Dietary self-selection for vitamins and lipid by larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea

Last instar larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), require lipid and certain vitamins in their diet in order to complete larval development. When experimental larvae were offered two nutritionally incomplete diets, each lacking a different one of the requirements, they invariably ate from both diets, self-selecting a mixture that was nutritionally superior to either diet alone.

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Résumé Les chenilles de dernier stade d' H. zea (Boddie) (Lep.:Noctuidae) ont besoin de lipides et de certaines vitamines dans leur régime alimentaire, probablement parce qu'elles n'en contiennent pas assez provenant des stades précédents. Quand deux régimes incomplete ont été fournis aux chenilles (chacun privé différemment de l'un de ces consituants: lipide, chlorure de choline ou un ensemble de vitamines), elles ont consommé systématiquement des deux régimes et autosélectionné un aliment de qualité supèrieure à celle de chaque régime séparément. D'un autre côté, les chenilles témoins à qui on a offert deux régimes identiques et nutritionnellement complets, ont choisi apparemment leur aliment au hasard, et presque la moitié d'entre elles ont consommé exclusivement on presque exclusivement l'un des régimes, tandis que l'autre moitié a choise exclusivement or presque exclusivement l'autre.

     

Temporal oviposition patterns of Heliothis zea and Spodoptera ornithogalli

Egg production under laboratory conditions was examined over the lifespan of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Although H. zea oviposits singly and S. ornithogalli oviposits in masses, temporal trends were similar. Egg numbers peaked shortly after mating and then rapidly declined. Egg weights also peaked shortly after mating, but decreased gradually over time. Temporal oviposition patterns were more erratic for unmated than mated females, suggesting the importance of mating in establishing the shape of the oviposition curve.

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Résumé La production d'ufs d'Heliothis zea (Boddie) et de Spodoptera ornithogalli Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) durant toute la vie adulte a été examinée au laboratoire. Bien que H. zea dépose ses ufs isolément et que S. ornithogalli les dépose en groupes, les courbes temporelles d'oviposition chez des individus fécondés sont similaires. Le nomber d'ufs culmine peu après l'accouplement, puis décline rapidement. Le poids des ufs culmine aussi peu après l'accouplement, puis décroît graduellement. Des femelles fécondées produisent environ deux fois autant d'ufs que les femelles non fécondées, quoique la longévité ne diffère pas significativement entre les deux groupes. Des femelles non fécondées montrent des distributions temporelles plus irrégulières que des femelles fécondées, en ce qui concerne le nombre des ufs et leur poids. Ces irrégularités ont été attribuées à la tendance des femelles non fécondées à retenir leur ufs, ce qui suggère que l'accouplement exerce une influence sur la forme de la courbe temporelle d'oviposition. Des femelles d'H. zea contenant un, deux ou trois spermatophores n'ont pas produit des nombres d'ufs significativement différents.

     

The role of the frontal ganglion and corpora cardiaca/corpora allata complex in post-feeding weight loss in adult Heliothis zea

Abstract A post-feeding diuretic response has been observed in adult Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 2-day-old starved adults which were allowed to feed to repletion on a 10% (w/v) sucrose solution lost 49.1% (females) and 85.8% (males) of the weight of the ingested meal during the first hour following feeding. Ligation between head and thorax or frontal ganglionectomy, when performed immediately following feeding, each resulted in a significant and permanent reduction in this normal weight-loss. Injection of homogenates of the corpora cardiaca/corpora allata (CC/CA) complex into non-ligated insects immediately after feeding also reduced significantly the post-feeding weight-loss, but this inhibition was transient and disappeared after 1 h. Dissection and weighing of the crop from either ligated, frontal ganglionectomized, or CC/CA-injected insects confirmed the crop as the predominant site of fluid retention in each case. We suggest that a soluble antidiuretic factor from the CC/CA acts in conjunction with the frontal ganglion to control the rate of crop emptying and subsequent diuresis by regulating the volume of ingested fluid that is passed into the haemolymph from the crop/midgut.     

