寄主抗性与黄龙病寄主植物次生化合物相关性初步探讨

本文通过使用甲醇浸泡浸提和气相色谱-质谱连用(GC-MS)方法,对黄龙病易感寄主椪柑Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Ponkan的健叶、病叶以及隐症寄主九里香Murraya paniculata(L.) Jack健叶中部分次生化合物的种类及相对含量进行了差异分析。结果显示:椪柑的健康叶片鉴定出32种次生化合物,感病叶片有31种,九里香健康叶片有21种。其中脂肪酸类和简单芳香族类化合物在3样本之间未显示差异;烷烃类化合物在椪柑健叶中含量较高,椪柑病叶和九里香健叶中相对较少;萜类、黄酮类和香豆素类化合物在椪柑健病间的含量相差无几,其中萜类和黄酮类显著多于九里香,而香豆素类则相反。萜类化合物α-石竹烯在椪柑健叶中未检出,但在其病叶和九里香健叶之间无显著差异,此外九里香中特有的萜类有α-姜黄烯(0.15%)、左旋-姜烯(1.00%)、β-倍半水芹烯(0.26%);特有且含量较高的香豆素类化合物主要为蛇床子素(13.97%);而黄酮类化合物在九里香中未检出。两种寄主植物之间以及同种植物在感病与不感病的状态下,次生化合物的种类及相对含量均有显著差异,并初步探讨了其与寄主抗性的相关性。     

不同提取方法对印度紫檀叶片挥发性成分的GC-MS分析

采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)、固相微萃取法(SPME)和动态顶空吸附法(DHA)三种方法提取的印度紫檀挥发性成分。结果表明:三种方法提取印度紫檀挥发油的化学成分有差异。同时蒸馏萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出25种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为35.29%;固相微萃取法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为乙酸叶醇酯,相对含量为33.62%;动态顶空吸附法提取印度紫檀挥发油鉴定出27种化合物,主要成分为2-硝基乙醇,相对含量为30.42%。三种方法共检测到2种相同组分,检出的主要物质是醇类、酯类和缩醛。     

大花蕙兰鲜花香气成分的研究

利用气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）分析技术对浙江栽培的大花蕙兰品种‘绿翡翠’（Cymbidium Hybrids）和‘台北小姐’（C.Miss Taipei）的鲜花进行了香气成分和含量的测定。结果表明：两种大花蕙兰香气成分的组成和含量存在明显差异,‘绿翡翠’的香气组成成分有43种,相对含量为97.13%,而‘台北小姐’有74种,相对含量为73.76%。两种大花蕙兰含有极少相同的化合物成分,相同成分4-甲基苯酚均为2个品种香气组分中含量最高的化合物,它与丙基环丙烷的总相对含量为53.97%,构成‘绿翡翠’的主要香气成分;与2-乙基丁醛和正己烷等23种化合物的总相对含量为55.15%,共同构成‘台北小姐’的主要香气成分。     

设施巨峰葡萄二次果果实品质及芳香化合物组分分析

为了明确设施栽培下巨峰葡萄二次果果实品质及芳香化合物组分,采用固相微萃取技术及气相-质谱联用技术测定芳香化合物含量,研究其果实品质及芳香物质相对含量与露地巨峰葡萄的差异。结果显示:(1)巨峰葡萄二次果较露地巨峰葡萄果实的单粒重、纵径、横径分别减少了8.23%、11.74%、10.63%,果实总糖含量提高了8.59%,可滴定酸含量有所提高但差异不显著,果肉Vc含量(1.47mg·kg-1)显著低于露地果实(2.00mg·kg-1),果皮原花青素含量(24.40mg·g-1)是露地果实的3.37倍,果实色泽较露地果实显著加深。(2)巨峰二次果中醛类化合物的相对含量最高,为53.55%;露地巨峰中酯类化合物的相对含量最高,为61.36%;乙酸乙酯在露地巨峰(51.00%)和二次果(33.65%)中的相对含量均较高,说明二者均具有明显的草莓香味;但巨峰二次果中相对含量最高的芳香化合物是2-己烯醛(41.14%),且显著高于露地果实中的相对含量(16.31%)。研究表明,巨峰二次果的总糖含量显著高于露地栽培巨峰,但二次果的果粒小;由于葡萄果实中的2-己烯醛对其芳香化合物的组分构成了非常重要的影响,改变了葡萄的果实风味,因此设施栽培下巨峰葡萄二次果果实在风味上与露地栽培果实存在一定差异。     

