双峰驼睾丸和隐睾细胞外基质相关蛋白的组织化学特征及超微结构比较

为探索细胞外基质相关蛋白在隐睾双峰驼的分布情况及其组织化学特征,应用电镜技术和多种组织化学方法比较了隐睾和正常睾丸的超微结构,组织化学特点及层粘连蛋白（LN）、Ⅳ型胶原（Col Ⅳ）和硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白（HSPG）的分布特征。结果显示：(1)与正常睾丸间质结构相比,光镜下隐睾生精小管发育不全,间质内胶原纤维稀疏,网状纤维分布明显,间质血管及生精小管固有膜PAS及AB-PAS阳性反应较弱。电镜下,隐睾生精上皮基膜明显增生,外围I型胶原纤维较少,管周肌样细胞不典型;间质毛细血管及Leydig细胞周围纤维细胞多见,而正常睾丸在间质毛细血管及Leydig细胞周围多分布有成纤维细胞。(2) 免疫组织化学染色显示,正常睾丸组织的Col Ⅳ、LN及HSPG在Leydig细胞内均为强阳性表达,Col Ⅳ和LN在毛细血管内皮细胞强阳性表达,后者在Sertoli细胞的表达尤为明显,HSPG在精原细胞无表达;隐睾时Col Ⅳ、LN及HSPG在Leydig细胞内阳性表达均明显减弱,Col Ⅳ、LN在管周肌样细胞及毛细血管内皮细胞阳性表达也减弱明显,HSPG在精原细胞较强阳性表达,且在精子细胞呈强阳性表达。免疫组织化学图像分析结果显示,双峰驼正常睾丸组织中Col Ⅳ和LN的分布显著高于隐睾组织（P<0.05）,HSPG检测结果在正常睾丸与隐睾之间无统计学差异（P>0.01）。该研究表明,双峰驼隐睾生精小管发育异常,间质组织中合成胶原纤维的能力下降,睾丸细胞外基质的重要成分Col Ⅳ,LN与正常组差异显著与生精小管及Leydig细胞异常发育有关,而HSPG在隐睾生精上皮的强阳性表达与精原细胞发育不成熟密切相关。     

Relationship between regulatory and type 1 T cells in dogs with oral malignant melanoma

Recent data suggest a decreased prevalence of IFN‐γ‐producing T lymphocytes (Type 1 T cells) in tumor‐bearing hosts. Moreover, it has been reported that Treg have a strong impact on the activation and proliferation of CD4 (+) and CD8 (+) lymphocytes; however, no previous reports have described the relationship between Treg and the progression of tumor, or Type 1 T cell populations in dogs with malignant tumor. In this study, the percentage of Treg, Th1, and Tc1 in the peripheral blood of dogs with oral malignant melanoma and healthy dogs was measured and compared. Although the percentages of Th1 and Tc1 in dogs with oral malignant melanoma were less than those in healthy dogs (Th1: P < 0.01, Tc1: P < 0.05), the percentage of Treg was increased (P < 0.01). A significant inverse correlation between the percentage of Tc1 and the clinical tumor stage (P < 0.01), and a significant correlation between that of Treg and the clinical tumor stage (P < 0.001) was found. Moreover, there was a significant inverse correlation between the percentages of Treg and Th1 (P < 0.05) or Tc1 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the percentage of Treg increases with the tumor stage in the peripheral blood of dogs with oral malignant melanoma. In dogs, Treg appears to suppress Type 1 immunity, which may be responsible for anti‐tumor responses.     

T-helper (Th)1/Th2 imbalance in the peripheral blood of dogs with malignant tumor

T helper type 1 cell (Th1)/Th2 imbalance has been observed in a variety of pathological conditions, including malignant diseases. We evaluated the Th1/Th2 in peripheral blood Th cells by means of intracytoplasmic cytokine analysis in 11 dogs with advanced malignant tumor; four of them showed metastatic tumor. The percentage of Th1 was significantly lower and the percentage of Th2 was significantly higher in diseased dogs compared to healthy dogs. The percentage of Th1 in three patients with metastatic tumor was significantly lower than that in the patients with non-metastatic tumor. We conclude that the Th1/Th2 balance was polarized to Th2 in dogs with cancer.     

