亚洲薄荷的两个化学型

亚洲薄荷的两个化学型桂新,周荣汉（安徽中医学院中药系合肥２３００３８）（中国药科大学植物化学分类研究室南京２１００３８）ＴｗｏｃｈｅｍｏｔｙｐｅｓｏｆＭｅｎｔｈａａｓｉａｆｉｃａＢｏｒｉｓｓ￥ＣｈｏｕＧｕｉ－Ｘｉｎ（ＡｎｈｕｉＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＴｒａ...     

不同保藏方法对木瓜化学成份的影响

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分支系统学简评

分支系统学简评冷琴（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所,南京２１０００８）周巍（南京市玄武区花园路,南京２１００３７）１前言分支（支序）系统学（Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓ,Ｃｌａｄｉｓｔｉｃｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃｓ）,又称系统发育分类学（ｐｈｙｌｏｇｅｎｅｔｉｃ...     

3种中药前胡的氢谱鉴定和化学分类

３种中药前胡的氢谱鉴定和化学分类叶锦生,吴美玉,刘启新（江苏省植物研究所,中国科学院植物研究所,南京２１００１４）（江苏省化工研究所,南京２１００２４）Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｃｈｅｍｏｔａｘｏｎｏｍｙｏｆ３Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｃｒｕｄｅｄｒｕｇ...     

棒毛荠属属名的考证及其属模式学名的订正

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猪基因定位研究进展丁岳明,陈宜峰（南京师范大学生物系南京２１００２４）朱洪生（江苏省农林厅南京２１０００９）一、前言对家猪（ＳｕｓｓｏｒｏｆａＬ。）的基因定位工作可以追溯到本世纪六十年代。１９６４年,Ａｎｄｒｅｓｅｎ等［１］首次报道了猪的红细胞抗原Ｃ基因（ＥＡＣ）和Ｊ基因（ＥＡＪ）存在连锁关系。但早期的工作由于方法的限制,一直进展缓慢。     

染色体荧光原位杂交技术检测平衡易位的临床应用

染色体荧光原位杂交技术检测平衡易位的临床应用崔英霞商学军王咏梅（南京军区南京总医院全军医学检验中心,南京２１０００２）潘淑娟张锡然（南京师范大学生物系,南京２１００９７）ＣｌｉｎｉｃａｌＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＦｌｕｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｉｎｓｉｔｕＨ...     

鸡传染性贫血病毒研究进展

鸡传染性贫血病毒研究进展卢春，陈溥言，蔡宝祥（南京农业大学动物医学院，南京２１００９５）ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｓｏｆＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＣｈｉｃｋｅｎＡｎａｅｍｉａＶｉｒｕｓ￥ＬｕＣｈｕｎ；ＣｈｅｎＰｕｙａｎ；Ｂａｏｘｉａｎｇ（ＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＶｅｔｅｒｉ...     

苏南丘陵主要森林类型碳循环研究──含量与分布规律

苏南丘陵主要森林类型碳循环研究含量与分布规律阮宏华姜志林高苏铭１）（南京林业大学森林资源与环境学院,２１００３７）ＰｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｙＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆＣａｒｂｏｎＣｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎＴｈｒｅＴｙｐｅｓｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｓｉｎｔｈｅＨｉｌｙＲｅｇｉｏ...     

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Toxicity of citrus essential oils against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae

Citrus peel essential oils are considered to constitute the most important resistance factor of citrus fruits against fruit flies. Essential oils were obtained from three sweet orange varieties, one bitter orange and one lemon variety. Yield, chemical composition and toxicity against neonates of the Mediterranean fruit fly were determined. Based on chemical analysis, the toxicity of commercially purchased major and minor components (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) of essential oils was determined. In addition, fractions were prepared to evaluate the role of minor components in the toxicity of crude essential oils. Limonene was by far the most abundant ingredient (96.2–97.4%) in all sweet orange varieties and in bitter orange, while the concentration of limonene was much lower in lemon essential oils (74.3%). Orange and bitter orange essential oils were more toxic than lemon essential oils. The toxicity of orange and bitter orange essential oils was similar to that of their major component limonene. In tests of commercially purchased chemicals, the oxygenated components of essential oils were more toxic than hydrocarbons but their low concentration in citrus essential oils could not affect the toxic activity of essential oils. The presence of α-pinene and β-pinene seems to account for the lower toxicity of lemon essential oils in relation to other citrus essential oils. The importance of understanding the toxicity of essential oils in relation to their composition and their role regarding the resistance of citrus fruits to Ceratitis capitata infestation is discussed.     

