携带人NFBD1基因shRNA重组逆转录病毒载体的构建及鉴定

建立逆转录病毒介导的NFBD1基因RNA干扰表达体系,并观察其在宫颈癌SiHa细胞中对NFBD1表达的影响.将人NFBD1基因RNA干扰双链DNA片段重组到pSUPER Retro质粒中,构建携带人NFBD1基因RNA干扰的逆转录病毒载体pSUPER-shRNA-NFBD1,经PT67细胞包装后,产生的重组逆转录病毒感染宫颈癌细胞株SiHa细胞,并用嘌呤霉素筛选产生稳定的细胞克隆,用实时荧光定量PCR和Westernblotting检测细胞中NFBD1 mRNA和蛋白表达的变化.重组逆转录病毒质粒经测序鉴定正确;逆转录病毒感染SiHa细胞后用嘌呤霉素筛选出稳定的细胞克隆;实时荧光定量PCR和Westernblotting检测人NFBD1 mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显低于阴性对照组和未干扰组.携带人NFBD1基因RNA干扰双链DNA片段的逆转录病毒感染SiHa细胞后能明显抑制NFBD1 mRNA和蛋白表达,为进一步研究NFBD1在宫颈癌中的作用奠定了基础.     

UPF1在乳腺癌细胞中的表达与作用的研究

目的：观察UPF1在乳腺癌中的表达,对人乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响,及其可能的作用机制。方法：使用生物信息学方法分析UPF1在乳腺癌组织中的表达及作用,构建UPF1小干扰RNA(siRNA)并转染乳腺癌MDA-MB-231和MCF-7细胞株,构建外源性的UPF1低表达的重组细胞,通过实时荧光定量PCR法和蛋白质印迹法检测重组细胞中UPF1的表达水平;CCK-8法检测细胞的增殖;划痕愈合实验及Transwell小室法分别检测细胞横向和纵向迁移以及侵袭能力;实时荧光定量PCR法检测基质金属蛋白酶9(matrix metalloproteinase, MMP9)以及上皮-间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT)标志物E-钙黏着蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)mRNA表达量的变化;蛋白质印迹法检测MMP2、E-cadherin、Vimentin蛋白表达量的变化。结果：生物信息学分析表明UPF1在乳腺癌肿瘤组织中高表达,与免疫细胞浸润相关,并与抑癌基因表达呈正相关,mRNA水平进一步验证UPF1在...     

PTEN通过抑制PI3K-AKT信号通路上调Rad51基因的表达

前期研究发现pten缺陷细胞的自发DNA双链断裂损伤水平显著增加.本研究探讨了抑癌基因pten对参与DNA同源重组修复的rad51基因表达的影响和机制．用实时定量PCR技术检测了PTEN野生型和缺陷型细胞rad51的表达水平.结果发现,PTEN缺失会导致rad51的表达降低．PI3K激酶为PTEN的下游负调节靶分子,使用PI3K激酶抑制剂LY294002处理缺陷型细胞后,其rad51表达升高．在PTEN野生型细胞中分别转染Flag-Akt WT（野生型）和Flag-Akt AC（组成型激活）,或在PTEN缺陷型细胞中分别转染野生型PTEN和Akt-DN（失去激酶活性的Akt）. 利用RT-PCR技术检测上述细胞rad51的表达水平,同时利用Western印迹检测上述细胞RAD51蛋白的表达水平.结果发现,转染Flag-Akt WT和Flag-Akt AC后,均能促使PTEN野生型细胞中rad51在mRNA和蛋白水平降低;在PTEN缺陷型细胞中转染野生型PTEN或Akt-DN后,rad51在mRNA和蛋白水平均升高．在PTEN缺陷型细胞中使用siRNA沉默akt后,同样导致RAD51表达升高．结果提示,PTEN可以正向调节RAD51基因表达,PI3K/Akt是其信号通路机制之一．     