The effect of age of parents on the progeny of diapaused and non-diapaused Heliothis zea

The effect of parental age at oviposition on the offspring of diapaused and non-diapaused females of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was examined under laboratory conditions. Diapause was induced in the laboratory by reducing day lengths and temperatures. The number of eggs per female, duration of the egg stage, percent hatch, duration of the larval stage, percent pupation and four-day pupal weights of progeny from diapaused and non-diapaused adults were determined. Significantly reduced egg production and increased duration of egg and larval stages occurred in offspring of diapaused females, but no effect on hatching and pupation percentages and pupal weights were observed. The possible effects of these differences on reproductive potential and length of generation are discussed.

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Résumé Nous avons examiné au laboratoire l'influence de l'age des parents au moment de la ponte sur la descendance des femelles d'Heliothis zea Boddie diapausantes ou non. La réduction de la longueur du jour et de la température avait induit la diapause au laboratoire. L'étude a porté sur le nombre d'oeufs par femelle, la durée de l'incubation des oeufs, le taux d'éclosion, la durée du développement larvaire, le taux de nymphose et le poids des chrysalides de 4 jours chez les descendants d'adultes diapausantes ou non. Chez les descendants des femelles diapausantes, la production d'oeufs est significativement réduite; de même, l'incubation des oeufs et le développement larvaire sont significativement prolongés; mais on n'a observé aucun effet tant sur les taux d'éclosion et de nymphose que sur le poids des chrysalides. La discussion porte sur les influences envisageables de des différences dans le potentiel reproducteur et la durée des générations.

     

Factors affecting pathogenicity of NPV preparations to the corn earworm,Heliothis armigera

Pathogenicity ofHeliothis nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HSNPV) to the corn earworm,Heliothis armigera, was studied using 3 different inoculative methods. The LD50 values of 4^th-instar larvae inoculated with corn-fed, diet-fed and inoculum-imbiding method were 1.85×10⁶, 2.55×10⁵ and 1,22×10³ PIBs/larva, respectively. The inoculum-imbiding is more sensitive and convenient for inoculatingH. armigera with HSNPV. The HSNPV product, Elcar^®, was highly pathogenic toH. armigera, the LD50 values of 2^nd-, 3^rd- and 4^th-instar larvae being 27, 83 and 1,221 PIBs/larva, respectively, as measured by the inoculum-imbiding method. The mortality of 4^th-instar larvae caused by HSNPV was increased, but the incubation period was shortened with higher incubation temperatures. However, the high temperature at 35°C caused a lower mortality, and a prolongation of the median lethal time (LT50). Stability and persistence of HSNPV preparations were better in January–February and April–May than in June–July and October–November periods when sprayed on corn silks under field conditions. The HSNPV was inactivated by weak alkaline dew (pH 8.1) collected from soybean leaves, but it remained active on those from corn, tomato and asparagus with pH 7.2–7.3. The artificial heavy rainfall of 242 mm/h for 30 min did not wash off HSNPV preparations sprayed on the corn silks.     

2-tridecanone, tomatoes and Heliothis zea: potential incompatibility of plant antibiosis with insecticidal control

The allelochemic, 2-tridecanone, which conditions resistance in the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum to Manduca sexta and plays an important role in the resistance to Leptinotarsa decemlineate is shown to induce an enhanced level of tolerance to the carbamate insecticide carbaryl in a third important insect pest of tomato, Heliothis zea. This phenomenon has important implications regarding the compatibility of using tomato cultivars having 2-tridecanone-mediated insect resistance in conjunction with insecticides to manage the full spectrum of tomato insect pests.

