亚洲薄荷的两个化学型

亚洲薄荷的两个化学型桂新,周荣汉（安徽中医学院中药系合肥２３００３８）（中国药科大学植物化学分类研究室南京２１００３８）ＴｗｏｃｈｅｍｏｔｙｐｅｓｏｆＭｅｎｔｈａａｓｉａｆｉｃａＢｏｒｉｓｓ￥ＣｈｏｕＧｕｉ－Ｘｉｎ（ＡｎｈｕｉＣｏｌｌｅｇｅｏｆＴｒａ...     

国产野生薄荷挥发油化学组分变异及其化学型

采用气－质联用的方法,对国产野生薄荷（ＭｅｎｔｈａｈａｐｌｏｃａｌｙｘＢｒｉｑ．）居群的挥发油成分进行了分析,２２个样品可归纳为６个化学型：（１）薄荷酮－胡薄荷酮型（ｍｅｎｔｈｏｎｅ－ｐｕｌｅｇｏｎｅｔｙｐｅ）;（２）胡椒酮型（ｐｉｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｔｙｐｅ）;（３）氧化胡椒酮－氧化胡椒烯酮型（ｐｉｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｘｉｄｅ－ｐｉｐｅｒｉｔｅｎｏｎｅｏｘｉｄｅｔｙｐｅ）;（４）芳樟醇－氧化胡椒酮型（ｌｉｎａｌｏｏｌ－ｐｉｐｅｒｉｔｏｎｅｏｘｉｄｅｔｙｐｅ）;（５）香芹酮型（ｃａｒｖｏｎｅｔｙｐｅ）;（６）薄荷醇－乙酸薄荷酯型（ｍｅｎｔｈｏｌ－ｍｅｎｔｈｙｌａｃｅｔａｔｅｔｙｐｅ）。结合地理分布和薄荷属单萜类成分生物合成途径,对上述主要类型进行了讨论。     

兴安薄荷挥发油的成分

兴安薄荷（Mentha dahurica Fisch.ex Benth.）为唇形科薄荷属（Mentha L.）多年生草本植物,产于我国黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古东北部。俄罗斯远东地区以及日本北方也有分布。在我国东北有作中药薄荷入药的。其化学成分研究甚少,仅俄国Pulatova报道其含有香豆素类成分。为开发利用我国薄荷植物资源,作者对全国薄荷属植物进行了野外调查,并对其资源、生物学性状、孢粉学和化学等进行了较系统的研究,现仅就兴安薄荷挥发油中化学成分分析结果作一报道。     

不同地区野生薄荷挥发油的比较

本文采用顶空气相色谱法对广西、云南、河北、江苏四个地区的薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq.)精油的成分进行分析比较。共检测了84种化学成分,多以烯、醇及酮类物质组成。江苏样品主要由蒎稀(11.10%)、d-柠檬稀(42.30%)和胡薄荷酮(25.50%)组成;广西样品主要有香芹酮(25.46%)、d-柠檬稀(28.75%)和桉油素(14.91%)组成;云南和河北在主要成分上相似,云南样品主要有蒎稀(22%)、d-柠檬稀(18.45%)和桉油素(16.96%)组成;河北样品主要由蒎稀(23%)和d-柠檬稀(33.33%)和桉油素(12.45%)组成。研究发现不同地区薄荷精油的组成受环境影响较大,江苏薄荷胡薄荷酮含量较高,广西薄荷含香芹酮较高,云南和河北主要成分相似,组成比例不同。     

滇产薄荷的化学研究

研究了滇产３８个薄荷样品,测定了样品的得油率及化学成分。滇产薄荷的得油率在０．１８％￣０．５２％之间。从挥发油中鉴定出了１００多种化学成分,主要含醇、酮、酯、萜烯类化合物。栽培的家薄荷挥发油富含香芹酮、柠檬烯,其化学分类属于香芹酮系列。野生薄荷挥发油富含薄荷醇和薄荷酮,属于薄荷酮系列;部分野薄荷样品,富含香芹酮、环氧辣薄荷烯酮或芳樟醇,属于混合系列。     

逍遥颗粒中薄荷挥发油提取工艺研究

目的：优选逍遥颗粒中薄荷挥发油的最佳提取工艺。方法：采用水蒸气提取法提取逍遥颗粒中薄荷挥发油,以挥发油提出量为评价指标,采用单因素法结合正交试验设计优选最佳提取工艺。结果：逍遥颗粒中薄荷挥发油的最佳提取工艺为：加水12倍量,浸泡4 h后,提取4 h。结论：本次实验结果可以为逍遥颗粒中薄荷挥发油提取工艺的确定提供科学依据。     