Plasma insulin-like peptide 3 and testosterone concentrations in male dogs: changes with age and effects of cryptorchidism

The objectives were to: (1) develop a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to measure insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) in canine plasma; (2) investigate changes of plasma concentrations of INSL3 and testosterone with age in normal male dogs; and (3) compare hormonal concentrations among cryptorchid, normal, and castrated dogs to evaluate endocrine function of the Leydig cell component in retained testes. Blood samples were taken from normal male dogs from prepubertal age to advanced age (4 mo to 14 y, n = 89), and from unilateral cryptorchid (n = 31), bilateral cryptorchid (n = 7), and castrated dogs (n = 3). Canine plasma INSL3 was measured with a newly developed TRFIA. The minimum detection limit of the INSL3 assay was 0.02 ng/ml and the detection range was 0.02 to 20 ng/ml. Plasma INSL3 concentrations increased (P < 0.05) from prepubertal age (4-6 mo) to pubertal age (6-12 mo), and then declined (P < 0.05) from pubertal age to post-pubertal age (1-5 y), reaching a plateau. Plasma testosterone concentrations increased (P < 0.0001) dramatically from prepubertal to pubertal ages, and then seemed to plateau. Concentrations of both INSL3 and testosterone were lower (P < 0.0001 for each) in bilateral cryptorchid dogs than in normal and unilateral cryptorchid dogs. The INSL3 (range: 0.05-0.43 ng/ml) and testosterone (range: 0.10-0.94 ng/ml) concentrations were readily detected in bilateral cryptorchids, but not in castrated dogs (INSL3 < 0.02 ng/ml; testosterone < 0.04 ng/ml). In conclusion, plasma INSL3 concentrations in male dogs measured by a newly developed TRFIA had a transient surge at a pubertal age, whereas testosterone did not. Lower plasma concentrations of INSL3 and testosterone in bilateral cryptorchid dogs suggest impaired endocrine functions of Leydig cell component in paired retained testes. Therefore, peripheral plasma INSL3 and testosterone concentrations have potential diagnostic value in predicting the presence of bilaterally retained testes in male dogs.     

Changes in somatotypes of European males between 17 and 24 years

In order to examine the possible changes in somatotype of young males, 14 boys who had been somatotyped annually from 11 to 18 years by the Health-Carter anthropometric rating method were re-somatotyped at 24 years. The analysis focused on years 17, 18 and 24. Discriminant analysis, somatotype dispersion indices and distances, and the I-index were used to analyze the data. The findings showed a significant shift in somatotype from ectomorphmesomorph towards endo-mesomorphy between 17 and 24 years. This shift was greater than that observed by Zuk ('58), and was in the same direction. It is hypothesized that the somatotypes of males become more endo-mesomorphic from 17 years to the mid-twenties.     

The role of oxytocin in relationships between dogs and humans and potential applications for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs

The hormone oxytocin plays an important role in attachment formation and bonding between humans and domestic dogs. Recent research has led to increased interest in potential applications for intranasal oxytocin to aid with the treatment of psychological disorders in humans. While a few studies have explored the effects of intranasally administered oxytocin on social cognition and social bonding in dogs, alternative applications have not yet been explored for the treatment of behavioural problems in this species. One potentially important application for intranasal oxytocin in dogs could be the treatment of separation anxiety, a common attachment disorder in dogs. Here we provide an overview of what is known about the role of oxytocin in the human–dog bond and canine separation anxiety, and discuss considerations for future research looking to integrate oxytocin into behavioural treatment based on recent findings from both the human and dog literature.     

Comparison of testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 secretions in response to human chorionic gonadotropin in cultured interstitial cells from scrotal and retained testes in dogs

Levels of testosterone and insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) secretions in response to different doses of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in cultured interstitial cells were compared between retained and scrotal testes in dogs. Retained (n=10) and scrotal (n=9) testes were obtained from small-breed dogs. The testicular tissues were dispersed in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium with Ham's nutrient mixture containing 2000 PU/ml dispase II and 10% fetal bovine serum. The cells were plated with differing concentrations (0-10 IU/ml) of hCG for 18 h in multiwell-plates. Testosterone and INSL3 in the same spent medium were measured by enzyme-immunoassays (EIA). A new EIA with a reliable detection range of 0.025-5 ng/ml was developed in order to measure canine INSL3 in culture medium. Dose-dependent stimulation of testosterone by hCG was observed in the cells of both retained and scrotal testes. The incremental rate of testosterone secretion was significantly lower at 0.1, 1 and 10 IU/ml hCG in the cells of retained testes than in scrotal testes, however. INSL3 secretion was significantly stimulated at 10 IU/ml hCG relative to unstimulated controls comprising cells of scrotal testes; no such stimulation was observed in the cells of retained testes. At 10 IU/ml hCG, the incremental rate of INSL3 was significantly lower in the cells of retained testes than scrotal testes. These results suggest that LH-induced secretory testosterone and INSL3 responses are lower in the interstitial cells of retained testes than of scrotal testes. Furthermore, the high concentrations of LH may acutely stimulate INSL3 release in scrotal testes of dogs, but not in retained testes.     