CKS1 表达与食管癌细胞辐射敏感性的关系研究

目的:探讨CKS1表达对食管癌细胞辐射敏感性的影响,初步研究其分子机理.方法:用Western-blotting方法筛选CKS1低表达和高表达的食管癌细胞系;构建CKS1正义表达载体p-pcDNA 3.1/myc-His A-CKS1和RNA干扰载体CKS1 siRNA,分别转染CKS1低表达细胞和高表达细胞,用不同剂量γ-射线照射各组细胞,克隆形成实验检测细胞辐射敏感性的差异.结果:CKS1在四种食管癌细胞中的表达水平依次为EC9706＞ KYSE510＞KYSE450＞ KYSE150.用p-pcDNA 3.1/myc--His A-CKS1表达载体转染KYSE150细胞后CKS12表达升高,不同剂量γ-射线照射后细胞的克隆形成能力显著高于母系对照组(P＜0.01).RNA干扰载体转染KYSE510细胞后CKS1表达水平降低,不同剂量γ-射线照射后细胞的克隆形成能力显著低于母系对照组(P＜0.01).敲降CKS1表达后DNA损伤修复相关蛋白RAD51表达下降,KU70表达没有变化.CKS1过表达后RAD51表达升高,KU70表达没有变化.结论:CKS1表达与食管癌细胞的辐射敏感性密切相关,可能通过影响DNA损伤修复发挥作用.     

大鼠脑皮质发育中Dlx1表达特点研究

目的明确Distal-less homeobox 1(Dlx1)在发育大鼠脑皮质中的表达特点,了解Dlx1与大脑发生发展的关系。方法应用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析Dlx1 mRNA在E11-P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中的表达趋势,应用免疫组织化学技术观察Dlx1蛋白在E11—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中的表达变化。结果实时荧光定量PCR显示,在E11—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中,Dlx1 mRNA的表达呈逐渐上升趋势,其中E11—E13上升不显著,E17—E19上升幅度较小;免疫组织化学法显示Dlx1蛋白在E11时,出现较高水平的表达,随后其表达于E13降至较低水平,在E13—P1 SD大鼠脑皮质中表现为持续上升趋势且随皮质的分层而呈现出区域性分布,但蛋白水平的表达与对应时间点mRNA的表达不一致。结论 Dlx1在SD大鼠脑皮质发育过程中可能起着重要的生理调控作用,且其表达与脑皮质的分层联系紧密。     

HMGB1 siRNA对HT-29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响

目的：观察干扰HMGBl表达对HT-29细胞侵袭转移能力的影响。方法：HMGB1siRNA通过脂质体转染HT-29细胞,westernblot和实时定量RT—PCR检测HT-29细胞中HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达,Transwell小室观察HT-29的转移侵袭能力。结果：干扰HMGBl后HMGB1蛋白和mRNA的表达均减少,HT-29的转移侵袭能力下降。结论：HMGB1能促进HT-29的转移侵袭能力,干扰其表达可抑制HT-29的转移侵袭。     

实时荧光定量RT-PCR在小鼠及人G蛋白mRNA检测中的应用

用自行设计的TaqMan双标探针和扩增引物建立检测鸟苷酸结合蛋白(G-protein)mRNA的实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术.用G蛋白纯品绘制定量标准曲线,实时荧光定量PCR仪检测ECV304细胞和小鼠G蛋白mRNA水平.10μmol/LGqαmRNA反义寡核苷酸(GqαODN)作用ECV304细胞24h后,Gqα的mRNA表达显著下降(3.18×108±1.75×108拷贝下降到1.44×106±4.82×105拷贝),48h和72h下降更明显;Gsα和Gi2α的mRNA表达变化不显著.10μmol/LGsαmRNA反义寡核苷酸(GsαODN)作用ECV304细胞24h后,Gsα的mRNA表达显著下降(2.97×108±2.68×107拷贝下降到4.16×106±2.00×106拷贝),48h和72h下降更明显;Gqα、Gi2α表达变化不显著.小白鼠油酸致伤后6h,GqαmRNA表达显著下降(1.16×108±8.73×106拷贝下降到3.30×106±1.68×106拷贝),24h下降更显著(9.32×107±1.47×107拷贝下降到4.14×106±1.67×106拷贝);Gsα和Gi2α表达变化的趋势同GqαmRNA.结果准确可靠,重现性好.说明建立的实时荧光定量RT-PCR方法成功地实现了对ECV304细胞和小白鼠肺组织G蛋白不同亚型不同丰度基因表达的检测.     