椒样薄荷、薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油与抗生素的协同抑菌功能

以开花期的椒样薄荷(Mentha × piperita)、薄荷(M. haplocalyx)和苏格兰留兰香(M. × gentilis)叶片部位提取的精油为研究对象, 通过GC-MS分析, 并采用纸片扩散法研究了3种精油单独使用及与抗生素联合使用时对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抑制情况。结果表明, (1) 椒样薄荷与薄荷精油中含量最高的成分为薄荷醇、薄荷酮和异薄荷酮, 苏格兰留兰香精油的主要成分为香芹酮和柠檬烯。薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油符合欧洲药典与ISO标准, 椒样薄荷需要继续改良以提高其精油品质与抑菌功能。(2) 精油单独使用时, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442对椒样薄荷精油和薄荷精油敏感; P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853对薄荷精油和苏格兰留兰香精油敏感。精油与抗生素联合使用时抑菌范围和强度均有所改变: 绿脓杆菌的2个菌株对精油与抗生素的组合最为敏感, 其中, 椒样薄荷精油与头孢他啶的组合对P. aeruginosa ATCC 15442显示出最强的增效作用, 薄荷精油与头孢他啶混合之后对P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853出现拮抗作用。Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923对所有精油以及精油与抗生素混合物均有抗性。(3) 椒样薄荷、薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油的不同成分及其含量差异不仅对精油品质有影响, 而且影响精油对测试菌种的抑制作用, 可考虑将其作为薄荷属植物品质育种的参考指标。     

椒样薄荷、薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油与抗生素的协同抑菌功能

以开花期的椒样薄荷（Mentha×piperita）、薄荷（M.haplocalyx）和苏格兰留兰香（M.×gentilis）叶片部位提取的精油为研究对象,通过GC-MS分析,并采用纸片扩散法研究了3种精油单独使用及与抗生素联合使用时对金黄色葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌和肺炎克雷伯氏菌的抑制情况。结果表明,（1）椒样薄荷与薄荷精油中含量最高的成分为薄荷醇、薄荷酮和异薄荷酮,苏格兰留兰香精油的主要成分为香芹酮和柠檬烯。薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油符合欧洲药典与ISO标准,椒样薄荷需要继续改良以提高其精油品质与抑菌功能。（2）精油单独使用时,Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC15442对椒样薄荷精油和薄荷精油敏感;P.aeruginosa ATCC27853对薄荷精油和苏格兰留兰香精油敏感。精油与抗生素联合使用时抑菌范围和强度均有所改变：绿脓杆菌的2个菌株对精油与抗生素的组合最为敏感,其中,椒样薄荷精油与头孢他啶的组合对P.aeruginosa ATCC15442显示出最强的增效作用,薄荷精油与头孢他啶混合之后对P.aeruginosa ATCC27853出现拮抗作用。Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923对所有精油以及精油与抗生素混合物均有抗性。（3）椒样薄荷、薄荷和苏格兰留兰香精油的不同成分及其含量差异不仅对精油品质有影响,而且影响精油对测试菌种的抑制作用,可考虑将其作为薄荷属植物品质育种的参考指标。     

薄荷精油抗菌活性研究

采用气相色谱—质谱联用仪分析了薄荷精油的成分,在鉴定出的21种成分中,异佛尔酮(41.22%)、β-石竹烯(10.01%)、斯巴醇(2.89%)、β-蒎烯(1.45%)和桉树脑(1.13%)为主要成分。采用琼脂扩散法和微量肉汤稀释法对薄荷精油的抗菌活性进行了研究。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌及变形杆菌出现最大的抑菌环。MIC实验中,薄荷精油的浓度范围为5.00%~0.039%。在所选的8种菌种中,变形杆菌的MIC及MBC值最低,分别为0.625%及1.25%。结果充分证明,薄荷精油对于所选的8种病原菌都有很好的抗菌活性,在食品及制药工业中有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of Mentha piperita and Cuminum cyminum essential oil on Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae

Essential oils are one of the known plant materials for insect pest control. The studies about essential oils application for control of insect pest population has been started in recent years. This study aims to investigate repellency effect and fumigant toxicity of Mentha piperita and Cuminum cyminum essential oil on Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus oryzae. The results showed that the mortality rate of adult insects was increased with increase in essential oil concentration. The highest pest mortality rate in the case of M. piperita and C. cyminum on T. castaneum and S. oryzae was 64, 68, 82 and 78%, respectively. The average insect mortality was significantly different in various concentrations in most of the treatments. Amounts of LC₅₀ were 0.421, 0.271, 0.135 and 0.136 (ml/ml) for M. piperita and C. cyminum essential oil on T. castaneum and S. oryzae, respectively. Different concentrations of M. piperita and C. cyminum essential oil had different repellency effect on T. castaneum and S. oryzae. Repellency effect was increased with increase in essential oil concentration, and the highest repellency effect was belonged to the highest concentration. Essential oils of M. piperita and C. cyminum caused 61.2 and 66.4% repellency on T. castaneum. Meanwhile, their effect was found to be 55.2 and 60.4% repellency on S. oryzae at the highest concentration.     

