丛枝菌根真菌繁殖体的高效扩繁

【背景】丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌能够和大多数植物形成互利共生体系,以促进植物生长、提高抗逆能力,在生产中具有重要作用,但AM真菌的繁殖技术限制了其应用。【目的】构建AM真菌的高效繁殖体系。【方法】于温室盆栽条件下,将根内根孢囊霉(Rhizophagus intraradice)接种于由3种寄主植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、玉米(Zea mays)、红三叶草(Trifolium repens)与5种培养基质(沸石、河砂、草炭、珍珠岩和蛭石)构建的4种繁殖体系中进行培养。研究不同繁殖体系对根内根孢囊霉侵染程度、产孢量的影响;然后利用高粱接种扩繁的菌剂进行AM真菌侵染能力的测定以验证其扩繁效果;最后基于筛选出的最优扩繁条件探讨对其他种类AM真菌摩西斗管囊霉(Funneliformis mosseae)、幼套近明球囊霉(Clariodeoglous etunicatum)、地表多样孢囊霉(Diversispora versiformis)和脆无梗囊霉(Acaulospora delicate)的扩繁效果。【结果】基质为河砂+蛭石+草炭(体...     

丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子季相动态研究

以草坪为研究对象,研究草坪土壤中丛枝菌根真菌种群的孢子组成、孢子密度、物种丰富度、多样性及其季相变化规律。结果表明,丛枝菌根真菌孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数在一年内随季节变化表现出一定的季相变化规律,三者均在冬季达到最高,在时间节律上与植物群落季相变化不同步;同时分析了气候因素(平均温度、降雨量和日照时间等)对丛枝菌根真菌的影响。结果表明,气候因素对孢子密度、物种丰富度和多样性指数均有显著影响。     

环境因子对AM真菌多样性的影响

土壤,气候和地理因子等环境因子对丝枝菌根（AM）真菌多样性有重要影响,本文系统地综述了最近10年来AM真菌生态学在该方面的最新研究成果,分析当前研究中所存在的问题和动向。     

Spatial variability of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal spores in two natural plant communities

Geostatistical techniques were used to assess the spatial patterns of spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soils from two contrasting plant communities: a salt marsh containing only arbuscular mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants in a distinct clumped distribution pattern and a maquis with different types of mycorrhiza where most plants were relatively randomly distributed. Also evaluated was the relationship between the spatial distribution of spores and AM plant distribution and soil properties. A nested sampling scheme was applied in both sites with sample cores taken from nested grids. Spores of AMF and soil characteristics (organic matter and moisture) were quantified in each core, and core sample location was related to plant location. Semivariograms for spore density indicated strong spatial autocorrelation and a patchy distribution within both sites for all AM fungal genera found. However, the patch size differed between the two plant communities and AM fungal genera. In the salt marsh, AM fungal spore distribution was correlated with distance to AM plants and projected stand area of AM plants. In maquis, spatial AM fungal spore distribution was correlated with organic matter. These results suggest that spore distribution of AMF varied between the two plant communities according to plant distribution and soil properties.     

Correlation analysis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community and host plant phylogeny

 为弄清丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌群落随宿主植物演化的变异规律,通过对MaarjAM数据库进行数据挖掘, 根据每个分子虚拟种(virtual taxa, VT)包含的DNA序列不少于5条的标准, 筛选出188种菌根植物。通过分析植物与其根内AM真菌的关系发现: AM真菌的物种丰富度随着寄主植物的分化而增加; 在不同的植物系统类群中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著不同; 在起源时间较晚的被子植物和裸子植物中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著高于起源较早的苔类、角苔类和蕨类植物类群, 而与寄生植物共生的AM真菌物种丰富度与早期植物无显著差异; 不同寄主植物进化类群间AM真菌组成差异显著。以上结果表明: AM真菌群落随着寄主植物进化而发生变化。在进化过程中, 寄主植物倾向于选择保留共生效率较高的AM真菌。     

Global arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal diversity and abundance decreases with soil available phosphorus

Aim

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are widely distributed soil organisms that play critical roles in ecosystem functions. However, little is known about their global distribution and the underlying mechanisms. Here, we aimed to explore distribution pattern and key predictors of AMF diversity and abundance at the global scale.

Location

Global.

Time Period

1987–2022.

Major Taxa Studied

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Methods

We investigated the distribution pattern and key predictors of AMF diversity and abundance at the global scale by compiling 654 field studies.