植物精油在害虫防治上的应用

本文就应用植物精油防治害虫的研究集中在下列四方面进行了综述:1.精油对昆虫的吸引作用;2.精油对昆虫的忌避、拒食和生长发育抑制作用;3.精油对昆虫的毒杀作用;4.不同精油或精油与化学农药的混用及其产生的增效作用。     

Essential oils encapsulated in liposomes: a review

Abstract

In the recent years there has been an increased interest toward the biological activities of essential oils. However, essential oils are unstable and susceptible to degradation in the presence of oxygen, light and temperature. So, attempts have been made to preserve them through encapsulation in various colloidal systems such as microcapsules, microspheres, nanoemulsions and liposomes. This review focuses specifically on encapsulation of essential oils into liposomes. First, we present the techniques used to prepare liposomes encapsulating essential oils. The effects of essential oils and other factors on liposome characteristics such as size, encapsulation efficiency and thermal behavior of lipid bilayers are then discussed. The composition of lipid vesicles membrane, especially the type of phospholipids, cholesterol content, the molar ratio of essential oils to lipids, the preparation method and the kind of essential oil may affect the liposome size and the encapsulation efficiency. Several essential oils can decrease the size of liposomes, homogenize the liposomal dispersions, increase the fluidity and reduce the oxidation of the lipid bilayer. Moreover, liposomes can protect the fluidity of essential oils and are stable at 4–5?°C for 6 months at least. The applications of liposomes incorporating essential oils are also summarized in this review. Liposomes encapsulating essential oils are promising agents that can be used to increase the anti-microbial activity of the essential oils, to study the effect of essential oils on cell membranes, and to provide alternative therapeutic agents to treat several diseases.     

The in vitro Antimicrobial Activity and Chemometric Modelling of 59 Commercial Essential Oils against Pathogens of Dermatological Relevance

This study reports on the inhibitory concentration of 59 commercial essential oils recommended for dermatological conditions, and identifies putative compounds responsible for antimicrobial activity. Essential oils were investigated for antimicrobial activity using minimum inhibitory concentration assays. Ten essential oils were identified as having superior antimicrobial activity. The essential oil compositions were determined using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and the data analysed with the antimicrobial activity using multivariate tools. Orthogonal projections to latent structures models were created for seven of the pathogens. Eugenol was identified as the main biomarker responsible for antimicrobial activity in the majority of the essential oils. The essential oils mostly displayed noteworthy antimicrobial activity, with five oils displaying broad‐spectrum activity against the 13 tested micro‐organisms. The antimicrobial efficacies of the essential oils highlight their potential in treating dermatological infections and through chemometric modelling, bioactive volatiles have been identified.     

Antifungal effects of essential oils from oregano and fennel on Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

AIMS: The antifungal effects of essential oils of oregano (Origanum syriacum var. bevanii) and fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) were evaluated against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Effects of the essential oils on morphological structures of hyphae and sclerotia were studied under light and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Inhibitory effects of volatile and contact phases of the essential oils used were determined on hyphae and sclerotia. Both essential oils have a marked antifungal effect against S. sclerotiorum. Soil amendment with essential oils has significant effect on reducing sclerotial viability. Both essential oils significantly inhibited the fungal growth in soil, thereby increasing the number of surviving tomato seedling by 69.8% and 53.3%, respectively. Light and SEM observations on pathogen hyphae and sclerotia revealed considerable morphological alterations in hyphae and sclerotia. CONCLUSIONS: The significant reduction in the mycelial growth and germination of sclerotia would greatly reduce the pathogen inoculum source. This may influence the rate of disease development in soil. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Considering the reduction in the number of diseased plants in infested soil amended with essential oils, we concluded that oregano and fennel essential oils could be used as possible bio fungicides alternative to synthetic fungicides against phytopathogenic fungi.     