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Résumé Le 2-Tridécanone,est présent dans les extrémités des poils glandulaires des feuilles de Lycopersicon hirsutum et glabratum (PI 134417). On a précédemmment mis en évidence son rôle capital dans la résistance du PI 134417 à Manduca sexta L. et à Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, mais sa faible importance dans la résistance à Heliothis zea Boddie. Au cours de cette étude, la paralysie temporaire des larves néonates de H. zea par le 2-Tridécanone associé aux feuilles a été observée, mais cette substance induit chez ces larves un système de détoxification qui entraîne, non seulement une récupération apparemment complète, mais provoque une résistance au carbaryl, insecticide au carbamate, 3–4 fois plus élevée.Dans les programmes d'amélioration de la tomate, toute sélection pour une résistance élevée à M. sexta et L. decemlineata attribuable à une forte teneur en 2-Tridécanone, sans sélection parallèle pour la résistance à H. zea, caractère génétique séparé, produirait des lignées de tomates chez lesquelles la protection contre H. zea serait plus difficile par suite de la résistance au carbaryl induite par le 2-Tridécanone.

     

Nutrient self-selection by Heliothis zea larvae: A time-lapse film study

When presented with two nutritionally incomplete diets, one lacking only the protein (casein) and the other lacking only the digestible carbohydrate (sucrose), last instar larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) switched between the diets frequently. The ratio (casein:sucrose) of time they spent on the two diets was about 83:17. As the stadium proceeded, the relative time they spent on the sucrose diet increased. Control larvae, offered two identical, nutritionally complete diets, seldom switched between them.

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Résumé Récemment nous avions montré que les chenilles du dernier stade d'H. zea (Boddie) (Lep.: Noctuidae) composaient elles-mêmes leurs repas à partir de 2 cubes d'aliments, l'un carencé en protéine (caséine), l'autre en carbohydrate assimilable (sucrose). Dans cette nouvelle étude, les témoins ont reçu deux cubes nutritivement complets et les lots expérimentaux (en auto-complexification) deux cubes nutritivement incomplets, l'un carencé en caséine, l'autre en sucrose. Les chenilles ont traversé 3 étapes pendant ce dernier stade; une phase initiale de perturbations durant laquelle elles ne mangeaient presque pas, mais changeaient souvent de cube, une phase d'installation pendant laquelle elles consommainet d'une façon plus ou moins continue; et une phase de prénymphose pendant laquelle elles vagabondaient. La phase perturbée était moins longue chez les témoins, mais les deux lots présentaient le même comportement pendant cette phase: changeant de cube jusqu' à neuf fois par heure. Dès que la prise d'aliment a commencé dans la phase installée, les témoins changeaient de cube au hasard, tandis que les chenilles en expérience en changeaient relativement plus, passant 17% de leur temps sur le sucrose et 83% sur la caséine. Les comportements étaient identiques chez les deux lots pendant la phase de prénymphose. L'autocomplexification correspond à un comportement particulier pendant le dernier stade: l'alimentation sur caséine domine tôt, elle tend ensuite à rester constante tandis que l'alimentation sur caséine est maximale vers la fin du stade. Notre hypothèse est que l'auto-complexification est gouvernée par des feedbacks physiologiques internes déterminant la prise d'aliments, et que la chenille peut apprendre à associer un goût à un contenu nutritif.

     

Natural diets and self-selection: Heliothis zea larvae and maize

Although the first two instars tend to eat the silks, last instar larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), prefer to feed on the kernels rather than on the other components of the maize ear. They feed preferentially on the germ of the kernel, but when offered whole kernels also eat some of the endosperm. Larvae that eat cut portions of the kernels that include all of the germ and some endosperm utilize their food for growth more efficiently than do larvae that eat portions of the kernel that include only endosperm. Adults that ate germ portions or endosperm portions of the kernel as larvae do not differ significantly in longevity, number of days on which they oviposit, number of eggs laid per day or the percentage of the eggs that hatched. We suggest that the larvae use self-selection to increase their intake of germ, thus increasing utilization efficiency and decreasing the amount of food that they must eat. When they feed on plants (other than maize) with small fruits, this probably increases their ability to compete for food when it is scarce and minimizes exposure to predation by decreasing the number of foraging trips and the distance that they must travel in search of food.