Results

We found that cold climate zones had relatively low AMF diversity. At the ecosystem level, grassland tended to have higher AMF diversity and abundance. Soil available phosphorus (P) and latitude were the most important predictors of AMF diversity. AMF richness and Shannon index decreased with increasing soil available P and latitude. Soil available P and soil pH were the main predictors for global distribution of AMF abundance. AMF colonization rate and spore abundance declined with soil available P and increased with soil pH. Mean annual precipitation was also an important, positive correlate of spore abundance.

Main Conclusions

Our findings highlight soil available P as an important predictor affecting the distribution of AMF diversity and abundance, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the distribution patterns of mycorrhizal fungal diversity and abundance at the global scale.     

喀斯特地区丛枝菌根真菌遗传多样性

为探明喀斯特地区丛枝菌根真菌( AMF)的遗传多样性特征,利用巢式PCR和DGGE相结合的分子生物学方法对茂兰喀斯特多个植被类型下的AMF遗传多样性进行了研究.结果表明,喀斯特地区AMF遗传多样性指数和物种丰富度分别平均为3.50和41,远高于非喀斯特对照样地的2.68和17,分析表明,喀斯特地区较高的AMF多样性与此地区丰富的植物多样性以及特殊的生态环境有关,是与喀斯特生态系统长期相互选择的结果.不同植被类型下的AMF多样性差异显著,相似性指数最高为0.34,喀斯特地区AMF的群落结构随着植被类型的改变发生显著变化;基因测序显示,喀斯特地区AMF的优势菌属是生态适应性很强的球囊霉属,在喀斯特石漠化生态恢复中具有较强的利用潜力.     

The importance of integration and scale in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus contributes to system processes and functions at various hierarchical organizational levels, through their establishment of linkages and feedbacks between whole-plants and nutrient cycles. Even though these fungal mediated feedbacks and linkages involve lower-organizational level processes (e.g. photo-assimilate partitioning, interfacial assimilate uptake and transport mechanisms, intraradical versus extraradical fungal growth), they influence higher-organizational scales that affect community and ecosystem behavior (e.g. whole-plant photosynthesis, biodiversity, nutrient and carbon cycling, soil structure). Hence, incorporating AM fungi into research directed at understanding many of the diverse environmental issues confronting society will require knowledge of how these fungi respond to or initiate changes in vegetation dynamics, soil fertility or both. Within the last few years, the rapid advancement in the development of analytical tools has increased the resolution by which we are able to quantify the mycorrhizal symbiosis. It is important that these tools are applied within a conceptual framework that is temporally and spatially relevant to fungus and host. Unfortunately, many of the studies being conducted on the mycorrhizal symbiosis at lower organizational scales are concerned with questions directed solely at understanding fungus or host without awareness of what the plant physiologist or ecologist needs for integrating the mycorrhizal association into larger organizational scales or process levels. We show by using the flow of C from plant-to-fungus-to-soil, that through thoughtful integration, we have the ability to bridge different organizational scales. Thus, an essential need of mycorrhizal research is not only to better integrate the various disciplines of mycorrhizal research, but also to identify those relevant links and scales needing further investigation for understanding the larger-organizational level responses. The U.S. Government's right to retain a non-exclusive, royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Plant traits determine the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

Functional diversity in ecosystems has traditionally been studied using aboveground plant traits. Despite the known effect of plant traits on the microbial community composition, their effects on the microbial functional diversity are only starting to be assessed. In this study, the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated with plant species differing in life cycle and growth form, that is, plant life forms, was determined to unravel the effect of plant traits on the functional diversity of this fungal group. The results of the 454 pyrosequencing showed that the AM fungal community composition differed across plant life forms and this effect was dependent on the soil collection date. Plants with ruderal characteristics tended to associate with phylogenetically clustered AM fungal communities. By contrast, plants with resource‐conservative traits associated with phylogenetically overdispersed AM fungal communities. Additionally, the soil collected in different seasons yielded AM fungal communities with different phylogenetic dispersion. In summary, we found that the phylogenetic structure, and hence the functional diversity, of AM fungal communities is dependent on plant traits. This finding adds value to the use of plant traits for the evaluation of belowground ecosystem diversity, functions and processes.     