泛素E3连接酶接头蛋白SPOP和MDM2在DNA损伤修复中的作用

DNA损伤修复是维持细胞基因组稳定性和完整性的基础,越来越多的研究发现,E3泛素连接酶在DNA损伤修复中起着重要的作用.该文将介绍DNA损伤修复的机制、DNA损伤修复与疾病的关系、及E3泛素连接酶接头蛋白MDM2和SPOP在DNA损伤修复中的作用.重点围绕DNA损伤修复的两条通路:E3泛素连接酶接头蛋白SPOP与ATM...     

MLL3基因对宫颈癌细胞放射敏感性和DNA损伤修复能力的影响

摘要 目的：探究髓系/淋巴系或混合谱系白血病3基因（myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3,MLL3）对宫颈癌细胞生长、转移、放射敏感性的影响。方法：选择60例宫颈鳞癌患者的癌组织及配对癌旁组织,采用实时定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）检测检测MLL3 mRNA水平。体外培养SiHa细胞,将其分为以下5组：Control组（不转染）、NC-sh组（转染阴性对照shRNA慢病毒）、MLL3-sh组（转染MLL3 shRNA慢病毒）、NC-OE组（转染阴性对照过表达慢病毒）和MLL3-OE组（转染MLL3过表达慢病毒）。进一步采用2300EX直线加速器9 MeV ?茁射线照射细胞建立放射抵抗SiHa细胞（SiHaR）,然后将其分为：NC-sh组、MLL3-sh组、8 Gy+NC-sh组和8 Gy+MLL3-sh组。NC-sh组和MLL3-sh组细胞不照射,8 Gy+NC-sh组和8 Gy+MLL3-sh组细胞用9 MeV β射线照射8 Gy。采用MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;Annexin V-FITC/PI双染色法检测细胞凋亡;Transwell检测细胞侵袭能力;qRT-PCR检测MLL3、共济失调毛细血管扩张征突变基因（ATM）、ATM-Rad3相关基因（ATR）、乳腺癌易感基因（BRCA1）和RAD50双链断裂修复蛋白（RAD50）的mRNA水平;Western blot检测MLL3、Bcl-2相关X蛋白基因（Bax）、B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2基因（Bcl-2）、cleaved caspase 3、基质金属蛋白酶（MMP）2、MMP9和γ-H2AX的表达;免疫荧光染色检测γ-H2AX的表达。结果：与癌旁组织相比,宫颈鳞癌组织中的MLL3 mRNA水平显著降低（P<0.001）。与NC-sh组比较,MLL3-sh组SiHa细胞的MLL3 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量降低,细胞活力升高,细胞凋亡率、Bax和cleaved caspase 3蛋白相对表达量降低,Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量升高,侵袭细胞数量、MMP2和MMP9蛋白相对表达量升高（P<0.05）。与NC-OE组比较,MLL3-OE组SiHa细胞的MLL3 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量升高,细胞活力降低,细胞凋亡率、Bax和cleaved caspase 3蛋白相对表达量升高,Bcl-2蛋白相对表达量降低,侵袭细胞数量、MMP2和MMP9蛋白相对表达量降低（P<0.05）。与SiHa细胞相比,SiHaR细胞中的MLL3 mRNA和蛋白相对表达量均升高（P<0.001）。与8 Gy+NC-sh组比较,8 Gy+MLL3-sh组SiHaR细胞的细胞活力降低,γ-H2AX的蛋白相对表达量和γ-H2AX foci数目升高,ATM、ATR、BRCA1和RAD50的mRNA水平降低（P<0.05）。结论：宫颈癌细胞MLL3的表达下调促进了其生长和转移,但降低DNA损伤修复能力,提高宫颈癌细胞的放射敏感性。     

实时荧光定量PCR的数据分析方法

实时荧光定量PCR是目前检测目的核酸拷贝数及分析靶基因在mRNA表达水平相对变化的主流技术。研究表明,分析结果的准确性依赖于数据分析方法的可靠性。我们简要综述实时荧光定量PCR的数据分析方法。     