2种生物有机肥对葡萄芳香物质组分的影响

于7月22日对5年生‘贵人香’葡萄分别用生物有机肥Ⅰ号和Ⅱ号进行0.02%根施和0.01%叶面喷施处理,待果实成熟后(9月22日),采用固相微萃取技术及气相-质谱联用技术测定葡萄果实的芳香物质含量,以探讨2种生物有机肥对‘贵人香’葡萄果实香气组分的影响。结果表明,(1)2种生物有机肥各处理的芳香化合物的检出种类分别为33、28、31、27种,均显著高于对照的22种,但对芳香化合物检出率的影响不显著。(2)使用生物有机肥对‘贵人香’葡萄果实中相对含量最多的4种芳香化合物2-己烯醛、己醛、2-己烯-1-醇、1-己醇的影响不显著,但可显著提高具有特殊香味的橙花醇、里那醇、松油醇、大马酮的相对含量,其中根施0.02%生物有机肥Ⅰ号与对照的差异最显著,橙花醇、里那醇、大马酮相对含量较对照分别提高了320.0%、485.7%、860.0%,松油醇的相对含量为0.63%,在对照中未检测出。(3)使用生物有机肥可以显著提高葡萄果实中酮、酯、酸、苯衍生物、烯烃类化合物相对含量,各处理均显著高于对照。     

南京椴花化学成分鉴定及不同发育时期黄酮类化合物差异分析

【目的】研究南京椴花化学成分及其主要成分黄酮类化合物在不同发育时期的变化规律,为后续采用多组学手段探究椴树花中重要药用化合物的代谢通路及调控机制解析奠定基础,同时为椴树花的采收提供理论依据。【方法】以10年生南京椴为试验材料,用超高效液相色谱串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)技术分析南京椴花中代谢物组分及类黄酮含量差异。【结果】(1)南京椴花中共鉴定得到46种化合物,其中有机酸及其衍生物13种、香豆素及其衍生物4种、酯1种、类黄酮28种。(2)盛花期是南京椴花中代谢物发生显著变化的分界点,与蕾期相比,开花期间代谢物变化更明显。(3)多重比较分析显示：26种黄酮类化合物在不同时期花中含量差异显著(P<0.05),阿福豆苷、山奈苷、槲皮苷、橙皮苷、花旗松素和芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸在盛花期相对含量较高,原花青素A2和3种原花青素三聚体在末蕾期含量较高。【结论】发育状态可作为判断南京椴花中次级代谢物含量的重要因素,末蕾期的标志性化合物是原花青素A2,盛花期的标志性化合物是芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖醛酸,末蕾期和盛花期均具有采收价值。     

濒危植物夏蜡梅黄酮化合物薄层色谱分析

采用薄层层析法对不同居群夏蜡梅(Sinocalycanthus chinensis)叶、同一居群夏蜡梅不同营养器官中的黄酮化合物进行分离,并以芦丁为标准品通过双波长锯齿扫描作定量分析。结果表明:不同居群夏蜡梅叶片中黄酮化合物含量以鸡窝坪居群最高,中坪居群次之,龙塘山居群最低,除双石边和白水坞两个居群差异不显著外,其它各居群间差异均达到显著水平;同一居群夏蜡梅黄酮化合物在不同营养器官中含量不同,叶片中含量显著高于其它营养器官,根、茎、一年生枝和二年生枝等4个营养器官中黄酮化合物含量差异不显著。薄层层析法分离黄酮化合物组分结果显示,除大明山居群叶片黄酮化合物为5种组分外,其它居群叶片均为7种组分;大明山居群夏蜡梅的根、茎、一年生枝和二年生枝等营养器官黄酮化合物均为6种组分,叶片中缺少Rf值为0.66的化合物。     

HPLC-Q—TOF／MS分析脐橙果实中的类黄酮

采用高效液相色谱分离、串联四极杆-飞行时间质谱正离子模式检测‘红肉脐橙’和‘清家脐橙’果实黄皮层、白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中的主要类黄酮。根据保留时间、精确质荷比、二级质谱以及标准品化合物验证,确定了脐橙不同组织中含量较高的甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素等13种类黄酮。依据峰面积比较相对含量,认为脐橙黄皮层中类黄酮含量丰富,白皮层和囊衣中类黄酮含量次之,汁胞中类黄酮相对含量较少。黄皮层中以甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素和橘皮素等多甲氧基黄酮为主,而白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中的类黄酮以橙皮苷、柚皮苷为主。脐橙相同组织如白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中类黄酮的相对含量在品种间无显著差异,但橙皮苷、3,5,6,7,3’,4’-六甲氧基黄酮和橘皮素在两品种的黄皮层中相对含量差异显著。研究结果为进一步研究和综合利用脐橙的活性物质提供了科学依据。     

