杉木人工林木材力学性质与纤维形态关系的研究

应用正交试验设计方法对不同林龄、立地条件和林分密下杉木人林木材力学性质,纤维形态的测定结果为基础,采用多元线性回归方法,对杉木人工林木材力学性质与纤维形态的关系进行相关分析和回归分析,结果表明：杉木人工林木材顺纹抗压强度,抗弯强度等十一项力学性质指标与纤维长度,纤维宽度、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比之间存在极显著的相关关系。     

腐殖质土添加杉木屑对金线莲生长及活性成分的影响

目的：研究腐殖质土添加不同腐熟程度杉木屑对金线莲生长与活性成分的影响。方法：以金线莲组培苗为材料,设置100%腐殖质土（处理A）、40%腐熟杉木屑+60%腐殖质土（处理B）、40%未腐熟杉木屑+60%腐殖质土（处理C）3个处理,测定金线莲生长指标以及活性成分含量,分析腐殖质土中添加不同腐熟程度杉木屑对杉木下仿野生栽培金线莲生长及活性成分的影响。结果：种植在处理B中的金线莲幼苗保存率最高,达到了84.80%;幼苗茎粗、叶片数、叶片长、叶片宽、根长的增长量均高于其余2个处理;总黄酮与生物碱含量分别比处理A与处理C高出1.17%、25.63%和3.55%、11.34%。结论：腐殖质土中添加杉木屑可提高金线莲保存率,促进金线莲生长,其中60%腐殖土+40%腐熟杉木屑栽培效果最佳,值得进一步推广。     

江西省九连山自然保护区的天然杉木

杉木(Canninghamia lanceolata)是我国南方的主要针叶造林树种,分布广,生长快,材质好,在我国木材生产中占重要地位。因此,对于人工造林的杉木,研究资料颇多。此外,杉木也自生我国南方的天然常绿阔叶林中。但是由于它是阳性树种,所占比例甚微,所以对于天然杉木,却极少研究。     

杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长对光强的响应

设置不同光强梯度(透光率分别为100%、40%、20%、10%和5%,光照强度PPFD分别为201.3、77.0、37.5、19.2、9.8 μmol·m^-2·s^-1),研究光对杉木种子萌发和幼苗早期生长的影响,分析杉木种子萌发、幼苗存活、生长、形态响应、生物量积累及其分配格局对不同光环境的响应策略.结果表明: 杉木种子的萌发率、存活率、建植率和萌发指数在不同光强梯度下均有显著差异,且40%的透光率是种子最适萌发条件,萌发率最高,而全光照下存活率和建植率最高;随光照强度的减弱,杉木幼苗茎长增大,根长、子叶长、子叶厚、真叶数呈降低趋势,而基径在各光照强度间无显著差异;总生物量、根生物量、茎生物量、叶生物量均表现为全光照下最大.随着光照强度的减弱,光合组织与非光合组织生物量比、叶生物量比呈降低趋势,茎生物量比呈增加趋势,根冠比和根生物量比无显著差异.弱光环境促进杉木种子萌发,不利于杉木幼苗存活和生长.在弱光环境下,杉木幼苗通过增大茎生物量来提高对弱光环境的耐受力.     

遗传改良对杉木针叶和种实性状的影响

为揭示遗传改良对主要造林用材树种叶和种实性状的影响,阐明性状的变异趋势,该研究以杉木第4轮育种的精选树(改良群体)、四省五地的表型优树与古树(未改良群体)为对象,调查了218个无性系的针叶和种实性状指标,采用方差分析和多重对比方法研究遗传改良对杉木及不同类型杉木的表型差异,并通过相关性分析探究遗传改良对杉木针叶和球果部分表型性状的影响,以及利用主成分分析和聚类分析进行了分类。结果表明:(1)未改良群体的针叶长、针叶宽和出籽率分别比改良群体小13.28%、10.81%和33.90%,其他性状表现为未改良群体大于改良群体,差异在10.90%～27.03%之间。未改良群体球果长、球果宽和出籽率的变异系数,分别比改良群体大9.14%、12.73%和15.38%。(2)球果长、球果宽、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽4个性状,在未改良群体中仅有球果长和球果宽(0.931)、苞鳞长和苞鳞宽(0.622)之间呈极显著正相关,经遗传改良后,该4个性状两两之间均呈显著或极显著正相关。(3)四川雅安(SCYA)的球果长和球果宽的性状比改良群体大48.83%和53.26%,安徽黄山(AHHS)的百粒重比改良群体大16.92%。(4)遗传改良导致松张型球果的杉木比例降低,紧包型和反翘型球果的杉木比例增加。综上认为,杉木的遗传改良导致球果大小下降,改变了不同针叶和球果类型的比例,同时会改变针叶性状和种实性状的相关性,将为杉木种质资源评价和未来多目标育种提供依据。     