Fear of dogs in a community sample: Effects of age,gender and prior experience of canine aggression

Abstract

An investigation was conducted into human fear of dogs and experiences of canine aggression in an adult community sample (n = 292). Consistent with expectations, it was found that, while fear of dogs was relatively common (present in almost half the respondents), fear of dog attacks was less so, and extreme fear of dog attacks was very rare. Women, middle-aged and older adults were more likely to fear dogs than men and younger adults, while older people were more likely than younger ones to fear dog attacks. Reported encounters with canine aggression, particularly threatening behavior, were relatively common, but having been attacked by a dog was less strongly related to fear of dogs than having been threatened by a dog. Logistic regression analyses revealed that being female, having been threatened by a dog, and being older were strong predictors of dog-related fear, while being older and obtaining higher scores on a measure of trait anxiety predicted fear of dog attacks.     

Prevalence of staphylococcal enterotoxins in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs with pyoderma and healthy dogs

To investigate the role of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in the pathogenesis of pyoderma, isolates from dogs with pyoderma and healthy dogs were analyzed. According to reverse passive latex agglutination, 14/184 isolates (7.6%) from dogs with pyoderma and 9/87 (10.3%) from healthy dogs produced SEs (SEA, SEC or SED). According to multiplex PCR, 99 isolates (53.7%) from dogs with pyoderma and 97 (90.8%) from healthy dogs possessed one or more se genes. There was no significant difference regarding ses between dogs with pyoderma and healthy dogs. Therefore, SEs may not be a direct virulence factor in pyoderma.     

中青年2型糖尿病患者并发轻度认知功能障碍相关影响因素研究

摘要 目的：探究中青年2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者并发轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的临床特点及相关影响因素。方法：选择2020年2月-2020年10月在上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院收治的中青年（18~60岁）T2DM患者,用蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）对患者进行认知功能测评,根据结果分为认知功能正常组（MoCA≥26分）和MCI组（MoCA＜26分）。收集两组患者的一般资料、生化指标以及认知功能量表得分进行两组比较,并采用Logistic回归分析中青年T2DM患者合并MCI的影响因素。结果：共收集161例中青年T2DM患者,其中认知功能正常者101例（62.73%）,MCI者60例（37.27%）。MCI组在视空间与执行能力、命名、注意、语言、抽象及延迟回忆各维度的异常率均高于认知功能正常组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,其中以延迟回忆受损（98.33%）最常见,其次为语言受损（90.00%）和抽象受损（81.67%）。两组年龄、受教育程度、糖尿病病程、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）比较,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;以认知功能障碍作为因变量进行Logistic回归分析结果显示,糖尿病病程、HbA1c为中青年T2DM患者并发认知功能障碍的危险因素,受教育程度则是保护因素。结论：中青年T2DM患者认知功能障碍发生率较高,且以延迟回忆受损较为常见,糖尿病病程长、血糖控制不佳的中青年T2DM患者尤其需要注意认知功能的筛查。     

黑色素瘤患者血浆miR-21表达与临床病理特征的相关性

摘要 目的：探讨黑色素瘤患者血浆miR-21表达与临床病理特征的相关性。方法：2018年2月到2019年5月选择在本院诊治的黑色素瘤患者121作为黑色素瘤组,另选取同期良性皮肤肿瘤患者121例作为良性组。采集患者的空腹静脉血并提取血浆,采用qRT-PCR 技术检测血浆miR-21表达。调查患者的临床病理特征并进行相关性分析。结果：黑色素瘤组的血浆miR-21相对表达水平显著高于良性组(P<0.05)。在黑色素瘤组中,血浆miR-21相对表达水平与患者的年龄、性别、饮酒、肿瘤部位等无相关性(P>0.05),与临床分期、肿瘤转移、溃疡、吸烟等有显著相关性(P<0.05)。取miR-21诊断黑色素瘤的临界值(4.71),其诊断黑色素瘤的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为77.6 %、87.0 %和81.7 %。logistic 回归模型分析显示吸烟、溃疡、miR-21表达水平都为影响黑色素瘤发生的重要因素(P<0.05)。结论：miR-21变化在黑色素瘤中呈现高表达,且与临床特征显著相关性,早期鉴别诊断黑色素瘤的预后效果比较好,同时有助于提高患者的生存率与生活质量。     

Effects of an antagonist of neurokinin receptors 1, 2 and 3 on reproductive hormones in male beagle dogs

