自由体位分娩加分娩减痛法在初产顺产妇中的临床应用效果

目的:研究和探讨自由体位分娩法和分娩减痛法结合起来在初产顺产妇中的临床应用效果。方法:选取2013年1月至2013年12月已被收治的符合标准的初产顺产妇女360例为研究对象,将其随机分成A1组(自由体位分娩法组)、A2组(分娩减痛法组)和A1+A2组(两种方法结合组),每组120例。观察和比较三组产妇阴道分娩产程时间、疼痛等级评分、出血量、剖宫产率、新生儿Apgar评分情况和产后不良情况发生率。结果:①A1+A2组的分娩产程时间低于A1组及A2组,疼痛等级评分优于A1组和A2组(P均0.05);②A1+A2组的分娩过程中的出血量和剖宫产率均低于A1组及A2组(P0.05);③A1+A2组新生儿Apgar评分情况比A1组及A2组好(P0.05);④A1+A2组产后不良情况的发生率也低(P0.05)。然而以上观察指标A1组与A2组之间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在临床实践过程中对初产顺产产妇实施自由体位分娩结合分娩减痛法可以显著地改善产妇分娩过程中的不良情况,对新生儿的影响也是积极的。两种方法的综合应用更具有良好的临床效果。     

Monkey research in China: developing a natural resource

China's contribution to primate research is no longer limited to supplying monkeys to scientists abroad. With an abundance of wild rhesus macaques, low labor costs, and a nonhostile environment for animal research, scientists are finding that China is the place to be for research using macaques as models of human disease.     

Barusiban, an effective long-term treatment of oxytocin-induced preterm labor in nonhuman primates

Preterm labor (PTL) affects up to 25% of human pregnancies in developing countries, but there are few therapeutic options. Based on the key role of oxytocin (OXT) in labor and parturition, OXT antagonists are a potentially useful class of drugs for PTL. Barusiban is a new selective, potent, and long-acting OXT receptor antagonist. In this study barusiban was given by continuous i.v. infusion to monkeys during the last 3 wk of pregnancy; the monkeys were also given daily doses of OXT to induce uterine contractions and simulate PTL. Barusiban effectively suppressed OXT-induced PTL-like contractions and prevented early delivery. In contrast, fenoterol (a beta2-adrenoceptor [beta2-AR] agonist used as a comparative control) did not inhibit uterine contractions in this model. Barusiban was particularly effective in maintaining low intrauterine pressure (IUP) near the end of pregnancy, which is when IUP in both OXT controls and fenoterol-treated females increased substantially. Although barusiban delayed the onset of labor, it did not prevent normal delivery. These data demonstrate the safety and efficacy of barusiban in reducing uterine contractility in response to repeated OXT challenge, and suggest that barusiban may be therapeutically effective in long-term treatment of PTL.     

Comparative study of musculature in goldon monkey (Rhinopithecus)

Some differences between the muscular system of three species of golden monkeys were shown. The major features of the myology in these animals, besides that ofCercopithecoidea, are similar to the anthropoid apes and humans. Although most of the features between taxa of golden monkeys are largely homologous, there are also some differences. Our results differ slightly from thosePatterson (1942) obtained inR. roxellanae. Some conclusions reported by Patterson were obviously incorrect, since the specimen he used did not have a head. Many mylogical characters are similar to other species ofCercopithecoidea while some resemble those of apes. Many are similar to those of the leaf monkey, though some of them show much more development. The golden monkey is more advanced than any other species ofCercopithecoidea. We hypothesize that in terms of the myological characters the golden monkeys seem to occupy a position between the leaf monkeys and the apes.     

Observation of delivery behavior in the rhesus monkey

Seven deliveries of rhesus monkeys maintained in the laboratory were recorded by a video recorder system to determine the signs of impending labor. The characteristic postures; i.e., standing, squatting and crouching, were demonstrated in all cases with cyclic regularity (about 2–4 min) 35–210 min prior to the actual parturition, although prediction of the delivery date several days beforehand failed. The four stages of the delivery process are also presented in this report.     

菲氏叶猴与黑叶猴的下颌骨

本文对15只菲氏叶猴和8只黑叶猴成年下颌骨作了功能形态学研究。在21项所分析的变量中,两种之间有4项达到显著性差异水平,而10项达到非常显著的差异水平。从所分析的结构看来,菲氏时猴下臼齿及门齿的面积大于黑叶猴,而黑叶猴的咬肌附着部分(支高、颌高,支宽及髁头长)大于菲氏叶猴。这表现了黑叶猴比菲氏叶猴具更强的咀嚼能力。因而,可以推测在食物成分中,黑叶猴食坚果的比例要大于菲氏叶猴。     

Management of individual body weight growth of infant squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) in indoor breeding colony