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Résumé Bien que les deux premiers stades larvaires d'H. zea (Lepid.: Noctuidae) tendent à consommer les soies, les trois derniers stades préfèrent les grains aux autres parties de l'épi de maïs. La chenille du dernier stade consomme de préférence le germe du grain, mais quand on lui offre l'ensemble du grain, elle consomme aussi une partie de l'albumen. Les chenilles qui coupent des morceaux du grain comprenant la totalité du germe et une fraction d'albumen ont une alimentation permettant une croissance plus efficace que les chenilles qui consomment des portions de grain ne contenant que de l'albumen. Ainsi, les chenilles qui mangent des fractions de germe ont besoin de consommer moins, pour atteindre le même poids que les chenilles qui consomment des morceaux d'albumen. Les longévités, les nombres de jours de ponte, les fécondités quotidiennes et les fertilités des oeufs sont les mêmes pour les papillons provenant des chenilles ayant consomme des morceaux de germe ou des morceaux d'albumien. L'albumen seul est un aliment suboptimal, et H. zea pourrait théoriquement améliorer ultérieurement son régime en mangeant plus de germes. Nous estimons que ceci ne serait pas rentable puisque la durée des stades devrait être prolongée et que la manutention et les rejets d'albumen devraient être accrus. H. zea se serait adapté à une solution de compromis pour l'optimalisation du régime alimentaire. Il réduit le temps de récolte et perd en efficacité en consommant de l'albumin suboptimal; mais il regagne autant que possible en efficacité en mangenat le germe de pratiquement tous les grains attaqués. Cette augmentation de l'efficacité diminue la quantité d'aliments qui doit être ingéré, et fournit un potentiel adaptatif quand les chenilles consomment des plantes (autres que le maïs) avec des petits fruits. L'exposition à la prédation est réduite, puisque la distance parcourue pour la recherche des fruits est diminuée.

     

The distribution of pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the corn earworm moth,Helicoverpa zea

Summary Production of sex pheromone in several species of moths has been shown to be under the control of a neuropeptide termed pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). We have produced an antiserum to PBAN from Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and used it to investigate the distribution of immunoreactive peptide in the brain-suboesophageal ganglion complex and its associated neurohemal structures, and the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Immunocytochemical methods reveal three clusters of cells along the ventral midline in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), one cluster each in the presumptive mandibular (4 cells), maxillary (12–14 cells), and labial neuromeres (4 cells). The proximal neurites of these cells are similar in their dorsal and lateral patterns of projection, indicating a serial homology among the three clusters. Members of the mandibular and maxillary clusters have axons projecting into the maxillary nerve, while two additional pairs of axons from the maxillary cluster project into the ventral nerve cord. Members of the labial cluster project to the retrocerebral complex (corpora cardiaca and cephalic aorta) via the nervus corpus cardiaci III (NCC III). The axons projecting into the ventral nerve cord appear to arborize principally in the dorsolateral region of each segmental ganglion; the terminal abdominal ganglion is distinct in containing an additional ventromedial arborization in the posterior third of the ganglion. Quantification of the extractable immunoreactive peptide in the retrocerebral complex by ELISA indicates that PBAN is gradually depleted during the scotophase, then restored to maximal levels in the photophase. Taken together, our findings provide anatomical evidence for both neurohormonal release of PBAN as well as axonal transport via the ventral nerve cord to release sites within the segmental ganglia.Abbreviations A aorta - Br-SOG brain-suboesophageal ganglion complex - CC corpus cardiacum - PBS phosphate-buffered saline - PLI PBAN-like immunoreactivity - TAG terminal abdominal ganglion - VNC ventral nerve cord     

Induced tolerance of neonate Heliothis zea to host plant allelochemicals and carbaryl following incubation of eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum

