Fruiting-inducing activity of cerebrosides observed with Schizophyllum commune

Isolation and identification of substances having an activity to stimulate the fruiting body formation of Schizophyllum commune were attempted. The active principles in its mycelia were divided into four fractions by sequential purification with silica gel column and reverse-phase HPLC column chromatography. By infrared spectra and thin-layer chromatography, the active substances in these four fractions were revealed as cerebrosides. About 0.1 μg of the cerebroside fractions showed a discriminative stimulating activity on S. commune when tested by the method these authors adopted. The active substance in the fraction II was N-2′-hydroxypalmitoyl-1-O-glucosyl-nonadecasphingadienine. The cerebrosides from pea seeds and Fusicoccum amygdali showed the similar activity on S. commune, but some commercial synthetic cerebrosides and cerebrosides from bovine and porcine brains exhibited no stimulating activity. Only definite cerebrosides with special structures seem to be able to induce the fruiting of S. commune.     

Selectively recombining B incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune

Summary Analysis of genetic crosses among strains of Schizophyllum commune carrying recombining B factors has revealed that not all heteroallelic pairs of B factors are able to recombine with each other. This suppression of recombination is highly specific and appears to be determined by the B factors themselves.     

Studies on mutations disruptive to nuclear migration in Schizophyllum commune

Summary The pattern of complementation between mutations disruptive to nuclear migration was studied in an attempt to obtain an estimate of the number of genes implicated in the morphogenetic process of nuclear migration. The results indicate that a direct estimate cannot be obtained directly from the pattern of interactions due to the complexity of the pattern. It is shown that nonallelic genes can lead to an interaction normally obtained between mutations in the same gene. The pattern of interactions between the mutants and with the wild type suggest that the mutations disruptive to nuclear migration involve the biochemical modification of septal components.     

The stereochemical course of the reaction mechanism of trehalose phosphorylase from Schizophyllum commune

Phosphorolysis of α,α-trehalose catalyzed by trehalose phosphorylase from the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune proceeds via net retention of anomeric configuration and yields α- -glucose 1-phosphate and α- -glucose as the products. In reverse reaction, only the α-anomers of -glucose 1-phosphate and -glucose are utilized as glucosyl donor and acceptor, respectively, and give exclusively the α,α-product. Trehalose phosphorylase converts α- -glucose 1-fluoride and phosphate into α- -glucose 1-phosphate, a reaction requiring the stereospecific protonation of the glucosyl fluoride by a Brønsted acid. The results are discussed with regard to a plausible reaction mechanism of fungal trehalose phosphorylase.     

Ligand Recognition in Multiallelic Pheromone Receptors from the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune Studied in Yeast

The homobasidiomycete Schizophyllum commune encodes a multiallelic pheromone receptor system that distinguishes more than 20 nonself from at least 2 self pheromones. The well-investigated pheromone response system of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used to link the FUS1::lacZ reporter system to the heterologous pheromone receptors from S. commune. To investigate yeast G-protein binding, the unchanged heterologous receptor was compared to constructs carrying an exchange of the 3rd cytoplasmatic loop for the Ste2 sequence. A better coupling could be achieved with the altered constructs. In order to examine activation by single pheromones, an artificial peptide based on the sequence of a new putative pheromone gene, bap2(1), in the Balpha2 mating-type locus encoding the shortest pheromone found so far in fungal mating types was used. Thus, we have reassembled the pheromone recognition of the basidiomycete S. commune and constructed a system ideal for specificity analysis in the yeast S. cerevisiae.     

The induction and characterization of recessive suppressors of arg-2 in Schizophyllum commune

Summary Genetic analyses have been made to detect recessive suppressor mutations in eight prototrophic strains derived by treating an arginine dependent strain with hydroxylamine. The results indicate that one strain possesses a recessive suppressor, su-1, which maps outside the arg-2 locus and is capable of suppressing auxotrophy conferred by the arg-2 mutation. This suppressor is incapable of suppressing auxotrophy conferred by eight other loci. Prototrophy in the remaining seven strains resulted from either intragenic suppression, reversion, or from a suppressor mutation that is closely linked to the arg-2 locus. The results of heterokaryotic allelic tests with the seven strains indicate that the mutation to prototrophy is recessive.     