We biometrically analyzed the body weight growth data of new-born squirrel monkeys, obtained during the nursing period from 0 to 12 weeks of age. Body weight (y in grams) could be expressed as a function of birth weight (a in grams) and age (x in weeks) by the following equation: y = a + b x, where b indicates growth rate. This equation corresponded significantly with actual growth curves (R2 = 0.96). The frequency distribution of b values was demonstrated to be abnormal distribution. This value was used to judge whether the body weight growth of each monkey was normal or abnormal. The lower control limit (LCL) was calculated by using a linear equation with the b value of 9.07 (M-1.25 x S.D.) and each birth weight. For the monkeys whose body weight was above the LCL during the first three weeks after birth, it was determined whether the frequency of weighings could be reduced from 13 to 7. Using the same animals, no significant difference was detected between the b value estimated from 13 measurements and that estimated from 7 measurements. Thus, from the standpoint of management's policy to save labor, the frequency of weighings could be reduced. A new daily routine has been established in our primate center to save labor by reducing the number of body weighings of the many infant monkeys. In the new program, newborn monkeys whose body weight is above the LCL are weighed only 7 times during the nursing period of 12 weeks, while those whose weight is below the LCL are weighed 8 to 13 times.     

Relationship between fetal position and stillbirth in the cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis): retrospective analysis

Retrospective analyses were made on the relationship between fetal position and stillbirth, using 703 pregnant cynomolgus monkeys. Incidence of the breech position was 59.1% to 12 weeks of gestation. The rate decreased stepwise to 10.4% on the day before delivery. Twenty-one (65.6%) of 32 monkeys who were in the breech position on the day before delivery had stillbirths, whereas only one stillbirth occurred among 275 monkeys whose fetuses were in the cephalic position.     

Wild Bearded Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus libidinosus) Strategically Place Nuts in a Stable Position during Nut-Cracking

Humans can use hand tools smoothly and effectively in varying circumstances; in other words, skillfully. A few other species of primates crack encased foods using hammer tools and anvils. Are they skilled? Positioning the food on the anvil so that it does not fall off when struck is a component of skilled cracking. We discovered that bearded capuchin monkeys deliberately place palm nuts in a relatively stable position on the anvil before striking them. In the first experiment, we marked the meridians of palm nuts where they stopped when rolled on a flat surface (“Stop meridian”). We videotaped monkeys as they cracked these nuts on an anvil. In playback we coded the position of the Stop meridian prior to each strike. Monkeys typically knocked the nuts on the anvil a few times before releasing them in a pit. They positioned the nuts so that the Stop meridian was within 30 degrees of vertical with respect to gravity more often than expected, and the nuts rarely moved after the monkeys released them. In the second experiment, 14 blindfolded people (7 men) asked to position marked nuts on an anvil as if to crack them reliably placed them with the Stop meridian in the same position as the monkeys did. In the third experiment, two people judged that palm nuts are most bilaterally symmetric along a meridian on, or close to, the Stop meridian. Thus the monkeys reliably placed the more symmetrical side of the nuts against the side of the pit, and the nuts reliably remained stationary when released. Monkeys apparently used information gained from knocking the nut to achieve this position. Thus, monkeys place the nuts skillfully, strategically managing the fit between the variable nuts and pits in the anvil, and skilled placement depends upon information generated by manual action.     

Effects of social isolation on aggressiveness in fish with special reference to the swordtail (Xiphophorus helleri)

The attack readiness of socially isolated male swordtails ($\text{Xiphophorus helleri}$) was measured in two different aggression tests: (a) In the standard–opponent test the aggressive responses to a small, rather passive opponent swimming in a small adjacent compartment of the test aquarium were counted. (b) In the mirror test the subjects were confronted with their own mirror image. Social isolation for 4 weeks resulted in a decrease of attack readiness in both test situations. It is concluded that -- similar to cichlids -- external stimuli from conspecifics are essential for maintaining the level of aggression readiness characteristic for socially living males. There are good reasons to propose that the effect of external stimuli is mediated by the pituitary-gonadal axis. On the other hand, it is well known from previous studies that, in escalated encounters between freely swimming males, isolated males fight longer and at higher intensities for rank-order position than non-isolated males. The hypothesis is proposed that the high fighting intensity of previously isolated males could be due to an experience levelling effect of social isolation, i.e. the influence of different agonistic experience is reduced by isolation.A critical review of the literature on isolation-induced decremental and incremental effects on aggression in teleosts is presented. Often it is extremely difficult to compare the results of different authors because the methods of behavioural measurement differ to a large extent. However, it is a striking fact that social isolation of immature fish in all known cases has resulted in an increase of aggressiveness. Probably in mature males, depending on species and circumstances, either an incremental or a decremental effect of social isolation may be adaptive. On the one hand, a spontaneous increase of attack readiness may be advantageous for defence of a territory or a position in the social hierarchy and improves the ability of a single individual to join a group of strange conspecifics. On the other hand, it may be economic to lower the level of androgenic hormones to some extent in the absence of conspecifics, and this could lead to a reduction of the aggression level.     

