Survey of Mariner-Like Elements in the Housefly, Musca Domestica

The presence of mariner-like elements in four strains of the housefly, Musca domestica, was surveyed by PCR. Using the inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences of the Mos 1element as primers, DNAs were successfully amplified from all strains of the housefly. Southern blot analysis indicated that these amplified DNAs were repetitive sequences in the genome of M. domestica. Sequence analyses of cloned PCR products showed that they were 45% identical to the Mos 1element. These fragments appeared to be nonfunctional, because they contained no intact open reading frame (ORF) capable of encoding transposase. We conclude that these DNAs are degraded mariner-like elements (MLEs) in M. domestica. Because these endogenous MLEs in M. domesticado not encode any functional proteins, they probably would not affect the behavior of mariner-based vectors if such were introduced into this species as transformation vectors.     

家蝇卵黄蛋白基因启动子区的克隆与活性分析

从家蝇基因组文库中分离到含约1．7kb5’上游区的家蝇卵黄蛋白-1基因组基因序列,根据其5’上游序列,PCR扩增出大小不同的4个启动子片段,分别插入到切除了CMV启动子的pCMV-GFP质粒中的绿色荧光蛋白报告基因上游,构建了pMYP1-GFP、pMYP2-GFP、pMYP3-GFP和pMYP4-GFP4个重组质粒。另将 684／ 7、 1165／ 7这两个启动子片段用SpeⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切,去除包含CAAT／TATA盒的 302／ 7序列区后,分别构建了pMYP5-GFP和pMYP6-GFP两个重组质粒。通过电转移实验和荧光检测表明。 684／ 7、 1165／ 7、 1616／ 7这3个启动子片段具有转录活性,而 684／ 7启动子片段的转录活性最强, 296／ 7、 684／ 302、 1165／ 302这3个启动子片段无转录活性。上述实验结果表明。 302／ 7序列区为启动子的核心部分。 302到 1616之间存在调控性启动子或增强子等其他一些顺式元件。细胞转染实验证实,6种启动子片段在BHK-21和Sf9细胞中都未表现出可检测的转录活性,说明家蝇卵黄蛋白基因启动子具有组织或细胞特异性。     

The Mutation Masculinizer (Man) Defines a Sex-Determining Gene with Maternal and Zygotic Functions in Musca Domestica L

In Musca domestica, the primary signal for sex determination is the dominant factor M, which is assumed to regulate a postulated female-determining gene F. Presence of M prevents expression of F so that male development ensues. In the absence of M, F can become active, which dictates the female pathway. The existence of F is inferred from F(D), a dominant factor that is epistatic to M. We describe a new mutation masculinizer, which has all the properties expected for a null or strongly hypomorphic allele of F: (1) it maps to the same chromosomal location as F(D), (2) homozygous man/man animals develop as males, (3) homozygous man/man clones generated in man/+ female larvae differentiate male structures, (4) man has a sex-determining maternal effect. About a third of the morphological males synthesize yolk proteins, which indicates that they are intersexual in internal structures. The maternal effect of man is complete in offspring that derive from homozygous man/man pole cells transplanted into female hosts. In this case, all man/+ progeny become fertile males that do not produce yolk proteins. A sex-determining maternal effect has previously been demonstrated for F(D). Like F, maternal man(+) is needed for zygotic man(+) to become active, providing further evidence that man is a loss-of-function allele of F.     

The Hermes element from Musca domestica can transpose in four families of cyclorrhaphan flies

Transgenic insect technology will provide opportunities to explore the basic biology of a broad range of insect species in ways that will prove insightful and important. It is also a technology that will provide opportunities to manipulate the genotypes of insects of practical significance to the health and welfare of humans. TheHermes transposable element from the housefly,Musca domestica, is a short inverted repeat-type element related tohobo fromDrosophila melanogaster, Ac fromZea mays, andTam3 fromAntirrhinum majus. It has potential to become a versatile and efficient broad host-range insect transformation vector. The ability ofHermes to transpose when introduced into five species of diptera from four divergent families was tested using anin vivo, interplasmid transpositional recombination assay.Hermes was capable of transposing in all species tested, demonstrating thatHermes has a broad host-range. In addition, the rates of transposition were sufficiently high in all species tested to suggest thatHermes will be an efficient gene transfer vector in a wide range of insect species. TheHermes element also revealed a pattern of integration into the target substrate that permitted factors determining integration site selection to be identified. Primary nucleotide sequence of the integration site played a role as did proximity to preferred integration sites and the nucleosomal organization of the target.     