洋底深部裂褶菌在不同环境条件的生长行为

[目的] 二甲基巯基丙酸内盐（dimethylsulfoniopropionate,DMSP）及其裂解产物二甲基硫（dimethyl sulfide,DMS）在海洋硫循环中发挥重要作用。目前关于DMSP降解细菌的分布已有部分报道,但其合成细菌的研究才刚刚起步。本文拟研究中国东海水体DMSP合成与降解菌及基因的水平和垂直分布（1000 m水深）差异,分析其对环境梯度变化的响应。[方法] 利用流式细胞仪计数海水样品中微微型浮游生物的数量,通过荧光定量PCR和高通量测序手段定量测定DMSP合成基因（dsyB和mmtN）及物种、DMSP降解基因（dddP和dmdA）及物种的丰度,分析其在东海海域水平及垂直方向上的分布差异。[结果] 在垂直方向上,聚球藻、原绿球藻、微微型真核生物和异养细菌丰度随着水深的增加而先增后减,最大值位于30-50 m附近。表层（4 m左右）水体的DMSP合成及降解基因丰度最高,DMSP合成菌（如Alteromonas、Phaeobacter和Pelagibaca等）丰度也最高;随着水深增加,表层以下水体中DMSP合成及降解基因和物种丰度先增加后降低,峰值均出现在100-150 m;100 m以下,DMSP降解基因丰度迅速下降,而合成基因丰度下降程度较低,而且接近底层（>500 m）时出现随水深逐渐增加的趋势。水平方向二者变化规律不明显。浅层水体（≤100 m）和深层水体（>100 m）细菌群落结构存在显著差异,前者拥有较高比例的黄杆菌纲、放线菌纲和蓝细菌纲细菌,后者α变形菌纲细菌丰度较高。[结论] 100 m及以浅和100 m以深的浮游细菌群落结构存在显著差异。表层水体中DMSP合成和降解细菌的丰度最高,100-150 m水体次之,但100-1022 m介导的DMSP合成和降解细菌丰度的变化趋势有较大差别。     

“海油雪”的形成机制及其生态效应

2010年深水地平线事故发生后,在被石油污染的墨西哥湾观察到大量的"海油雪"形成,海油雪的相关研究成为人们关注的焦点。海油雪是指石油、浮游植物、细菌黏液等组成的团聚物,能够将石油从海面沉降至海底,对石油的风化过程产生深远影响。因此,研究海油雪的形成机制和生态效应,对于深入认识海油雪在石油-海洋系统中的作用具有重要意义。本文从物理凝聚、微生物和石油分散剂三个方面对海油雪的形成机制展开探讨,分析了海油雪对石油风化、底栖生物毒性和其他污染物迁移转化的影响,并结合现有研究进行了展望。     

Monokaryotic fruiting in Schizophyllum commune: Genetic control of the response to mechanical injury

Summary Monokaryotic fruiting is used as a tool to study mushroom development and differentiation in Schizophyllum commune. This paper reports data which further elucidate the genetic control of the monokaryotic fruiting response to mechanical injury. Models relating the various genes implicated in monokaryotic fruiting body production are proposed and evaluated on their ability to explain the observed data. A minimum estimate is made of the number of genes involved in the initiation of monokaryotic fruiting in response to mechanical injury.Paper # 2260 from the Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Wisconsin 53706, USASupported in part by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin and by NIH Predoctoral Training Grant # GM 07133 to the Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin     

A frequently occurring mutation that blocks the expression of fruiting genes in Schizophyllum commune

Summary Fruiting in the basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune readily occurs in a homokaryon with constitutive mutations in both the A and B mating-type genes. Such a homokaryon frequently expresses a mutation, fbf, which completely blocks fruiting and leads to a somewhat faster growth rate. The mutation is unlinked to the A and B genes, frequently reverts to its wild-type allele, and is recessive with respect to fruiting in matings with wild-type homokaryons. The mutation suppresses the accumulation of a number of mRNAs which are regulated by the mating-types genes and are specific for fruiting. The expression of the Sc-3 gene, structurally related to two of the fruiting genes (Sc-1 and Sc-4) but not regulated by the mating-type genes, is unaffected.     