L2DTL/CDT2 Interacts with the CUL4/DDB1 Complex and PCNA and Regulates CDT1 Proteolysis in Response to DNA Damage

The CUL4 (cullin 4) proteins are the core components of a new class of ubiquitin E3 ligases that regulate cell cycle, DNA replication, and DNA damage response. To determine the composition of CUL4 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex, we used anti-CUL4 antibody affinity chromatography to isolate the proteins that associated with human CUL4 complexes and identified them by mass-spectrometry. A novel and conserved WD40 domain-containing protein, the human homologue of Drosophila lethal(2) denticleless protein (L2DTL), was found to associate with CUL4 and DDB1. L2DTL also interacts with replication licensing protein CDT1 in vivo. Loss of L2DTL in Drosophila S2 and human cells suppressed proteolysis of CDT1 in response to DNA damage. We further isolated the human L2DTL complexes by anti-L2DTL immuno-affinity chromatography from HeLa cells and found it associates with DDB1, components of the COP9-signalosome complex (CSN), and PCNA. We found that PCNA interacts with CDT1 and loss of PCNA suppressed CDT1 proteolysis after DNA damage. Our data also revealed that in vivo, inactivation of L2DTL causes the dissociation of DDB1 from the CUL4 complex. Our studies suggest that L2DTL and PCNA interact with CUL4/DDB1 complexes and are involved in CDT1 degradation after DNA damage.     

Cdc6 stability is regulated by the Huwe1 ubiquitin ligase after DNA damage

The Cdc6 protein is an essential component of pre-replication complexes (preRCs), which assemble at origins of DNA replication during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Previous studies have demonstrated that, in response to ionizing radiation, Cdc6 is ubiquitinated by the anaphase promoting complex (APC(Cdh1)) in a p53-dependent manner. We find, however, that DNA damage caused by UV irradiation or DNA alkylation by methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) induces Cdc6 degradation independently of p53. We further demonstrate that Cdc6 degradation after these forms of DNA damage is also independent of cell cycle phase, Cdc6 phosphorylation of the known Cdk target residues, or the Cul4/DDB1 and APC(Cdh1) ubiquitin E3 ligases. Instead Cdc6 directly binds a HECT-family ubiquitin E3 ligase, Huwe1 (also known as Mule, UreB1, ARF-BP1, Lasu1, and HectH9), and Huwe1 polyubiquitinates Cdc6 in vitro. Degradation of Cdc6 in UV-irradiated cells or in cells treated with MMS requires Huwe1 and is associated with release of Cdc6 from chromatin. Furthermore, yeast cells lacking the Huwe1 ortholog, Tom1, have a similar defect in Cdc6 degradation. Together, these findings demonstrate an important and conserved role for Huwe1 in regulating Cdc6 abundance after DNA damage.     

L2DTL/CDT2 and PCNA Interact with p53 and Regulate p53 Polyubiquitination and Protein Stability through MDM2 and CUL4A/DDB1 Complexes

The CUL4-ROC1 E3 ligase complex regulates genome stability, replication, and cell cycle progression. A novel WD40 domain-containing protein, L2DTL, and PCNA were identified as proteins associated with CUL4/DDB1 complexes. Inactivation of CUL4A, L2DTL, PCNA, DDB1, or ROC1 induced p53 stabilization and growth arrest. L2DTL, PCNA, and DDB1/CUL4A complexes were found to physically interact with p53 tumor suppressor and its regulator MDM2/HDM2. The isolated CUL4A complexes display potent and robust polyubiquitination activity towards p53 and this activity is dependent on L2DTL, PCNA, DDB1, ROC1, and MDM2/HDM2. We also found that the interaction between p53 and CUL4 complex is regulated by DNA damage. Our data further showed that MDM2/HDM2 is rapidly proteolyzed in response to UV irradiation and this process is regulated by CUL4/DDB1 and PCNA. Our studies demonstrate that PCNA, L2DTL, and the DDB1-CUL4A complex play critical and differential roles in regulating the protein stability of p53 and MDM2/HDM2 in unstressed and stressed cells.     