薄荷油超临界CO2萃取条件的优化和筛选

以样品中的薄荷脑含量为指标,通过单因素和正交实验对影响薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq.)油超临界CO2萃取的因素进行研究,筛选出薄荷油超临界CO2萃取的最佳条件.研究结果表明,影响样品中薄荷脑萃取率的因素从大到小依次为萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间、CO2流量.样品中薄荷脑含量最高的超临界CO2萃取条件为萃取压力10 MPa、萃取温度50℃、CO2流量30 L·h-1且萃取时间1.5 h.     

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. Chemotypes in Eastern Iberian Peninsula: Essential Oil Variation and Relation with Ecological Factors

Essential oil (EO) extracts coming from two representative populations of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh . subesp. suaveolens in Eastern Iberian Peninsula were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ion detector. Plant sampling was carried out in the morning and evening in order to study diurnal variation in EO profiles. Likewise, leaves and inflorescences were analyzed separately. Two chemotypes corresponding to each one of the populations were identified, with piperitenone oxide (35.2 – 74.3%) and piperitone oxide (83.9 – 91.3%), respectively, as major compounds. Once different chemotypes were identified, canonical correspondence analysis was employed to evaluate the effect of the bioclimatic and edaphic factors recorded in each location on the observed differences. Statistical analysis suggested that these chemotypes were closely related to specific environmental factors, mainly the bioclimatic ones. Concretely, piperitenone oxide chemotype can be associated to supramediterranean bioclimatic conditions and soils with major salinity and water field capacity. On the other hand, the most volatile fraction (hydrocarbon monoterpenes) reached its higher level in the morning; specifically, a noticeable amount of limonene was found in morning samples of flowers (4.8 – 10.6%). This fact can be related to ecological role of volatile compounds in order to attract pollinator insects.     

Cardiovascular effects of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa in DOCA-salt-hypertensive rats.

The present study investigated the effects of chronic treatment with deoxycorticosterone-acetate (DOCA)-salt on cardiovascular responses to intravenous (i.v.) injection of the essential oil of Mentha x villosa (EOMV) in conscious rats. In both DOCA-salt-hypertensive and uninephrectomized control, conscious rats, i.v. bolus injections of EOMV (1 to 20 mg/kg body wt.) decreased mean aortic pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with DOCA-salt significantly enhanced EOMV-induced decreases in MAP, without affecting bradycardia. Likewise, both maximal percent and absolute decreases in MAP elicited by i.v. injection of the ganglion blocker, hexamethonium (30 mg/kg body wt.), were significantly greater in DOCA-salt-hypertensive than in control rats. In DOCA-salt-hypertensive rats, i.v. pretreatment with hexamethonium (30 mg/kg body wt.) reduced the bradycardia elicited by EOMV (1 to 20 mg/kg body wt.) without affecting the enhancement of EOMV-induced hypotension. These results show that i.v. treatment with EOMV decreases blood pressure in conscious DOCA-salt-hypertensive rats dose-dependently, and that this action is enhanced when compared with uninephrectomized controls. This enhancement could be related mainly to an increase in EOMV-induced vascular smooth muscle relaxation, rather than to enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity in this hypertensive model.     

Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Mentha spicata and Mentha arvensis

The stable integration of GUS and NPTII genes in Mentha arvensis and M. spicata has been achieved by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer. Transformation assays were performed by cocultivating plant leaf disks with either GV2260/GI or EHA105/MOG Agrobacterium strains. Transgenic plants were selected on medium containing 150 mg l⁻¹ kanamycin. Transgene presence and structure was studied by the use of PCR analysis and Southern blot hybridization. Transgene expression was evaluated by RT-PCR and transgene product activity by a histoenzymatic GUS assay. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Variability in Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Mentha pulegium L. Essential Oil,Cultivated under Different Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria

The aim of present work was to study the essential oil chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of cultivated Mentha pulegium L. under different plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bradyrhizobium sp. and Sinorhizobium meliloti) individually and in consortium. Yield, in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. and S. meliloti in consortium, increase significantly relative to control plants. GC and GC/MS analyses pointed to a qualitative and quantitative variability of components. The investigated essential oils were clustered into three chemotypes: piperitenone/1,8-cineol (40.9/29.4 %) chemotype in plants inoculated with Bradyrhizobium sp. individually, S. meliloti individually, and Bradyrhizobium sp. and S. meliloti in consortium, piperitone/menthone (41.8/33.8 %) chemotype in plants inoculated with P. fluorescens individually, P. fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium sp. in consortium, and P. fluorescens and S. meliloti in consortium and pulegone/menthol (47.9/31.5 %) chemotype in control plants. The antimicrobial activity, carried out by the disc diffusion method and the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against ten microorganisms, varied significantly according to the tested microorganism and the rhizobacterial species used individually or in consortium (inhibition zone: 8.5–33.5 mm; MIC: 0.25–2.5 μL/mL). Our findings provided useful indications to select interesting chemotype within M. pulegium, especially in perspective of its cultivation.