BACKGROUND: SCH 206272, a neurokinin 1, 2, and 3 receptor antagonist, administered to beagle dogs results in testicular toxicity. Therefore, a series of experiments were conducted to determine whether this observed toxicity was associated with changes in reproductive hormones and hypothalamic gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) levels. METHODS: Male beagle dogs were administered 30 mg/kg SCH 206272 for up to 7 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the dosing period for reproductive hormone analysis. Male reproductive organs were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the hypothalamus was stained for GnRH. RESULTS: Intact male dogs exhibited SCH 206272‐related decreases in pulsatility and magnitude of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, which were associated with seminiferous tubule degeneration, oligospermia, and epithelial atrophy in the prostate gland. Neutered dogs also exhibited SCH 206272‐related decreases in LH and FSH. In a subsequent reversibility study, intact male dogs exhibited decreased LH, testosterone, and FSH, which exhibited recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing; however, seminiferous tubule degeneration and oligospermia did not exhibit recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing. Dogs administered SCH 206272 also exhibited an increase in mean number of GnRH‐containing neurons in the hypothalamus and an increase in GnRH mRNA/neuron, which exhibited recovery by 2 weeks post‐dosing. CONCLUSIONS: SCH 206272‐dosed dogs exhibited rapid decreases in reproductive hormones and subsequent testicular pathology. Collectively, these changes in hormone levels suggest that the observed SCH 206272‐related reproductive tract findings are the result of alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal function. However, a direct effect on the testes cannot be definitively ruled out. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:517–525, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

脑胶质瘤组织CMTM1、ME2表达与临床病理特征和复发的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨脑胶质瘤组织含CKLF样MARVEL跨膜结构域的蛋白1（CMTM1）、苹果酸酶2（ME2）表达与临床病理特征和复发的关系。方法：选取2018年1月～2021年1月徐州医科大学附属医院接受切除手术的92例脑胶质瘤患者，根据术后是否复发分为复发组和未复发组。采用免疫组化法检测脑胶质瘤组织和瘤旁组织CMTM1、ME2表达，分析二者与临床病理特征的关系，采用多因素Logistic回归分析脑胶质瘤患者术后复发的影响因素。结果：与瘤旁组织比较，脑胶质瘤组织中CMTM1、ME2阳性表达率升高（P＜0.05）。不同分化程度、世界卫生组织（WHO）中枢神经系统肿瘤分类脑胶质瘤组织中CMTM1、ME2阳性表达率比较，差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。随访2年，92例脑胶质瘤患者术后复发率为47.83%（44/92）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，低分化、WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、部分切除和CMTM1、ME2阳性表达为脑胶质瘤患者术后复发的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：脑胶质瘤组织中CMTM1、ME2阳性表达率升高，与分化程度、WHO中枢神经系统肿瘤分类等级和术后复发有关，可能成为脑胶质瘤患者术后复发的辅助评估指标。     

Contribution of the scrotum,testes, and testicular artery to scrotal/testicular thermoregulation in bulls at two ambient temperatures

The objective of this study was to determine the contribution of the scrotum, testes, and the testicular artery to scrotal/testicular thermoregulation in bulls at two ambient temperatures. Crossbred beef bulls, 1.5 years of age, were placed in controlled environment chambers at ambient temperatures of 15°C (n = 5) or 25°C (n = 6). The distal lateral aspects and entire ventral part of the scrotum was incised under caudal epidural anaesthesia (xylazine, 0.07 mg kg⁻¹). Both testes were withdrawn from the scrotum and then replaced and maintained by clamping the scrotal incisions with towel clamps. One testis was randomly chosen to be the exposed testis and was withdrawn prior to temperature measurements. Surface and internal temperatures were measured with infrared thermography and needle thermocouples, respectively. Temperature gradients (°C; difference in temperature from top to bottom at 15 and at 25°C) were: scrotal surface (with testis), 1.5 and 1.3; scrotal surface (without testis), 2.1 and 1.6; surface of exposed testis, −0.6 and 0.0; sub-tunic of exposed testis, −2.2 and −0.6; intratesticular (covered testis), 0.0 and 0.4; and intratesticular (exposed testis), −1.3 and 0.4. The scrotum markedly affects testicular temperature but the testes have limited influence on scrotal surface temperature. The bovine scrotum and testes have opposing temperature gradients that complement one another, resulting in a relatively uniform intratesticular temperature. These temperature gradients are attributed in part to the testicular artery, which goes from the top of the testis to the bottom, divides into several branches and ramifies dorsally and laterally before entering the testicular parenchyma. Intra-arterial temperatures (measured with needle thermocouples) were lower (P < 0.05) where the artery entered the testis than at both the bottom and top of the testis for both the covered (31.7, 33.4 and 34.3°C) and exposed testis (29.6, 32.0 and 32.5°C) at an ambient temperature of 15°C. Temperature differences were similar, but less pronounced, at 25°C (covered testis, 34.8, 36.3 and 36.5°C; exposed testis, 32.4, 33.5, 33.9°C). Results supported the hypothesis that blood within the testicular artery has a similar temperature at the top of the testis (just ventral to the testicular vascular cone) compared with the bottom, but subsequently cools before entering the testicular parenchyma.