Summary Incubation of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull (accession PI 134417) results in neonates with elevated levels of tolerance to the toxic effects of PI 134417 foliage attributable to 2-tridecanone found in the glandular trichomes which abound on that foliage. The neonates from such eggs are also shown to have elevated levels of tolerance to the carbamate insecticide carbaryl. Incubation of eggs in an atmosphere containing 2-tridecanone similarly produced elevated levels of tolerance to 2-tridecanone among resulting neonates, indicating that 2-tridecanone is the likely inducing agent and that exposure to 2-tridecanone vapor, which is known to emanate from PI 134417 foliage, is sufficient for induction. Analysis of the cytochrome P-450 content in gut microsomes of fifth instar larvae indicated that exposure of larvae to 2-tridecanone in artificial diet or to PI 134417 foliage resulted in significantly elevated levels of cytochrome P-450 relative to larvae fed diet without 2-tridecanone or foliage of L. esculentum which contains no 2-tridecanone. In addition, removal of the glandular trichomes from PI 134417 foliage eliminated the ability of that foliage to induce elevated levels of cytochrome P-450. These results provide circumstantial evidence that cytochrome P-450 may be involved in the induced tolerance to xenobiotics among neonates from eggs exposed to 2-tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage.Support for this research was provided by the USDA Competitive Research Grants Program in Biological Stress under Grant No. 83-CRCR-1-1241 and Grant No. 85-CRCR-1-1615, and the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service. Paper No. 10856 of Journal Series of the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, Raleigh, NC, USA 27650. Use of trade names does not imply endorsement of products named nor criticisms of similar ones not mentioned     

Response of last instar Heliothis zea larvae to carbohydrates: stimulation of biting, nutritional value

Several carbohydrates were tested for their ability to stimulate last instar Heliothis zea larvae to bite and, as a measure of nutritional value, for their ability to prolong the lives of H. zea larvae in the absence of a protein. Sucrose, fructose and glucose strongly stimulated biting. Maltose and sorbose were weakly stimulating, and mannitol, rhamnose, galactose, and lactose did not stimulate biting at the concentrations tested. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol, maltose, glucose, galactose, corn starch, and lactose all prolonged life, but larval longevity varied among these carbohydrates. Rhamnose did not prolong life, nor did sorbose, which was slightly toxic. When fructose, glucose, or mannitol replaced sucrose in a nutritionally complete defined diet containing protein, utilization efficiencies were minimally affected. When sorbose was substituted for sucrose, it did not cause mortality, but it did depress the efficiency of utilization significantly below that of a control diet that lacked any carbohydrate except cellulose powder.

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Résumé L'étude a porté sur l'apitude de plusieurs carbohydrates à stimuler les morsures des chenilles du dernier stade de H. zea et à prolonger leur vie, (mesure de la valeur nutritive), en absence de protéines. Sucrose, fructose et glucose stimulent fortement les morsures. Maltose et sorbose ont été faiblement stimulants, et rhamnose, galactose, lactose et mannitol n'ont pas stimulé aux concentrations examinées. Sucrose, fructose, mannitol, maltose, glucose, galactose, amidon de maïs et lactose ont tous prolongé la vie, mais d'une façon différente suivant les carbohydrates.La rhamnose n'a pas prolongé la vie, tout comme le sorbose, qui s'est révélé légèrement toxique. Quand le fructose, le glucose ou le mannitol ont remplacé le sucrose dans un régime complètement défini contenant des protéines, la perturbation de l'efficacité d'utilisation a été minimale, mais la substitution du sorbose par le sucrose, bien qu'elle n'ait pas provoqué de mortalité, a donné une efficacité d'utilisation significativement plus faible qu'un témoin négatif ayant perdu tous les carbohydrates, à l'exception de poudre de cellulose.