A restraining system for rhesus monkeys used in space research

A new chronic restraining system has been designed specifically for male rhesus monkeys (8–13 kg) housed in weightlessness for scientific purposes. The restraining system consists of a coat (jacket and skirt) and a chair. The system separates the thorax from the lower part of the body, and allows large movements of the upper part of the body. The macaque can feed and groom itself, and can also sleep in close-to-normal position.     

Exploring first-year undergraduate medical students' self-directed learning readiness to physiology

Medical students are expected to possess self-directed learning skills to pursue lifelong learning. Previous studies have reported that the readiness for self-directed learning depends on personal attributes as well as the curriculum followed in institutions. Melaka Manipal Medical College of Manipal University (Karnataka, India) offers a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) twinning program that is of 5 yr in duration. Keeping in mind the amount of time that the curriculum has devoted for self-directed learning, we explored the self-directed learning readiness of first-year MBBS students (n = 130) using a self-directed learning readiness scale (SDLRS) and explored the correlation between SDLRS scores of high achievers, medium achievers, and low achievers with their academic performance in physiology examinations. Students were requested to respond to each item of the SDLRS on a Likert scale. Median scores of the three scales of the SDLRS were compared across the three groups of students using a Kruskall-Wallis test. SDLRS scores of the students (n = 130) were correlated with their marks in theory papers of first, second, and third block-end examinations using Spearmann's correlation coefficient. The mean item score for desire for learning was found to be higher followed by self-control and self-management. Data analyses showed significantly high (P < 0.03) median scores for self-control for high achievers compared with medium and low achievers. Between the groups, high achievers had a higher score for all the three scales of the SDLRS followed by low and medium achievers. SDLRS scores and academic performance of the three groups of students were found to exhibit a weak correlation. This study threw light on the fact that despite having a high desire for learning and ability of self-control, students need to be supported in their self-management skills.     

徒手转胎纠正128 例头位难产的临床效果观察

目的:探讨应用徒手转胎术纠正头位难产的临床效果,为提高经阴道分娩的成功率提供参考。方法:选取2014年6月-2015年12月我院收治的128例头位难产患者作为研究对象,随机为研究组和对照组,每组64例。对照组在第二产程初期采用胎头吸引术,研究组患者通过徒手旋转胎头术调整胎头方位。观察并比较两组产后出血量、第二产程时间及新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA)评分。结果:研究组患者阴道自然分娩成功率(95.31%)高于对照组(73.44%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组产后出血量和第二产程时间均显著低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组新生儿NBNA评分高于对照组,但两组之间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:徒手转胎术与胎头吸引术两种干预方式对新生儿行为神经的影响无明显区别,但徒手转胎术可以有效缩短头位难产产妇的产程,并能显著提高阴道分娩率,有益于母婴的预后,值得临床推广应用。     

小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉对高龄产妇分娩镇痛效果评估

目的:评估小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉对高龄产妇分娩镇痛效果。方法:选取我院2019年1月-2020年12月共收治的80例高龄无痛分娩产妇作为研究对象,对照组产妇应用罗哌卡因进行硬膜外麻醉;观察组产妇应用小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉,对比两组镇痛效果、VAS评分、Bromage评分、自控镇痛追加次数、产程时间、24 h的新生儿窒息情况与24 h泌乳量评分情况。结果:观察组镇痛效果明显优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组产妇的VAS评分在三个产程时间内评分明较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组产妇第一产程和第二产程的Bromage评分略低于对照组,但对比差异不显著(P>0.05),第三产程观察组的Bromage评分明显较对照组低;观察组产妇的自控镇痛追加次数较对照组低(P<0.05);观察组的第一产程和第二产程时间明显低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组产妇产后24 h泌乳量评分优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组新生儿窒息比例略低于对照组,但是并无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:对高龄产妇分娩应用小剂量罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼硬膜外麻醉镇痛效果显著,镇痛追加药剂量少,产程时间短,安全有效,有利于产妇产后分泌母乳,值得临床应用推广。     

Interplay between various aspects in social relationships of young rhesus monkeys: Dominance,agonistic help,and affiliation

Relationships between group-living primates depend strongly on their position in the group dominance hierarchy and on their relationships with other group members. The influence of various behaviours on social relationships of immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was investigated here. Dominance ranks were established and related to the degree of affiliation in a dyad. Older monkeys were mostly dominant to the younger ones, regardless of kinship. Subordinate monkeys left proximity of their dominant members more often than they were left by them both among siblings and non-siblings, but the effect of dominance rank on the amount of play initiation and grooming in a dyad differed between these two types of dyads. The amount of agonistic help two individuals provided for each other was low among immatures. Nevertheless, pairs of siblings gave help to each other in agonistic conflicts more often than non-siblings, and such help was more often reciprocated between siblings than between non-siblings. Help in agonistic conflicts was positively correlated with the amount of time monkeys spent playing, grooming, or in proximity. Adults tended to interfere less in conflicts of frequent sibling play partners or non-sibling grooming partners. No evidence was found for young monkeys to exchange reciprocally grooming for agonistic help. It is argued that the time monkeys spend interacting with each other in affiliative interactions increases their familiarity and thus promotes close relationships between them. On the whole, young monkeys' relationships, like those between adults, are influenced strongly by their kinship, and position in the dominance hierarchy.     