HPLC-Q-TOF/MS分析脐橙果实中的类黄酮

采用高效液相色谱分离、串联四极杆-飞行时间质谱正离子模式检测‘红肉脐橙’和‘清家脐橙’果实黄皮层、白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中的主要类黄酮。根据保留时间、精确质荷比、二级质谱以及标准品化合物验证,确定了脐橙不同组织中含量较高的甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素等13种类黄酮。依据峰面积比较相对含量,认为脐橙黄皮层中类黄酮含量丰富,白皮层和囊衣中类黄酮含量次之,汁胞中类黄酮相对含量较少。黄皮层中以甜橙黄酮、川陈皮素和橘皮素等多甲氧基黄酮为主,而白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中的类黄酮以橙皮苷、柚皮苷为主。脐橙相同组织如白皮层、囊衣和汁胞中类黄酮的相对含量在品种间无显著差异,但橙皮苷、3,5,6,7,3',4'-六甲氧基黄酮和橘皮素在两品种的黄皮层中相对含量差异显著。研究结果为进一步研究和综合利用脐橙的活性物质提供了科学依据。     

厚朴野生种与栽培种花不同部位香气成分分析

以厚朴野生种和栽培种苞片刚裂开的花苞为试材,采用固相微萃取和气相色谱—质谱(GC/MS)分析技术对其进行香气成分和相对含量的测定,比较分析了花朵不同部位香气成分的差异。结果表明：厚朴野生种共有39种香气成分,雌雄蕊中26种,花瓣中22种,栽培种中75种香气成分,雌雄蕊中49种,花瓣中54种。萜烯类是两种厚朴花苞中最重要的香气化合物,莰烯、罗勒烯异构体混合物、石竹烯、芳樟醇是野生种和栽培种中共有的相对含量较高的香气成分。厚朴野生种和栽培种间以及同种厚朴雌雄蕊与花瓣之间的香气成分的种类和相对含量差异显著。     

Seasonal patterns of terpene content and emission from seven Mediterranean woody species in field conditions

The seasonal pattern of terpene content and emission by seven Mediterranean woody species was studied under field conditions. Emission rates were normalized at 30°C and 1000 μmol·m·s PFD (photosynthetic photon flux density). Bupleurum fruticosum, Pinus halepensis, and Cistus albidus stored large amounts of terpenes (0.01-1.77% [dry matter]) with maximum values in autumn and minimum values in spring. They emitted large amounts of terpenes (2-40 μg·g DM·h), but with no clear seasonal trend except for Cistus albidus, which had maximum values in spring and minimum values in autumn. The nonstoring species Arbutus unedo, Erica arborea, Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex also emitted large amounts of terpenes (0-40 μg·g DM·h) and also tended to present maximum emission rates in spring, although this trend was significant only for A. unedo. At the seasonal scale, emission rates did not follow changes in photosynthetic rates; instead, they mostly followed changes in temperature. From autumn to spring, the least volatile monoterpenes such as limonene were emitted at highest rates, whereas the most volatile monoterpenes such as α-pinene and β-pinene were the most emitted in summer. The monoterpene emission rates represented a greater percentage of the photosynthetic carbon fixation in summer (from 0.51% in Arbutus unedo to 5.64% in Quercus coccifera) than in the rest of the seasons. All these seasonality trends must be considered when inventorying and modeling annual emission rates in Mediterranean ecosystems.     

Volatile terpenes – mediators of plant-to-plant communication

Plants interact with other organisms employing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The largest group of plant-released VOCs are terpenes, comprised of isoprene, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are well-known communication compounds in plant–insect interactions, whereas the smallest, most commonly emitted terpene, isoprene, is rather assigned a function in combating abiotic stresses. Recently, it has become evident that different volatile terpenes also act as plant-to-plant signaling cues. Upon being perceived, specific volatile terpenes can sensitize distinct signaling pathways in receiver plant cells, which in turn trigger plant innate immune responses. This vastly extends the range of action of volatile terpenes, which not only protect plants from various biotic and abiotic stresses, but also convey information about environmental constraints within and between plants. As a result, plant–insect and plant–pathogen interactions, which are believed to influence each other through phytohormone crosstalk, are likely equally sensitive to reciprocal regulation via volatile terpene cues. Here, we review the current knowledge of terpenes as volatile semiochemicals and discuss why and how volatile terpenes make good signaling cues. We discuss how volatile terpenes may be perceived by plants, what are possible downstream signaling events in receiver plants, and how responses to different terpene cues might interact to orchestrate the net plant response to multiple stresses. Finally, we discuss how the signal can be further transmitted to the community level leading to a mutually beneficial community-scale response or distinct signaling with near kin.     