Developmental Analysis of Two Sex-Determining Genes, M and F, in the Housefly, Musca Domestica

In the housefly, Musca domestica, a single dominant factor, M, determines maleness. Animals hemior heterozygous for M are males, whereas those without M develop as females. In certain strains, however, both sexes are homozygous for M, and an epistatic dominant factor, F(D), dictates female development. The requirement for these factors was analyzed by producing, with mitotic recombination, mosaic animals consisting of genetically male and female cells. Removal of F(D) from an M/M;F(D)/+ cell at any time of larval development, even in the last larval instar, resulted in sex-reversal, i.e., in the development of a male clone in an otherwise female fly. In contrast, when M was removed from M/+ cells, the resulting clones remained male despite their female genotype, even when the removal of M happened at embryonic stages. The occurrence of spontaneous gynandromorphs, however, shows that the loss of M in individual nuclei prior to blastoderm formation causes the affected cells to adopt the female pathway. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that M is the primary sex-determining signal which sets the state of activity of the key gene F at around the blastoderm stage. Parallels and differences to the sex-determining system of Drosophila are discussed.     

昆虫保幼激素促进家蚕杆状病毒系统的基因表达

杆状病毒表达载体系统(Baculovirus Expression VecterSvstem,BEVS)的一个最大优点是外源基因的高效表达(Hy-perexpression).但是,不同的外源基因在BEVS系统中的表达水平相差很大,较低的如α-干扰素,表达量为1～5mg/L培养细胞;高的如β-半乳糖苷酶,表达量可达600mg/L培养细胞.外源基因在BEVS系统中表达量受到诸多因素的影响,如细胞的类型与质量,外源基因蛋白的性质,启动子序列的完整性,是否为融合蛋白等[1].如何使外源基因在BEVS系统中高效表达,是近年来该领域中研究最活跃的方向之一.已证实家蚕杆状病毒的表达量受宿主遗传型的影响,最低和最高的遗传型相差达7倍以上[2].林水中等发现家蚕饲料中添食适当浓度的硫酸铜可提高外源基因单位表达量10%左右[3].杆状病毒在复制循环中表现出两种类型:芽生病毒和包涵体病毒,其中芽生病毒引起宿主体内不同组织间的感染,包涵体病毒则引起宿主之间感染[1].杆状病毒基因组中蜕皮激素尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶(egt)基因影响激素在宿主体内的平衡[4],egt基因通过糖基化作用使蜕皮激素失活,打破宿主体内的激素平衡,延长幼虫期,以利于病毒的增殖[5].家蚕血淋巴中保幼激素(Juvenile hormone,JH)的滴度同样决定着幼虫发育的进程[6],本文通过体表使用保幼激素,以研究保幼激素对家蚕核型多角体病毒和宿主之间的相互关系及对外源基因表达量的影响.     

家蝇抗菌肽Cecropin-His_6融合基因的克隆、序列分析及其表达载体构建

克隆家蝇幼虫抗菌肽Cecropin -His 6融合基因 ,构建其真核表达载体 ,为更深入的抗菌肽活性研究及制备新型肽类抗生素创造条件。该文从家蝇幼虫组织中提取总RNA ,RT -PCR扩增编码Cecropin开放阅读框cDNA序列 ,将其克隆至pUCm -T载体进行序列测定 ;然后用含 6×His标签序列的下游引物克隆Cecropin -His 6融合基因 ,并将其构建于真核表达载体pcDNA3.1( )中 ;同时应用生物信息学对融合基因的理化性质和二级结构进行预测分析。结果表明 ,RT -PCR扩增得到约 2 30bp的目的cDNA片段 ,与Genebank中报道的家蝇CecropincDNA序列存在一个无义变异差异 (Lys:AAG→AAA) ;6×His标签成功融合到Cecropin的C端。Cecropin -His 6融合基因的克隆和真核表达载体的成功构建 ,为进一步制备抗耐药菌的肽类抗生素奠定了基础。     

嘌呤霉素抗性基因捕获载体的构建及在细胞中的功能验证

目的构建具有嘌呤霉素抗性基因捕获载体,扩大基因捕获载体的应用范围。方法用经改造的捕获载体（gene trapping vector）稳定转染HepG2．2．15肝癌细胞系,经嘌呤霉素筛选,制作单克隆细胞株。用PCR方法验证该载体的在细胞染色体中的整合,ELISA方法证明捕获载体捕获基因后的细胞的功能改变。结果嘌呤霉素抗性基因捕获载体整合在HepG2．2．15肝癌细胞的染色体上,并能影响细胞HBsAg和HBeAg的分泌。结论新构建的嘌呤霉素抗性基因捕获载体能在具有G418抗性的细胞中捕获有意义的目的基因。     

Musca Domestica Larva Lectin Induces Apoptosis in BEL-7402 Cells Through a Ca2+/JNK-mediated Mitochondrial Pathway

Although Musca domestica larvae lectin (MLL) is able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and to induce cancer cell apoptosis, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for these processes remain elusive. In the current study, the signaling network underlying the MLL-induced apoptosis of human hepatoma BEL-7402 cell was investigated. Our data found out that MLL causes a sustained increase of the intracellular Ca²⁺ and this process was prevented by the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA-AM, suggesting the involvement of intracellular Ca²⁺ in MLL-induced cell apoptosis. MLL also causes the production of reactive oxygen species and elevates the phosphorylation status of JNK, processes associated with the increased cytoplasmic Ca²⁺. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening study showed that MLL treatment of BEL-7402 cells results in the opening of MPTP and a reduction of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In such condition, cytochrome-c was detected to be released from mitochondria to cytoplasm through the MPTP. This eventually activates caspase-3 and thus results in apoptosis of the tested BEL-7402 cells. According to a comprehensive review of all the evidence, it is concluded that MLL induces apoptosis of BEL-7402 cells through a Ca²⁺/JNK-mediated MPTP pathway.     