     

Toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of the fungal metabolites territrems to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea

The toxicity and anticholinesterase activity of tremorgenic fungal metabolites, territrems, to the corn earworm, Helioverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) were examined. In oral toxicity studies, territrem A significantly inhibited growth by 40% at 25 ppm and by 89% at 250 ppm. Territrem B and an epoxy-derivative significantly inhibited growth by ca. 45% at 250 ppm. Piperonyl butoxide administered orally synergized the toxicity of the territrems tested. In topical toxicity studies, the epoxy-derivative caused 26% mortality and 25% growth retardation at 10 mg/gm insects. Territrem A and B were not significantly lethal, but did reduce growth by 15–20% at 10 mg/gm insect. Paraoxon tested in the same way caused 100% mortality at 25 ppm orally and 10 mg/gm topically. However, all territrems tested in vitro as inhibitors of H. zea head acetylcholinesterase were at least comparable to or were more active than paraoxon. Topically administered epoxy-territrem B also inhibited H. zea head acetylcholinesterase. The potential for development of new insecticides from a territrem lead structure is discussed.     

Inheritance of resistance in maize silks to the corn earworm

The corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a perennial economic pest of field crops in the United States. Maize,Zea mays L., is the major host crop promoting the build-up of devastating corn earworm populations that limit full production of cotton, soybean, peanut, and grain sorghum. Resistance to the corn earworm in maize and in particular sweet maize, would provide an environmentally safe, economical method of control for this pest insect. Antibiotic effects of corn silks on this insect are: small larvae, extended developmental period, and reduced fecundity. Silks from individual maize plants of resistant and susceptible lines and progeny in six generations consisting of parents (P₁, P₂), F₁, F₂, and backcrosses BC_1.1 (F₁ × P₁) and BC_1.2 (F₁ × P₂) from each of four crosses were used to determine the genetic basis of the antibiotic resistance of silks to the corn earworm. In the cross of Zapalote Chico × PI340856, genes controlling resistance in the silks to the corn earworm larvae are dominant in PI340856 to those in Zapalote Chico. The cross of Zapalote Chico × GT114 involves parents differing in degree of resistance, and possibly differing for the genetic mechanism by which the resistance is inherited. The inheritance of resistance may involve non-additive (dominance and epistasis) genetic variance. A digenic 6-parameter model indicated (1) the resistance in this cross is controlled by more than one pair of genes and (2) some or all of the genes interact to cause non-allelic interaction. Thus, the resistance in this cross may be controlled by both dominant and recessive genes. The resistance of Zapalote Chico × CI64, an intermediate inbred, is influenced by additive gene effects. The digenic model adequately predicts all generation means of the cross of GT3 × PI340856 except for the F1. Thus, it appears that the additive-dominance model is not satisfactory for this cross involving susceptible and resistant parents. Generation mean analysis indicates that resistance to silk-feeding by corn earworm larvae is under genetic control, but gene action differs from one type of cross to another.     

2-Undecanone, a pupal mortality factor in Heliothis zea: sensitive larval stage and in planta activity in Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum

2-Undecanone, a compound found in the tips of the Type VI glandular trichomes of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (accession PI 134417), when incorporated in artificial diet, was previously shown to cause pupal deformity and mortality among Heliothis zea (Boddie). In the present study, the developmental stage of H. zea sensitive to the effects of dietary 2-undecanone was determined by rearing larvae through the fourth instar on diet with or without 2-undecanone, then transferring them to new diet either with or without 2-undecanone. Dietary levels of 2-undecanone (0.055% wet wt) were representative of concentrations found in PI 134417 foliage. Ingestion of 2-undecanone during the fifth instar was both necessary and sufficient to cause pupal mortality. Rearing fifth instar H. zea on PI 134417 foliage with glandular trichomes intact (2-undecanone present at 0.084±0.026% wt wt) or with the trichomes, and hence 2-undecanone, removed indicated that these effects occur in planta. Potential implications of these findings for using 2-undecanone-mediated resistance for insect pest management are discussed.