9种唇形科芳香植物挥发性萜类成分的比较分析

采用正己烷萃取法，结合GC-MS（气相色谱-质谱联用）技术，并通过谱库、保留指数和文献检索定性，内标法定量，分析9种唇形科芳香植物叶片的挥发性萜类成分并比较其差异，所得结果不仅为芳香植物的高效利用、合理开发提供参考，还为植物萜类的代谢研究提供依据。结果显示：从9种芳香植物中共检测到77种挥发性萜类物质，藿香中检测到的种类最多，为46种，迷迭香（35种）、百里香（33种）、药用鼠尾草（33种）和美国薄荷（31种）次之，石竹烯和蛇麻烯为9种植物共有成分。迷迭香中检测到的挥发性萜类的含量最高，其次是药用鼠尾草和藿香。单萜类成上分明显高于倍半萜类，因此迷迭香、药用鼠尾草、藿香、百里香和美国薄荷，较适宜作为提取挥发性萜类的材料；香蜂花只适宜柠檬醛的提取，牛至、凤梨鼠尾草和南欧丹参不适宜作为提取挥发性萜类的材料。上述芳香植物在正常环境中生成单萜类化合物的能力高于生成倍半萜类化合物的能力，可能与其含有的萜类合酶有关。     

Seasonal contrasting changes of foliar concentrations of terpenes and other volatile organic compound in four dominant species of a Mediterranean shrubland submitted to a field experimental drought and warming

To test the effect of forecasted drought and warming conditions for the next decades by GCM and ecophysiological models on foliar concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and especially of volatile terpenes, we studied four typical Mediterranean woody plants (Pinus halepensis L., Pistacia lentiscus L., Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Globularia alypum L.) under a field experimental drought and warming generated using automatically sliding curtains. Terpenes were detected in the four studied species (R. officinalis L., P halepensis L., Pistacia lentiscus L. and G. alypum L.). In general, maximum concentrations of terpenes were found in the coldest periods and minimum concentrations in the summer. Their concentrations ranged between 0.003 mg g^?1 DM (eugenol) in G. alypum under drought conditions and 37 mg g^?1 DM in R. officinalis under control conditions. Main volatile terpenes found in all studied species except in G. alypum were α‐pinene, camphene, β‐pinene, β‐phellandrene and caryophyllene. In general, VOC leaf concentrations increased when soil moisture increased and decreased when air temperature increased. However, contrasting not consistent responses to the drought and warming treatments were found among species, seasons and years. For example, in P. halepensis, the concentrations decreased in response to drought in winter and instead increased in summer. Contrarily, drought decreased concentrations in summer and increased them in winter in Pistacia lentiscus. In any case, the data on seasonal VOC concentration in Mediterranean woody species provided here will add new knowledge of seasonal variation in essential oil contents of these species. These data might help in the study of flammability of Mediterranean ecosystems and in improving prediction algorithms, inventories and modelling of monoterpene emissions in response to climate change, which mostly do not consider the changes in concentration under drought stress. However, the lack of general and consistent response patterns to increasing drought and warming among species, seasons and years found here makes this task difficult.     

Transformation of Terpenoids in Grape Must by Botrytis cinerea

Experiments were done to investigate the volatile components in botrytized grape must and transformation of terpenoids in terpene-supplemented grape must by Botrytis cinerea. Twenty-eight compounds were identified in the volatile concentrate of botrytized must with a combined gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. No terpenoids were detected in the concentrate. Linalool or terpinen-4-ol decreased a lot when Botrytis cinerea was cultured in the must with these terpenes for 15 days. In linalool-supplemented botrytized must 9 identified and 3 unidentified terpenes were found, while only geranial was detected in terpinen-4-ol-supplemented botrytized must. Botrytis cinerea did not produce terpenoid in grape must without terpenes, but transformed linalool added to grape must into some other monoterpenes.     

