暖季型草坪草AMF 侵染与孢子密度季节动态研究

以广州地区常见暖季型草坪草(地毯草Axonopus compressus、狗牙根Cynodon dactylon、结缕草Zoysia japonica)为研究对象, 通过测定植物根系AMF 侵染率、根际土壤AMF 孢子密度以及土壤理化性质, 探讨AMF 侵染率和孢子密度的季节动态变化特征, 以及与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明: (1)三种草坪草的根系AMF 侵染以菌丝侵染为主, 总体表现为夏季最高, 秋季和冬季次之, 春季最低, 囊泡侵染率较低, 很少丛枝侵染; (2)季节对根际土壤AMF 孢子密度有一定的影响, 草坪草根际土壤孢子密度最大值多出现在夏季或冬季, 而春季和秋季则较低; (3)对于土壤因子, AMF 菌丝侵染率与土壤有机质含量成极显著正相关, 而囊泡侵染率与电导率成显著正相关, 与全氮和全磷成极显著负相关; 对于气候因子, AMF 总侵染率和菌丝侵染率均与月均气温和月均降水成极显著正相关。     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

土壤压实胁迫下丛枝菌根真菌对高羊茅生理生态的影响

该试验设计4种土壤压实处理[土壤容重分别为1.2(CK_1)、1.3、1.4和1.5 g·cm~(-3)],并与压实处理前分别接种2种丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)——摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae,Fm)和根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradices,Ri)组成的4个接种处理[Fm、Ri、Fm+Ri和不接种(CK_2)],共组成16个处理,分析不同处理对高羊茅(Festuca elata)品种‘艾瑞3号’的生理生态指标的影响,为AMF在压实土壤中的应用提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)高羊茅根系的菌根侵染率和菌丝密度均随土壤容重的增加而逐渐降低;与CK_1相比,在土壤容重1.5 g·cm~(-3)处理下接种Fm、Ri、Fm+Ri的高羊茅根系菌根侵染率分别显著降低了27.8%、39.8%和30.0%,菌丝密度分别显著降低43.8%、42.1%和43.8%,且在1.5 g·cm~(-3)土壤容重下,接种Fm+Ri处理的菌根侵染率和菌丝密度比单接种Fm分别提高17.3%和25.2%,比单接种Ri处理分别提高53.0%和36.3%。(2)接种AMF能有效增加土壤压实胁迫下高羊茅植株的株高、分蘖数和干物质质量,显著提高高羊茅耐受力,接种Fm+Ri处理的株高、分蘖数及干物质质量在1.5 g·cm~(-3)土壤容重下分别比未接种(CK_2)显著增加36.1%、39.5%和144.0%。(3)接种AMF能显著提高土壤压实胁迫下高羊茅根系活力以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,接种Fm+Ri处理的根系活力以及CAT活性在1.5 g·cm~(-3)土壤容重下分别是对照(CK_2)的1.4和1.5倍。(4)接种AMF能显著提高土壤压实胁迫下高羊茅叶绿素a、b以及总叶绿素含量,接种Fm+Ri处理在1.5 g·cm~(-3)土壤容重下比对照(CK_2)的上升幅度分别提高43.1%、100.0%和59.3%。(5)接种AMF能显著提高土壤压实胁迫下高羊茅叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)以及气孔导度(G_s),显著降低其叶片胞间CO_2浓度(C_i),接种Fm+Ri处理在1.5 g·cm~(-3)土壤容重下比对照(CK_2)的升降幅度分别为52.5%、33.3%、181.1%和-32.9%。综上所述,土壤压实胁迫显著抑制AMF的侵染,而共同接种Fm+Ri能显著促进AMF对根系的侵染,且共同接种处理的效果明显优于单一接种;AMF可通过增强高羊茅根系活力、降低氧化胁迫造成的伤害、提高植物叶绿素含量与光合作用来增强自身的抗土壤压实能力。     

改性水生植物对水体硝酸根、磷酸根的吸附效应

在高纬度地区, 自于秋季人工湿地对硝酸根以及磷酸根的处理往往不尽如人意, 论文的目的为在高纬度地区秋季温度条件下研究一种高效以及低值的技术去移除人工湿地中的硝酸根以及磷酸根。在秋季收集水生植物枯落物芦苇,利用化学改性方法制备离子吸附剂。通过序批实验, 研究了改性芦苇(MR)对硝酸根以及磷酸根的吸附性能及影响因素,探讨了其吸附机理。结果表明, MR 表面带正电荷, Zeta 电位为+12.45mV。MR 对硝酸根以及磷酸根吸附行为更符合准二级动力学方程(R²＞0.97), 等温吸附曲线更好拟合Langmuir 方程(R²＞0.97)。批量吸附实验也表明, 溶液初始pH 会影响改性水生植物生物炭吸附硝酸根以及磷酸根。秋季化学改性的芦苇可以有效的去除人工湿地水体硝酸根以及磷酸根, 促进水生植物的资源化利用。     