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Résumé Il a été démontré précédemment que l'undécanone-2, présente dans les extrémités des trichomes glandulaires de type VI de la tomate sauvage Lycopersicon hirsutum glabratum C. H. Mull (accession PI 134417), provoque déformations et mortalité chez les chrysalides de Heliothis zea (Boddie) lorsqu'elle est incorporée dans une nourriture artificielle. Dans cette étude, le stade de développement de H. zea sensible aux effets de l'undécanone-2 a été déterminé en élevant les larves jusqu'au 4e stade sur une diète contenant ou non de l'undécanone-2, puis en les transférant sur une nouvelle diète avec ou sans undécanone-2. Les concentrations en undécanone-2 utilisées (0.055% du poids frais) étaient comparables aux concentrations présentes dans les feuilles du PI 134417. L'ingestion de l'undécanone-2 durant le 5e stade s'est avérée nécessaire et suffisante pour provoquer une mortalité au stade chrysalide. L'élevage du 5e stade de H. zea sur des feuilles de PI 134417 dont les trichomes sont intacts (l'undécanone-2 est présente à la concentration de 0.084±0.025% du poids frais) ou sur des feuilles dont les trichomes, et par conséquent l'undécanone-2, ont été éliminés, a démontré que les effets toxiques se produisent in planta.L'undécanone-2 pourrait être un facteur de résistance efficace des tomates, mais probablement uniquement dans les régions où H. zea est polyvoltime sur la tomate et où les premiéres générations se développent sur le feuillage pendant toute la période larvaire avant la maturation des fruits. Normalement, les premiers stades larvaires de H. zea se nourrissent de feuilles et les derniers stades des fruits. Les fruits ne contenant pas d'undécanone-2, les chenilles qui se développeraient sur les plants en fructification pourraient échapper aux effets toxiques.

     

Growth, food consumption and mortality of Heliothis zea larvae on foliage of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum and the cultivated tomato, L. esculentum

Larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) were fed foliage of the resistant wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (PI 134417) and susceptible L. esculentum (cultivar Walter), either with the glandular trichomes removed or with the trichomes intact. Response variables measured included larval mortality, larval weight, consumption rate (CR), and efficiency of conversion of ingested material (ECI). Resistant foliage was found to contain factors in both the trichomes and leaf lamellae which increased larval mortality, reduced larval weight, reduced CR, and, except in second instars, reduced ECI. Susceptible foliage also contained trichome-based factors which increased larval mortality and decreased weight, as well as CR of second instars and ECI of fifth instars. Implications of these findings for breeding resistant tomato cultivars are discussed.

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Résumé La tomate sauvage, Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull (PI 134417) est fortement résistant à Heliothis zea. Les études préalables ont indiqués que la résistance est associée avec la présence de 2-tridécanone dans les extrémités des poils glandulaires de la tomate sauvage, et que les facteurs dans la lamelle des feuilles sont peut-être impliqués. À déterminer la présence des facteurs lamellaires et à caractériser de plus les facteurs de résistance dans les extrémités des poils glandulaires aussi, nous nourrissions les larves du feuillage résistant de PI 134417 et du feuillage susceptible L. esculentum (lignée Walter) les deux avec les extrémités des poils glandulaires enlèvés ou avec les extrémités des poils glandulaires intacts. Nous mesurions la mortalité des larves, les poids des larves, la taux de consommation relative et l'efficacité de conversion de matière mangé.On se trouvait le feuillage résistant à contenir les facteurs, tous deux dans le feuillage lamellaire et dans les extrémités des poils glandulaires, qui causaient l'augmentation de mortalité, les poids plus basses, la taux de consommation relative plus basse, et, hormis dans le cas des larves en phase deuxième, l'efficacité de conversion réduite. Le feuillage susceptible contenait aussi les facteurs dans les extrémités des poils glandulaires qui augmentaient la mortalité, diminuaient les poids et la taux de consommation relative des larves en phase deuxième, et diminuaient l'efficacité de conversion des larves en phase cinquième. Cettes conclusions indiquent la présence des facteurs de résistance en outre de 2-tridécanone et peuvent fournir les indices à l'identité de ces facteurs.