Dominance and non-complementation among pink-adenineless mutants of Schizophyllum commune involving two discrete genes

Summary In Schizophyllum commune, adenineless mutations conferring pink color fell into two loosely linked loci, ad-4 and ad-7. The mutations were tested for dominance and complementation in dikaryons, and several of the ad-7 mutations were found to be partly dominant over their wild allele and noncomplementary with mutations of the ad-4 locus. The dominance and at least one case of intergenic noncomplementation were verified by quantitative tests.This research was partly supported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Grant No. A10-CR-66.     

The structure of the incompatibility factors of Schizophyllum commune: Constitution of the three classes of B factors

Summary The B factors of Schizophyllum commune are of 3 classes: The high recombining class I has 7 alleles and 7 alleles; the low recombining classes are class II with 7 allels and probably 2 alleles and class III with probably 2 (or also 2) alleles and 7 allels. A fourth hypothetical class (-) was not found and either does not exist or is indistinguishable from class III by the tests employed. The and alleles differ from and by either (a) mutations affecting both mating specificity and recombination frequency, or (b) deletions involving most of the B region.The research was supported by a grant from the Atomic Energy Commission of the U.S. No. (30-1)-3875 and was performed at the Biological Laboratories, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., U.S.A.     

Purification and characterization of two minor endo-β-1,4-xylanases of Schizophyllum commune

Two minor extracellular endo-β-1,4-xylanases (XynB and XynC, EC 3.2.1.8) were purified from the culture filtrate of Schizophyllum commune grown on cellulose. The molecular mass of enzymes was estimated to be 30.5 kDa for XynB and 30 kDa for XynC according to SDS-PAGE. Both enzymes were acidic, with pI value 2.8 for XynB and 3.6 for XynC. The highest activities were achieved at 50 °C and pH 5.5 and enzymes were stable up to 40 °C in the pH range 5–7. A comparison of hydrolysis products of glucuronoxylan, rhodymenan and acetylxylan showed different mode of action of all three xylanases of S. commune. Known XynA generated products typical for family 11 of glycoside hydrolase – aldopentaouronic acid from glucuronoxylan and isomeric xylotetraose from rhodymenan. XynB released fragments by one xylopyranosyl unit shorter – aldotetraouronic acid MeGlcA1-2Xylβ1-4Xylβ1-4Xyl from glucuronoxylan and isomeric xylotriose from rhodymenan, products usually generated by xylanases from glycoside hydrolase family 10. XynC liberated aldotetraouronic acid Xylβ-1,4-(MeGlcA-1,2-)Xylβ-1,4-Xyl with glucuronoyl unit attached to the middle xylopyranosyl unit from glucuronoxylan and isomeric xylotetraose from rhodymenan. XynC was also able to release xylose from the reducing end of aldotetraouronic acid MeGlcA1-2Xylβ1-4Xylβ1-4Xyl.     

Optimization of cellobiose dehydrogenase production by Schizophyllum commune and effect of the enzyme on kraft pulp bleaching by ligninases

The effects of various parameters on cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) production by Schizophyllum commune AS 5.391 were investigated. Among different carbon and nitrogen sources tested, dewaxed cotton powder and diammonium hydrogen phosphate produced the highest titers of CDH. S. commune AS 5.391 produced CDH only when grown on cellulosic substrates but the lignin-related compounds veratryl alcohol and guaiacol had no effect on CDH production. The optimum pH for CDH production was 4.5. Addition of succinate and Tween 80 to the medium significantly improved the enzyme yield. Optimized culture conditions were obtained and the highest level of CDH was 150 U/l. CDH could facilitate kraft pulp lignin degradation by ligninases. The influence of CDH on kraft pulp bleaching by ligninases was also studied.