丛枝菌根真菌群落与植物系统发育的相关性分析

为弄清丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌群落随宿主植物演化的变异规律,通过对MaarjAM数据库进行数据挖掘, 根据每个分子虚拟种(virtual taxa, VT)包含的DNA序列不少于5条的标准, 筛选出188种菌根植物。通过分析植物与其根内AM真菌的关系发现: AM真菌的物种丰富度随着寄主植物的分化而增加; 在不同的植物系统类群中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著不同; 在起源时间较晚的被子植物和裸子植物中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著高于起源较早的苔类、角苔类和蕨类植物类群, 而与寄生植物共生的AM真菌物种丰富度与早期植物无显著差异; 不同寄主植物进化类群间AM真菌组成差异显著。以上结果表明: AM真菌群落随着寄主植物进化而发生变化。在进化过程中, 寄主植物倾向于选择保留共生效率较高的AM真菌。     

喀斯特植被演替过程土壤丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)多样性

喀斯特生态系统维持了丰富的微生物多样性,丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)结构和组成会随喀斯特植被演替而改变。以贵州贵阳花溪、毕节织金和关岭花江典型喀斯特区域按时空替代法采集了乔木林、灌木林和草本群落样地土壤,采用Illumina HiSeq分子测序技术,通过OTU聚类分析、物种注释及数据库比对,探索了喀斯特不同演替阶段土壤AMF物种多样性。结果表明:(1)喀斯特生境土壤获得球囊菌门Glomeromycota OTU为275个,分属于4目8科13属19种,属水平上AMF丰度表明根内根孢囊霉属Rhizophagus为优势属,花江拥有最高AMF丰富度,缩隔球囊霉Septoglomus constrictum、根内根孢囊霉Rhizophagus intraradices、Claroideoglomus sp. MIB8381和稀有内养囊霉Entrophospora infrequens均分布于各样地的不同植被演替阶段,为常见种。(2)AM真菌多样性Shannon指数与Simpson指数在不同演替阶段表现为花溪:乔木≈灌木草本(P0.05)、花江:灌木≈草本乔木(P0.05)、织金:乔木灌木草本,但差异不显著,Chao1和Abundance-based coverag estimator(ACE)指数表现为花江灌木≈草地乔木(P0.05)。(3)Spearman相关性分析表明土壤全磷与AMF ACE指数显著负相关,且与Chao1指数极显著负相关;速效磷与Shannon和Simpson指数显著负相关。(4)典范对应分析(Canonical Correlation Analysis,CCA)表明土壤全氮、速效氮、有机质、全磷和速效钾与AMF群落分布有显著相关性。结果表明喀斯特植被演替过程中土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性随着演替进行或升高或降低,无一致变化规律,并与土壤理化性质关系密切,其中以磷的影响最大。     

Small-scale spatial heterogeneity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal abundance and community composition in a wetland plant community

Although it has become increasingly clear that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play important roles in population, community, and ecosystem ecology, there is limited information on the spatial structure of the community composition of AMF in the field. We assessed small-scale spatial variation in the abundance and molecular diversity of AMF in a calcareous fen, where strong underlying environmental gradients such as depth to water table may influence AMF. Throughout an intensively sampled 2 × 2 m plot, we assessed AMF inoculum potential at a depth of 0–6 and 6–12 cm and molecular diversity of the AMF community using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of 18S rDNA. Inoculum potential was only significantly spatially autocorrelated at a depth of 6–12 cm and was significantly positively correlated with depth to water table at both depths. Molecular diversity of the AMF community was highly variable within the plot, ranging from 2–14 terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) per core, but the number of T-RFs did not relate to water table or plant species richness. Plant community composition was spatially autocorrelated at small scales, but AMF community composition showed no significant spatial autocorrelation. Saturated soils of calcareous fens contain many infective AMF propagules and the abundance and diversity of AMF inoculum is patchy over small spatial scales. An erratum to this article can be found at     

丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究进展

丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌是生态系统中生物多样性的重要组分之一,具有十分丰富的物种多样性、遗传多样性和功能多样性.该真菌分类地位不断提高已上升至门,下设1个纲、4个目、13个科,19个属,现已报道214种.丛枝菌根对保持生态平衡、稳定和提高生态系统可持续生产力具有重要作用.本文分析了世界范围内丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究现状、不同生态系统中影响丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性的关键因子及其调控途径;认为分子生物学技术是今后丛枝菌根真菌物种多样性研究的主要方法.     

The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal protein glomalin is a putative homolog of heat shock protein 60

Work on glomalin-related soil protein produced by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (AMF) has been limited because of the unknown identity of the protein. A protein band cross-reactive with the glomalin-specific antibody MAb32B11 from the AM fungus Glomus intraradices was partially sequenced using tandem liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A 17 amino acid sequence showing similarity to heat shock protein 60 (hsp 60) was obtained. Based on degenerate PCR, a full-length cDNA of 1773 bp length encoding the hsp 60 gene was isolated from a G. intraradices cDNA library. The ORF was predicted to encode a protein of 590 amino acids. The protein sequence had three N-terminal glycosylation sites and a string of GGM motifs at the C-terminal end. The GiHsp 60 ORF had three introns of 67, 76 and 131 bp length. The GiHsp 60 was expressed using an in vitro translation system, and the protein was purified using the 6xHis-tag system. A dot-blot assay on the purified protein showed that it was highly cross-reactive with the glomalin-specific antibody MAb32B11. The present work provides the first evidence for the identity of the glomalin protein in the model AMF G. intraradices, thus facilitating further characterization of this protein, which is of great interest in soil ecology.     