     

Self-selection and utilization efficiency of Heliothis zea larvae feeding on seeds and the walls of snap bean pods

First instar Heliothis zea larvae tended to feed on the leaves of snap beans, but later instars preferred to burrow in the pods. Fifth instars offered only leaves grew poorly because they ate them in small quantities, presumably because of deterrency. The utilization efficiency and growth of fifth instars fed pulp was slightly but significantly inferior to that of seed-fed larvae but was greatly superior to that of leaf-fed larvae. Since the dry matter content of pulp is less than one-third that of seeds, larvae allowed to eat only pulp had abnormally large fresh weight intakes and devoted about three times as much time to feeding as did seed-fed larvae. Larvae offered a mix of seeds and pulp ate both and had a total fresh weight food intake somewhat greater than that of seed-fed larvae but much less than that of pulp-fed larvae. Eating both seeds and pulp offers no obvious nutritional advantage but presumably offers a significant ecological advantage. It is argued that the number of foraging trip a larva must make to discover pods is minimized by feeding on a mix, thus reducing exposure to mortality factors such as predation.     

Characterization and culture of virus replicating continuous insect cell lines from the bollworm,Heliothis zea (boddie)

Summary A series of five discrete virus replicating insect cell lines were isolated from the ovarian and fat body tissues ofHeliothis zea pupae. Two of these cell lines (IPLB-HZ-1075 and-HZ-1079) were studied in depth as to their growth and virus replication responses to specific nutrients (acetyl-β-methylcholine, fresh glutamine) in a number of media. The same two cell lines were identified to species by serological (microimmunodiffusion) and isozyme (phosphoglucoisomerase and peptidase:glycyl-leucine) techniques. Distinguishing comparisons were made with other cell lines that have been confused with the present lines in the literature and with cell line and host pupal extracts from the same and other lepidopteran species studied concurrently in this laboratory. Sterility culture tests were negative for mycoplasmas. The present fiveH. zea lines were the first insect cell lines to replicate polyhedra from a unicapsid multiple embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Baculovirus Group A), in this case the homologous virus obtained from larvae ofH. zea.     

Ultrastructural changes in corpora allata during a cycle of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in embryos of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata

We have observed changes with time in the fine structure of corpora allata (CA) during a known cycle of increasing and decreasing juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis in late embryos of Diploptera punctata. A previous report showed that rates of JH release were relatively low in 28-day-old embryos, but CA activity subsequently rose linearly to a peak on about day 42, and thereafter steadily declined to a low level on day 64 just before birth (Holbrook et al., 1997). We now show that, regardless of rate of JH synthesis, CA cells are large and replete with organelles which nevertheless exhibit variable morphology in embryos of different age. Highly active CA cells on day 40 contain abundant ring-form mitochondria, whereas CA cells of low activity on days 28 and 64 contain mitochondria that are rod-shaped or globular. Mitochondrial cristae were scarce and indistinct on day 28 but numerous and well developed on day 64. Endoplasmic reticula (ER) are rare on day 28 and appear in increasing numbers when CA activity rises. On day 40, ER are abundant and often exhibit a whorl-like appearance which is not observed on day 28. After day 44, when biosynthetic activity is declining, whorls of ER gradually decrease in number and are ultimately replaced by vesicular smooth ER on day 64. Neurosecretions are found only after day 38, by which time rates of JH synthesis have increased substantially from those of day 28. Except for membranous autophagic vacuoles, which are frequently found when ER whorls disintegrate as rates of JH synthesis decline toward birth, most autophagic vesicles such as multivesicular vesicles and dense bodies occur only sporadically among CA cells at all examined ages. We conclude that synchronous autophagy of exhausted organelles, which results in atrophy of CA cells and long-term arrest of JH synthesis in adult females of D. punctata, does not occur in embryos. The slow cyclic change in rate of JH synthesis in embryonic CA is most likely due to asynchronous autophagic activity and to alterations in certain unique features of intracellular organelles.