用杆状病毒为载体在昆虫细胞中表达马立克病病毒pp38基因

鸡马立克病病毒(MDV)38kd磷蛋白(pp38)基因中包括起始密码子和终止密码子的完整编码序列被整合进杆状病毒AcNPV的转移载体质粒pVL1392,用所得的含pp38基因的重组转移载体质粒pVLpp38I与野生型杆状病毒AcNPV的DNA共转染昆虫传代细胞系Sf9细胞后,用荧光抗体法以抗MDV单克隆抗体H_(19)筛选到能表达MDVpp38的重组杆状病毒克隆BP38 I。免疫印迹试验表明,在重组病毒BP38 I感染的Sf9细胞溶解物中,可表现一条分子量约为35—36kd的为单克隆抗体H_(19)识别的MDV特异性蛋白带。     

烟草类锌指基因NtZFL基因的功能分析

从烟草cDNA中分离出一个类锌指基因NtZFL,开放读码框321 bp,编码106个氨基。QRT-PCR分析表明MV、H₂O₂、ABA、冷胁迫处理都提高了NtZFL在烟草的表达,Northern blot分析表明该基因在烟草的不同组织中具有组织特异性,在幼叶和花中表达量较高。亚细胞定位表明NtZFL蛋白是定位在细胞壁中的蛋白。NtZFL基因启动子驱动GUS基因转烟草植株显示在幼苗中整株有表达,但在根部和叶脉处表达量较高。     

杀虫药剂抗性家蝇品系乙酰胆碱酯酶基因的特征分析

乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)是有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫药剂的作用靶标,这两大类杀虫药剂的广泛应用导致了昆虫对抗性的选择。靶标的修饰是某些昆虫产生抗性的分于机理,这种抗性是和AChE的变更型相关的,这些变更型的酶显示出对杀虫药剂的不被感性。利用RT-PCR和Streptavidin偶联磁珠技术从两种抗性家蝇(Musca domestica)品系D3和Kash中分别分离了AChE基因并测定了其按苷酸颅序。eDNA的可读框长2082bp．由此推导出了AChE的氨基酸顺序,通过与敏感家蝇品系Cooper的比较,发现了一些核苷酸顺序差异和4个氨基酸点突变,其中3个替代可能与杀虫药剂不敏感性有关。这一结果表明D3和Kash均属于CH₂抗性类型。     

大鼠Pael -R基因shRNA干扰载体的构建及功能筛选鉴定

目的:构建并筛选针对大鼠Pael -R基因的有效shRNA干扰载体并鉴定其干扰效果.方法:构建三个针对大鼠Pael-R基因的shRNA表达载体,利用脂质体转染大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC12,以G418筛选抗性细胞克隆并利用RT-PCR和Western Blotting鉴定Pael -R基因的表达.结果:在构建的3个干扰载体中,转染pRNA-U6/PaelR -3的细胞克隆中Pael -R表达在mRNA水平为29％,与对照组相比下降了45.3％,在蛋白质水平为32％,下降了27.3％ (P＜0.05).结论:构建了Pael -R基因的有效干扰载体pRNA-U6/PaelR -3,并得到了Pael -R基因表达下调型PC12细胞克隆,为研究Pael -R基因表达下调在帕金森病的发病机制及其治疗中的作用奠定了基础.     

柽柳ThDUF106基因的植物表达载体构建及其功能验证

柽柳中的ThDUF106基因在盐碱胁迫处理下表达量显著上调,表明ThDUF106基因可能参与了柽柳的抗逆境胁迫。为探究柽柳ThDUF106基因的功能,我们对三月龄柽柳进行盐碱、干旱及重金属等非生物胁迫下的叶、根进行荧光定量PCR检测,分析ThDUF106基因的时空表达情况,并通过生物信息学分析ThDUF106基因所编码的蛋白质,同时我们将这个基因进行植物表达载体构建并进行烟草的遗传转化。研究结果表明：转基因烟草株系及野生型的一月龄苗在非生物胁迫处理下,进行生理生化指标比较分析,结果显示,转基因烟草与非转基因烟草在各胁迫下的抗氧化状态基本相同,表明这个基因在烟草中过表达并没有改善烟草的抗氧化性。     

昆虫抗菌肽结构、性质和基因调控

昆虫抗菌肽是昆虫先天免疫系统中非常重要的一类效应分子。昆虫抗菌肽带正电荷,分子量小,大多数少于100个氨基酸残基。根据结构可以将昆虫抗菌肽分为一些不同的家族。昆虫抗菌肽不同的抗菌谱表明,它具有不同的作用机制。以果蝇为模式生物研究表明,昆虫抗菌肽的基因调控涉及到多个信号通路及大量的信号分子。