Plant essential oils synergize various pyrethroid insecticides and antagonize malathion in Aedes aegypti

Pyrethroid resistance is a significant threat to agricultural, urban and public health pest control activities. Because economic incentives for the production of novel active ingredients for the control of public health pests are lacking, this field is particularly affected by the potential failure of pyrethroid‐based insecticides brought about by increasing pyrethroid resistance. As a result, innovative approaches are desperately needed to overcome insecticide resistance, particularly in mosquitoes that transmit deadly and debilitating pathogens. Numerous studies have demonstrated the potential of plant essential oils to enhance the efficacy of pyrethroids. The toxicity of pyrethroids combined with plant oils is significantly greater than the baseline toxicity of either oils or pyrethroids applied alone, which suggests there are synergistic interactions between components of these mixtures. The present study examined the potential of eight plant essential oils applied in one of two concentrations (1% and 5%) to enhance the toxicity of various pyrethroids (permethrin, natural pyrethrins, deltamethrin and β‐cyfluthrin). The various plant essential oils enhanced the pyrethroids to differing degrees. The levels of enhancement provided by combinations of plant essential oils and pyrethroids in comparison with pyrethroids alone were calculated and synergistic outcomes characterized. Numerous plant essential oils significantly synergized a variety of pyrethroids; type I pyrethroids were synergized to a greater degree than type II pyrethroids. Eight plant essential oils significantly enhanced 24‐h mortality rates provided by permethrin and six plant essential oils enhanced 24‐h mortality rates obtained with natural pyrethrins. By contrast, only three plant essential plants significantly enhanced the toxicity of deltamethrin and β‐cyfluthrin. Of the plant essential oils that enhanced the toxicity of these pyrethroids, some produced varying levels of synergism and antagonism. Geranium, patchouli and Texas cedarwood oils produced the highest levels of synergism, displaying co‐toxicity factors of > 100 in some combinations. To assess the levels of enhancement and synergism of other classes of insecticide, malathion was also applied in combination with the plant oils. Significant antagonism was provided by a majority of the plant essential oils applied in combination with this insecticide, which suggests that plant essential oils may act to inhibit the oxidative activation processes within exposed adult mosquitoes.     

杉木心材精油抑菌活性及其化学成分研究

通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取杉木心材精油,并进行柱层析分离、气-质联用分析和抑菌活性试验,比较分析了精油含量、化学组成和抑菌活性成分.结果表明,杉木心材精油含量为1.794～2.076(w/w);气-质联用分析共分离出47个色谱峰,鉴定出27个化合物(占精油总量的99%),其中主要成分为柏木脑(76.27%);杉木心材精油对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、伤寒沙门氏菌等均有较明显的抑制作用;柏木脑是杉木精油的主要抑菌活性成分.     

Impact of essential oils on growth rate, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol production by Fusarium graminearum under different temperature and water activity conditions in maize grain

AIMS: The effect of five essential oils (oregano, cinnamon, lemongrass, clove and palmarose) on growth rate, zearalenone (ZEA) and deoxynivalenol (DON) production by Fusarium graminearum strains was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: The influence of the essential oils was tested on irradiated maize at two concentrations (500 and 1000 mg kg-1), at different water activity (aw) (0.95 and 0.995) and temperature (20 and 30 degrees C) levels. At 0.995 aw all essential oils tested had an inhibitory effect on growth rate of F. graminearum at both temperatures studied. At this aw level, DON production in general was inhibited by all essential oils at 30 degrees C and, although palmarose and clove were the only essential oils with statistically significant inhibitory effect on ZEA production, an inhibitory trend was observed when cinnamon and oregano oils were added to maize grain. CONCLUSIONS: Antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activity of the essential oils assayed was shown to depend on environmental conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is apparent that essential oils should be considered as alternative preharvest natural fungicides. Further investigation on natural maize grain might be useful to study the effectiveness of these essential oils in the presence of natural mycoflora of maize grain.     

Antioxidant properties of essential oils from lemon, grapefruit, coriander, clove, and their mixtures

Antioxidant properties of individual essential oils from lemon (Citrus limon L.), pink grapefruit (Citrus paradise L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) buds and their mixtures were studied by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Antioxidant activity was assessed by oxidation of the aliphatic aldehyde hexanal to the carboxylic acid. The lowest and highest antioxidant activities were exhibited by grapefruit and clove bud essential oils, respectively. Mixtures containing clove bud essential oil also strongly inhibited oxidation of hexanal. Changes in the composition of essential oils and their mixtures in the course of long-term storage in the light were studied. The stability of components of lemon and coriander essential oils in mixtures increased compared to individual essential oils.     

各种挥发油的药理活性及在医学方面的应用

通过查阅文献对近年来有关挥发油的药理活性及在医学方面应用的研究进行综述。结果表明挥发油具有抗过敏,酶抑制,抗炎,抗突变,抗癌,抗微生物,抗病毒,驱虫,抗氧化和对中枢神经系统的镇静作用等药理活性并在医学方面具有多种用途。本文兹在为今后进一步研究挥发油的药理活性提供依据。