多裂翅果菊的挥发油成分

用GC/MS联用技术分离鉴定河南桐柏产多裂翅果菊 (Pterocypselalaciniata)挥发油的化学成分 ,应用峰面积归一化法测定各组分的相对含量 ,共鉴定出 3 5种化合物 ,占挥发油总量的 79.0 3 % ,主要为长链脂肪烃和萜烯类及其含氧衍生物等。     

Study of the volatile compounds produced by Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 during the fermentation of detoxified concentrated distilled grape marc hemicellulosic hydrolysates

The volatile compounds produced by Debaryomyces hansenii NRRL Y-7426 during the fermentation of detoxified concentrated distilled grape marc hemicellulosic hydrolysates was analysed by GC?CMS. Thirty-five compounds corresponding to ten groups of volatile compounds: terpenes, higher alcohols, C₆ alcohols, aldehydes, volatile acids, acetates, ethyl esters, volatile phenols, sulphur compounds and hydrocarbons were identified. The supplementation with commercial nutrients increased the concentration of 2-phenylethanol, a commercial flavour and fragrance compound, with a rose-like odour, employed in cosmetics and food industries; and other positive compounds to the aroma such as terpenes and ethyl esters. Non-supplemented media produced the highest content in higher alcohols, volatile acids, sulphur compounds and in the majority of hydrocarbons detected, meanwhile supplementation with vinasses hardly produced volatile compounds. Only four volatile compounds contributed directly to the aroma according to the OAVs values higher than 1. Finally, a PCA analysis allowed accounting for 100?% of the variance.     

Evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emissions across 202 tropical tree species

Plant responses to natural enemies include formation of secondary metabolites acting as direct or indirect defenses. Volatile terpenes represent one of the most diverse groups of secondary metabolites. We aimed to explore evolutionary patterns of volatile terpene emission. We measured the composition of damage‐induced volatile terpenes from 202 Amazonian tree species, spanning the angiosperm phylogeny. Volatile terpenes were extracted with solid‐phase micro extraction and desorbed in a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for compound identification. The chemical diversity of the terpene blend showed a strong phylogenetic signal as closely related species emitted a similar number of compounds. Closely related species also tended to have compositionally similar blends, although this relationship was weak. Meanwhile, the ability to emit a given compound showed no significant phylogenetic signal for 200 of 286 compounds, indicating a high rate of diversification in terpene synthesis and/or great variability in their expression. Three lineages (Magnoliales, Laurales, and Sapindales) showed exceptionally high rates of terpene diversification. Of the 70 compounds found in >10% of their species, 69 displayed significant correlated evolution with at least one other compound. These results provide insights into the complex evolutionary history of volatile terpenes in angiosperms, while highlighting the need for further research into this important class of compounds.     

Differences in volatile terpene composition between the bark and leaves of tropical tree species

Volatile terpenes are among the most diverse class of defensive compounds in plants, and they are implicated in both direct and indirect defense against herbivores. In terpenes, both the quantity and the diversity of compounds appear to increase the efficiency of defense as a diverse blend of compounds provides a more efficient protection against a broader range of herbivores and limits the chances that an enemy evolves resistance. Theory predicts that plant defensive compounds should be allocated differentially among tissues according to the value of the tissue, its cost of construction and the herbivore pressure on it. We collected volatile terpenes from bark and leaves of 178 individual tree belonging to 55 angiosperm species in French Guiana and compare the kind, amount, and diversity of compounds in these tissues. We hypothesized that in woody plants, the outermost part of the trunk should hold a more diverse blend of volatile terpenes. Additionally, as herbivore communities associated with the leaves is different to the one associated with the bark, we also hypothesized that terpene blends should be distinct in the bark vs. the leaves of a given species. We found that the mixture of volatile terpenes released by bark is different and more diverse than that released by leaves, both in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. This supports our hypothesis and further suggests that the emission of terpenes by the bark should be more important for trunk defense than previously thought.     

Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Distillates Purified by Means of Molecular Distillation from Ginger Extract Obtained with Supercritical CO2 Fluid

The ginger extract obtained with supercritical CO₂ fluid was purified by molecular distillation (MD), and the chemical compositions, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of ginger extract and its distillates were investigated. Analysis revealed that the ginger extract was rich in terpene hydrocarbons, along with oxygenated terpenes and other non‐volatile compounds. The MD distillates were prepared in a series of stages and the active compounds like terpenes and gingerols could be separated by MD. The major compounds of the distillates purified by MD at 40 °C, 80 Pa and 60 °C, 80 Pa were terpene hydrocarbons. Additional distillates obtained by MD at 80 °C, 80 Pa and 100 °C, 60 Pa were predominated by terpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated terpenes. Until the operating conditions of MD reached 150 °C and 2 Pa, some non‐volatile compounds were concentrated in the final distillate. Moreover, antioxidant activities and the cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cells in final MD distillate were superior to other extracts, and this phenomenon could be mainly supported by the phenols. The MD could be used to prepare ginger distillates with better antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.