不同AMF组合提高黄瓜抗根结线虫效果的比较

本研究旨在评价不同组合丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)抑制根结线虫和降低根结线虫病害的效应,以获得抗病作用较大的AMF组合。将由AMF光壁无梗囊霉Acaulospora laevis(Al)、摩西管柄囊霉Funneliformis mosseae(Fm)、幼套近明球囊霉Claroideoglomus etunicatum(Ce)、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices(Ri)、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme(Gv)、珠状巨孢囊霉Gigaspora margarita(GIm)和全球盾巨孢囊霉Scutellospora aurigloba(SCa)组成的12个组合分别接种"津优35号"黄瓜,接种南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita并设置不接种对照。盆栽试验结果表明,接种AMF组合均能显著降低线虫卵囊数和每个卵囊的含卵数量,但Fm+Ri+GIm+SCa组合则增加根内二龄幼虫数、根内雌虫数和根内线虫总数;其他大多数组合能够抑制线虫的繁殖数量,其中,以Al+Fm+GIm及Fm+Ce+Gv组合抑制线虫生长发育的作用最大;除GIm+SCa组合外,其他AMF组合均能不同程度地降低线虫为害,防效达31%–83%,以Al+Fm+GIm组合处理的根结指数最低,防效最大。设施田间试验结果表明,以Al+Fm+GIm组合抗病作用最强。本研究表明,不同组合AMF防病效应差异显著,Al+Fm+Ce+Gv组合及Al+Fm+GIm是本试验条件下防治根结线虫病害效应最好的AMF组合,具有较大的应用潜力。     

丛枝菌根真菌对辣椒光合特性及根际微生物多样性和酶活性的影响

在育苗和栽培基质中添加具有生物活性的微生物群体是改善无土栽培有机基质性状和提高应用效果的重要途径。该试验通过在辣椒育苗和栽培基质中添加丛枝菌根真菌制剂恩益碧(NEB-F),研究了AMF对辣椒生长、果实产量、光合特性以及根际微生物多样性和酶活性的影响。结果显示:(1)基质添加AMF显著促进了辣椒植株生长,并明显提高了产量。(2)AMF处理显著提高了辣椒植株叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用效率(WUE),而使胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)显著降低,同时对辣椒叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)的影响不大,而使实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学猝灭(qP)和表观光合电子传递效率(ETR)显著提高。(3)基质添加AMF显著增加基质中细菌、放线菌数量,而降低真菌数量,并明显提高了根际微生物多样性指数以及过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和尿酶活性;添加AMF基质中的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量均与其过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。研究表明,基质添加AMF不仅增大了辣椒叶片气孔导度,而且促进电子传递速率,提高CO2同化利用效率和净光合速率;同时促使辣椒根际微生物区系从低肥力的"真菌型"向高肥力的"细菌型"转化,提高根际微生物多样性和酶活性,有助于维持辣椒根际生态系统的稳定性与和谐性,从而促进辣椒幼苗生长,并提高产量。基质中添加AMF是提高有机基质应用效果的有效途径。     

AMF和PGPR联合修复菲和芘污染土壤的效应

丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF）与根围促生细菌（plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR）联合降解有毒有机物、修复污染土壤和促进植物生长的作用倍受关注。本试验旨在探究AMF与PGPR联合降解土壤中菲和芘的效应,以菲和芘1:1混合处理浓度各0、50mg/kg、100mg/kg和150mg/kg下对高羊茅Festuca elata接种AMF根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices（Ri）、变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme（Gv）、PGPR荧光假单胞菌Pseudomonas fluorescens Ps2-6、芽孢杆菌Bacillus velezensis Ps3-2、Ri+Ps2-6、Ri+Ps3-2、Gv+Ps2-6、Gv+Ps3-2和不接种对照共36个处理。结果表明,供试AMF增加了PGPR的定殖数量;接种PGPR则显著提高AMF的侵染率。AMF、PGPR或AMF+PGPR处理均显著降低土壤中菲和芘含量,促进植物对土壤中菲和芘的吸收,显著提高高羊茅根系和叶片内的菲和芘含量。在土壤中菲和芘100mg/kg和150mg/kg水平下,Gv与Ps2-6及Ri与Ps2-6能相互促进对土壤中菲和芘的去除效应,其中接种Gv+Ps2-6组合处理的去除率最高,达到95%-98%,土壤中多酚氧化酶、脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著高于单接种处理和不接种对照,而酸性磷酸酶活性变化则表现为相反趋势。其中以Gv+Ps2-6组合处理的多酚氧化酶活性最高,为0.17mg/g,是不接种对照的1.9倍;脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别达到1.32µg/(g·h)和1.81mL/g;酸性磷酸酶活性则比不接种对照土壤降低27%-45%;易提取球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量和总球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量分别是不接种对照的1.6倍和1.5倍。     