杉木人工林养分循环随林龄变化的特征

为弄清杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)人工林不同林龄的养分循环特征, 为人工林丰产的经营管理提供科学依据, 利用湖南会同杉木林25年的定位连续测定数据, 根据杉木生长规律和养分吸收动态对杉木林不同林龄的养分循环进行了研究。结果表明: 对于同一林龄的杉木, 器官养分浓度大小依次为叶>枝>皮>根>干。林龄小于12年的, 杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而增高; 林龄大于12年的, 杉木养分浓度随林龄增加而降低。养分年均吸收量随林龄增长的变化曲线为双波峰。养分归还量随着林龄的增加逐渐增加。同一林龄, 各营养元素的利用效率都是磷(P) >钾(K) >氮(N) >镁(Mg) >钙(Ca)。林分郁闭后, 各营养元素的利用效率随着林木生长而增大。同一林龄, Ca、Mg的循环强度大于N、P, 各营养元素循环强度随林龄增长的变化曲线都为抛物线。同一林龄, N、P、K被杉木利用的时间比Ca、Mg长, 各元素被杉木利用的时间随着杉木生长的进行而缩短。研究显示: 不同林龄的养分吸收量除受生产量控制外, 还受这个林龄和前一个林龄杉木体内养分浓度的差异制约; 杉木体内养分再分配及贮备机制、杉木生长规律和不同生育阶段对养分的利用效率等共同调节控制着养分循环过程。     

制革污泥林业利用场水域的鳑鲏鱼外周血红细胞微核监测

制革污泥施入林地后,检测小流域地表水、土壤渗出水对鳑鲏鱼(Rhodeus sinensis)外周血红细胞微核的诱变.结果表明:在实验范围内,没有诱发鳑鲏鱼血红细胞微核率增高,制革污泥林业利用系统是安全的;但鲜制革污泥浸出水可诱发鳑鲏鱼外周血红细胞微核率增高,故制革污泥如不加任何处理而随意堆放,会对坏境造成污染.     

制革污泥林业利用场水域的Pang Pi鱼外周血红细胞微核监测

制革污泥施入林地后,检测小流域地表水、土壤渗出水对ＰａｎｇＰｉ鱼（Ｒｈｏｄｅｕｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）外周血红细胞微核的诱发。结果表明：在实验范围内,没有诱发ＰａｎｇＰｉ鱼血红细胞微核率增高,制革污泥林业利用系统是安全的;但鲜制革污泥浸出水可诱发ＰａｎｇＰｉ鱼外周血红细胞微核率增高,故制革污泥如不加任何处理而随意堆放,会对环境造成污染。     

制革污泥林业利用场水域的鳑鮍鱼外周血红细胞微核监测

制革污泥施入林地后,检测小流域地表水、土壤渗出水对鱼（Ｒｈｏｄｅｕｓｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）外周血红细胞微核的诱变。结果表明：在实验范围内,没有诱发鱼血红细胞微核率增高,制革污泥林业利用系统是安全的;但鲜制革污泥浸出水可诱发鱼外周血红细胞微核率增高,故制革污泥如不加任何处理而随意堆放,会对坏境造成污染。     

广西柳杉木材构造、材性研究

南丹大塘山林场所产的柳杉生长良好,年轮平均宽度达0.8cm左右,比生长在南丹的杉木还要宽,在木材构造方面,柳杉管胞(纤维)的长度、直径、胞壁厚度等都稍低于杉木,其中差距较大为早材管胞长度。从木材性质来看,除年轮宽度、弦径干缩比、弦面抗劈力、冲击韧性稍大于杉木外,余均稍低于杉木;柳杉木材质量系数为中质量,强度性质为低的一级,其他强重比如顺压、抗弯等虽稍低于杉木,但在一般用途可以适应的。无论在化工原料、原木利用,交通运输、一般用器都具有一定的经济价值。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan