information on production type or well status with emphasis on verifying the well status and identifying abandoned and unplugged wells. NWRS fee simple lands should also be assessed for impacts from brine, oil and other hydrocarbon spills, as well as habitat alteration associated with oil and gas, including the identification of abandoned oil and gas facilities requiring equipment removal and site restoration.     

辽河断陷东部凹陷钻井中含牙形石的中奥陶统马家沟组

钻探证实辽河断陷东部凹陷内,中、新生代地层之下发育厚层质纯的碳酸盐岩,是潜山油气勘探的主要目的层。经过系统选样,发现了较为丰富的牙形石化石。牙形石研究表明这套厚层质纯的碳酸盐岩地层属于中奥陶统的马家沟组,含有上部以Erraticodon tangshanensis为主,下部以Tangshanodus tangshanensis为特征的牙形石。研究还首次表明辽东太子河早古生代海盆已延伸到辽河断陷东部凹陷内部。由于这套碳酸盐岩地层具有良好的油气储集性能,因此,此研究成果对于在东部凹陷内部进一步寻找"新生古储"式潜山油气藏具有重要的指导意义。     

顺北典型油气藏上方土壤甲烷氧化菌菌群特征及其勘探意义

【目的】甲烷氧化细菌(MOB)长期以来一直被用作石油和天然气勘探的重要油气指示菌,其仅能利用甲烷作为唯一碳源。根据甲烷氧化菌菌群特征结合地质剖面可以较好地预测深部油气藏,为石油勘探提供良好的数据支撑。由于传统平板培养法只能针对可培养甲烷氧化菌,方法具有一定局限性。【方法】本文采用分子生物学技术结合地球化学烃类指标研究了顺北典型油气藏上方土壤中甲烷氧化菌的分布。【结果】研究结果显示,油气田上方pmoA基因拷贝数与酸解烃含量具有一定的正相关性,且油气区比背景区高0.5–2个数量级。16SrRNA基因高通量测序和pmoA基因的克隆文库结果显示顺北油藏上方土壤中甲烷氧化菌主要以I型为主,水平剖面中甲烷氧化菌随着离油田距离增加存在I型向II型演变的现象,且Methylomonassp.在背景区与油气区的丰度有较大差异,具有良好的油气指示潜力。【结论】综上所述,长期微渗透过程中甲烷氧化菌(MOB)的菌群特征对预测深层油藏具有一定的指示作用,结合地质剖面和地表烃类可以有效预测有利油藏区域。     

渤海青东凹陷垦利构造新生代微体古生物群特征及古环境分析

本研究先后共选取采自渤海湾盆地垦利构造带的221块样品进行系统古生物分析,其中孢粉藻类样品130块(岩屑),介形类、轮藻、腹足类样品90块(岩屑),钙质超微样品1块,揭示了不同时期沉积序列的生物演化规律及其环境指示意义.深入剖析这些生储油层位的微体古生物群组合,进而揭示了区域古环境特征,对于开展区域地层对比,指导油气勘探和生烃潜力评价等都具有重要的意义.     

Projects of devotion: energy exploration and moral ambition in the cosmoeconomy of oil and gas in the Western United States

This essay considers how people working in the oil and gas industry in Colorado perceive their involvement in energy exploration in relation to broader practices of devotion, compassion, and outreach. I argue that although their energy projects may appear to merely echo companies’ formal promotional pitches, the oilfield and corporate actors’ own moral ambitions reveal more-than-human cosmoeconomic visions of oil's potentiality. This essay thus demonstrates how multiple and diverging ethical registers intersect and inform the valuation of oil.     

Oil and gas projects in the Western Amazon: threats to wilderness, biodiversity, and indigenous peoples

Background

The western Amazon is the most biologically rich part of the Amazon basin and is home to a great diversity of indigenous ethnic groups, including some of the world''s last uncontacted peoples living in voluntary isolation. Unlike the eastern Brazilian Amazon, it is still a largely intact ecosystem. Underlying this landscape are large reserves of oil and gas, many yet untapped. The growing global demand is leading to unprecedented exploration and development in the region.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We synthesized information from government sources to quantify the status of oil development in the western Amazon. National governments delimit specific geographic areas or “blocks” that are zoned for hydrocarbon activities, which they may lease to state and multinational energy companies for exploration and production. About 180 oil and gas blocks now cover ∼688,000 km² of the western Amazon. These blocks overlap the most species-rich part of the Amazon. We also found that many of the blocks overlap indigenous territories, both titled lands and areas utilized by peoples in voluntary isolation. In Ecuador and Peru, oil and gas blocks now cover more than two-thirds of the Amazon. In Bolivia and western Brazil, major exploration activities are set to increase rapidly.

Conclusions/Significance

Without improved policies, the increasing scope and magnitude of planned extraction means that environmental and social impacts are likely to intensify. We review the most pressing oil- and gas-related conservation policy issues confronting the region. These include the need for regional Strategic Environmental Impact Assessments and the adoption of roadless extraction techniques. We also consider the conflicts where the blocks overlap indigenous peoples'' territories.