Cu胁迫下基质中凹凸棒石粘土对当归幼苗的保护作用

在含有不同比例凹凸棒石粘土的混合基质中(凹凸棒石粘土∶基质的体积比分别为0∶1、1∶100、1∶70、1∶50、1∶20)培育当归幼苗,以研究Cu胁迫对当归幼苗的生理学影响及凹凸棒石粘土对Cu胁迫下当归幼苗的保护作用。结果表明:(1)基质中不存在凹凸棒石粘土时,随着CuCl2处理浓度的上升,当归幼苗叶片的实际光化学效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、PSⅡ电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学淬灭(qP)和叶绿素含量都逐渐降低;而叶片的非光化学猝灭(qN)、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)、过氧化氢含量以及根和叶片中的Cu含量均显著性增加,表明Cu胁迫降低了当归幼苗的光化学效率、叶绿素的合成、增加了组织中Cu含量和氧化压力。(2) CuCl2胁迫下,当基质中存在不同比例的凹凸棒石粘土时,Cu胁迫所导致的叶片Y(Ⅱ)、ETR、qP及叶绿素含量的降低以及叶片qN、可溶性蛋白含量、抗氧化酶活性、过氧化氢含量、根和叶片的Cu含量的升高均有所缓解,说明凹凸棒石粘土通过吸附或固定基质中游离的以及可交换的Cu离子,减少了当归幼苗对有效Cu离子的吸收,从而缓解了Cu离子对植物造成的生理学压力,且这种缓解作用依次为1∶70 1∶50 1∶20≥1∶100 0∶1,这是基质中存在过多的凹凸棒石粘土时,其在吸收基质中Cu离子的同时也会影响基质的通气性、透水性和酸碱度等。这表明凹凸棒石粘土在基质中的适当加入能缓解Cu胁迫对当归幼苗造成的的生理学压力。     

丛枝菌根真菌影响宿主植物蒺藜苜蓿根系酸性磷酸酶活性的跨世代效应

丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)能够通过增强宿主植物根系分泌酸性磷酸酶帮助其适应低磷环境,但这种可塑性改变能否跨世代传递并影响后代适应低磷环境,仍不清楚。本研究通过亲代实验(实验1)和子代实验(实验2),研究AMF影响宿主植物蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)根系酸性磷酸酶分泌的跨世代效应。实验1表明,土壤低磷水平下接种AMF的亲代宿主植物根系酸性磷酸酶活性显著提高,且根际土中有更高的酸性磷酸酶活性和有效磷含量。而高磷水平下,接种AMF处理的宿主植物酸性磷酸酶活性与不接种AMF的处理无显著差异。实验2表明,在当代低磷环境下,来自亲代低磷接种AMF的后代,其根系和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于来自亲代低磷不接种AMF的后代,而亲代高磷处理的后代(有AMF和无AMF)之间酸性磷酸酶活性无显著差异。在当代高磷环境下,来自亲代不同处理的后代根系和根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性均无显著差异。本研究表明,AMF对宿主植物根系分泌酸性磷酸酶的生理可塑性能够跨世代传递,且该跨世代效应受到亲代磷水平的影响。     

亚精胺和丛枝菌根真菌对黄瓜生长的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为材料,在育苗基质中添加亚精胺(Spd)和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF),研究外源Spd和AMF对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合作用、果实产量和品质以及根际微生物和酶活性的影响.结果表明:育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可促进黄瓜幼苗生长,提高根系活力和果实产量,改善品质,并促进养分吸收;Spd和AMF提高黄瓜幼苗净光合速率、实际光化学效率、表观量子效率、羧化效率和光呼吸速率,增加基质中细菌和放线菌数量,而降低真菌数量,并提高蔗糖酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶的活性.说明育苗基质中同时添加Spd和AMF,可提高黄瓜植株光能利用效率,促使黄瓜幼苗根际微生物区系从低肥力的"真菌型"向高肥力的"细菌型"转化,加速有机磷和有机态氮的分解与转化,为黄瓜生长发育提供比较充足的N、P等养分,从而促进黄瓜植株生长,提高产量并改善品质.Spd可提高AMF侵染率,两者对黄瓜幼苗生长具有明显的叠加效应,说明在接种AMF的基质中添加Spd,是一种可增强AMF侵染率的有效方法.     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000