A thermodynamic view of networks

Networks can be described by the frequency distribution of the number of links associated with each node (the degree of the node). Of particular interest are the power law distributions, which give rise to the so-called scale-free networks, and the distributions of the form of the simplified canonical law (SCL) introduced by Mandelbrot, which give what we shall call the Mandelbrot networks. Many dynamical methods have been obtained for the construction of scale-free networks, but no dynamical construction of Mandelbrot networks has been demonstrated. Here we develop a systematic technique to obtain networks with any given distribution of the degrees of the nodes. This is done using a thermodynamic approach in which we maximise the entropy associated with degree distribution of the nodes of the network subject to certain constraints. These constraints can be chosen systematically to produce the desired network architecture. For large networks we therefore replace a dynamical approach to the stationary state by a thermodynamical viewpoint. We use the method to generate scale-free and Mandelbrot networks with arbitrarily chosen parameters. We emphasise that this approach opens the possibility of insights into a thermodynamics of networks by suggesting thermodynamic relations between macroscopic variables for networks.     

Diversity in the immune system: “Preconceived ideas” or ideas preconceived?

Two concepts of the evolution and regulation of expression of the combining site repertoire of the immune system, are compared. One view is based on the Associative Recognition Theory as formulated by the author and the other is based on the Idiotype Network Idea as conceived by Jerne. The two concepts are analyzed from the point of view of their logic, internal consistency and factual support.