Effects of long-term NP-fertilization on abundance and diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under a maize cropping system

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in 27-year long-term NP-fertilization plots under a maize cropping system in Thailand was studied through spore morphological characterization. The plots received 0–0, 60–60, 120–120 and 180–180 kg N-P₂O₅ ha^–1 year^–1 as ammonium sulfate and triple superphosphate. The plots were sampled monthly for one year, the AMF spores were counted and morphotyped, and taxa were identified after morphotyping and monospecific pot culture. Spore number g^–1 soil, relative spore abundance and Shannon-Wiener indexes were calculated. Sixteen putative taxa were recorded from the field of which nine sporulated on maize roots in pot culture. The long-term fertilization caused decreases in AMF total spore numbers and variation in species diversity depended on sampling time. Effects of fertilization on spore number and also relative spore abundance varied with species and sampling time. Among the nine species sporulating under maize, only Acaulospora sp.1 showed no change (P > 0.003 after Bonferroni correction) in spore number with fertilization in the field; and was therefore classified as an AMF species insensitive to fertilization. Spores of Entrophospora schenckii, Glomus mosseae, Glomus sp.1, Glomus geosporum-like and Scutellospora fulgida, though they decreased in absolute numbers in response to fertilization, showed no change (P > 0.003 after Bonferroni correction) in relative abundance; these species were classified as AMF species slightly sensitive to fertilization. Three unidentified species of Glomus, though they decreased in absolute numbers in response to fertilization, showed decreases (P < 0.003 after Bonferroni correction) in relative abundance; these species were classified as AMF species highly sensitive to fertilization.     

不同喀斯特小生境中土壤丛枝菌根真菌的遗传多样性

为探明西南喀斯特地区小生境土壤中丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)的遗传多样性特征, 利用巢式PCR和变性梯度凝胶电泳相结合的分子生物学方法, 对茂兰3种植被类型下的小生境(石缝、石沟、土面) AMF遗传多样性进行了研究。结果发现: 各类小生境都含有丰富的AMF遗传多样性, 灌木林土面的多样性指数和物种丰富度最高, 为4.06和68; 次生林石缝的最低, 为3.16和29, 所研究的9个小生境多样性指数和物种丰富度的平均值分别高达3.67和48, 高于同类研究在其他地区的结果, 这可能主要与喀斯特生态系统复杂的结构和较高的植物多样性有关; 聚类分析显示各类小生境间的AMF群落结构差异显著, 相似性指数最高仅为0.45, 说明小生境所带来的空间异质性对AMF的遗传多样性产生了显著影响; 基因测序显示球囊霉属(Glomus)极有可能是喀斯特地区AMF的优势菌属, 在以后筛选喀斯特地区的高效生态恢复菌种时可重点考虑球囊霉属的一些菌种。     

The effectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi from high input conventional and organic grassland and grass-arable rotations

The effectivity of arbuscular mycorrhizal spores in promoting growth of Allium ameloprasum L. cv. Musselburgh and Trifolium repens L. cv. Menna was tested for inocula from three soil series under long term organic or intensive, conventional grass and grass-arable rotations. For two soil series, Allium responses to inocula from soils recently converted to organic fanning were also assessed. Finally, Trifolium root fragments were used to inoculate Allium so as to evaluate responses to this inoculation procedure. Plants were sown into previously sterilised, matched soils from organic farms with no nutrient input. Mycorrhizal treatments generally increased growth for Allium. However, for Trifolium, infection decreased growth in the most fertile soil and gave an increase only in the least fertile. In the least fertile soil, inocula from organic farms were more effective than those from conventional farms. For Trifolium (all soils) and for Allium (least fertile soil), there was evidence of more efficient uptake of phosphorus in plants inoculated with spores from organic farms. The pattern of Allium response to inoculation with spores from conventional, conversion and organic sources was not consistent between soil type, but there was evidence of lower root infection for conversion compared with organic inocula and of a trend towards higher infectivity as the time period under organic management increased. Inoculating Allium with AMF root fragments produced a plant response similar to that obtained when spores were used, confirming that spore viability was not the sole factor influencing AMF effectivity in earlier experiments. Intensive farming practices may reduce the effectiveness of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal populations, particularly where fertiliser inputs are high and inherent fertility is low. This could have practical implications where high input farms are converted to organic management.