Individual differences in young rhesus monkeys: Consistency and change

At 1 year and 2.5 years of age, rhesus monkeys were removed from the colony to a strange situation. Upon introduction, each monkey was watched for 2 hr, given a series of behavioural tests, and watched again six days after introduction. Activity increased with age, as did readiness to approach a ball. Time spent looking at a mirror decreased with age. Although test measures were reliable at each age, there was no significantly positive correlation from one age to the next. Nevertheless, with males, but not females, significant correlations occurred at each age between behaviour in the strange situation and observers’ ratings of behaviour in the colony.     

Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) show robust primacy and recency in memory for lists from small, but not large, image sets

The combination of primacy and recency produces a U-shaped serial position curve typical of memory for lists. In humans, primacy is often thought to result from rehearsal, but there is little evidence for rehearsal in nonhumans. To further evaluate the possibility that rehearsal contributes to primacy in monkeys, we compared memory for lists of familiar stimuli (which may be easier to rehearse) to memory for unfamiliar stimuli (which are likely difficult to rehearse). Six rhesus monkeys saw lists of five images drawn from either large, medium, or small image sets. After presentation of each list, memory for one item was assessed using a serial probe recognition test. Across four experiments, we found robust primacy and recency with lists drawn from small and medium, but not large, image sets. This finding is consistent with the idea that familiar items are easier to rehearse and that rehearsal contributes to primacy, warranting further study of the possibility of rehearsal in monkeys. However, alternative interpretations are also viable and are discussed.     

双腔水囊联合腹主动脉介入阻隔术对比催产素联合常规剖宫产在晚期妊娠糖尿病引产中的应用分析

摘要 目的：探讨双腔水囊联合腹主动脉介入阻隔术对比催产素联合常规剖宫产对于晚期妊娠糖尿病引产的临床疗效。方法：收集2019年9月至2020年4月在我院待产的146例晚期妊娠糖尿病患者,随机分为研究组（73例）和对照组（73例）。研究组首先采用双腔水囊置于宫颈引产,对于双腔水囊引产失败的患者则采用腹主动脉介入阻隔术情况下剖宫产;对照组采用单纯静脉滴注小剂量催产素引产,对于催产素引产失败的患者则行常规剖宫产。通过询问病史、体征检查、实验室检查等收集孕妇一般情况、引产前后宫颈Bishop评分、各产程情况、不良反应等数据;引产失败的部分患者收集手术时间、输血量、出血量、子宫切除率、新生儿Apgar评分。对比分析两组患者促宫颈成熟度、各产程情况、妊娠结局、不良反应等结果。结果：研究组孕妇宫颈Bishop评分治疗后高于对照组（P＜0.05）;研究组与对照组在宫颈Bishop评分提高上比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组引产成功率高于对照组,对照组剖宫产率高于研究组,两组分娩结局比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。研究组引产开始至临产时间、第一产程、第二产程、总产程时间上短于对照组（P＜0.05）。研究组术中出血量、输血量、子宫切除率及新生儿Apgar评分均少于对照组（P＜0.05）。研究组不良反应发生例数低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论：双腔水囊、催产素均可促宫颈成熟,但前者优于后者且可提高引产成功率;腹主动脉介入阻隔术的应用较常规剖宫产优势更为明显,对于晚期妊娠糖尿病孕妇采用双腔水囊联合腹主动脉介入阻隔术引产具有更高安全性,值得临床借鉴。     

Observations of parturition among captive patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas)

Six cases of labor and delivery by laboratory-housed patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) are described. Five of the births occurred during the daytime, and the sixth occurred just after the usual “lights out” time. Although it was impossible to determine the actual onset of labor, the final 1.5–0.5 hr before parturition were observed in all cases. Throughout labor, females tended to begin a contraction every 2–4 min and contractions usually lasted 35–60 sec. Females did not show common patterns of change in contraction frequency or duration as birth neared. It was not possible to describe patas monkey labor and delivery in terms of “stages.” Postpartum, females typically began cleaning their infants within 90 sec and picked them up within 5 min. Placental delivery times varied among females, as did the extent of placental consumption. One “mother-only” - reared female proved to be an inadequate mother.