A genetic study based on PCNA-ubiquitin fusions reveals no requirement for PCNA polyubiquitylation in DNA damage tolerance

Post-translational modifications of Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) play a key role in regulating the bypass of DNA lesions during DNA replication. PCNA can be monoubiquitylated at lysine 164 by the RAD6-RAD18 ubiquitin ligase complex. Through this modification, PCNA can interact with low fidelity Y family DNA polymerases to promote translesion synthesis. Monoubiquitylated PCNA can be polyubiquitylated on lysine 63 of ubiquitin by a further ubiquitin-conjugating complex. This modification promotes a template switching bypass process in yeast, while its role in higher eukaryotes is less clear.We investigated the function of PCNA ubiquitylation using a PCNA^K164R mutant DT40 chicken B lymphoblastoma cell line, which is hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents such as methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), cisplatin or ultraviolet radiation (UV) due to the loss of PCNA modifications. In the PCNA^K164R mutant we also detected cell cycle arrest following UV treatment, a reduced rate of damage bypass through translesion DNA synthesis on synthetic UV photoproducts, and an increased rate of genomic mutagenesis following MMS treatment. PCNA-ubiquitin fusion proteins have been reported to mimic endogenous PCNA ubiquitylation. We found that the stable expression of a PCNA^K164R-ubiquitin fusion protein fully or partially rescued the observed defects of the PCNA^K164R mutant. The expression of a PCNA^K164R-ubiquitin^K63R fusion protein, on which the formation of lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin chains is not possible, similarly rescued the cell cycle arrest, DNA damage sensitivity, reduction of translesion synthesis and increase of MMS-induced genomic mutagenesis. Template switching bypass was not affected by the genetic elimination of PCNA polyubiquitylation, but it was reduced in the absence of the recombination proteins BRCA1 or XRCC3. Our study found no requirement for PCNA polyubiquitylation to protect cells from replication-stalling DNA damage.     

Alternative Reading Frame Supports An Alternative Model for Retinoblastoma

The ubiqutin-proteasome system is the major pathway by which cells target proteins for degradation in a specific manner. The E3 ubiquitin ligase, which brings targeted proteins (substrates) and activated ubiquitin in close proximity, enabling covalent conjugation of ubiquitin to the substrate, is an essential component of this system. Of the E3 ligases, the cullin (CUL) ligases are of high interest because of their capacity to form multiple distinct E3 complexes to ubiquitinate a potentially large number of substrates. Of the six closely related cullins, very little is known about how specific substrates are recruited to CUL4-dependent ligases. A recent paper in Nature Cell Biology may shed some light on this issue as well as on the function of DDB1, a damaged-DNA binding protein that has long been associated with DNA repair.     

NEDD8 modification of CUL1 dissociates p120(CAND1), an inhibitor of CUL1-SKP1 binding and SCF ligases

Cullin proteins assemble a large number of RING E3 ubiquitin ligases and regulate various physiological processes. Covalent modification of cullins by the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 activates cullin ligases through an as yet undefined mechanism. We show here that p120(CAND1) selectively binds to unneddylated CUL1 and is dissociated by CUL1 neddylation. CAND1 formed a ternary complex with CUL1 and ROC1. CAND1 dissociated SKP1 from CUL1 and inhibited SCF ligase activity in vitro. Suppression of CAND1 in vivo increased the level of the CUL1-SKP1 complex. We suggest that by restricting SKP1-CUL1 interaction, CAND1 regulated the assembly of productive SCF ubiquitin ligases, allowing a common CUL1-ROC core to be utilized by a large number of SKP1-F box-substrate subcomplexes.     

E3 ubiquitin ligase Cullin4B mediated polyubiquitination of p53 for its degradation

Controlled protein ubiquitination through E3 ubiquitin ligases and degradation via 26S proteasome machinery is required for orderly progression through cell cycle, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, and development. Each cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligase (E3) complex can recruit various substrates for their degradation. Cullin 4A (CUL4A) and Cullin 4B (CUL4B) are members of cullin family proteins that mediate ubiquitin dependent proteolysis. Though, these two cul4 genes are functionally redundant, Cullin 4B is not a substitute for all the Cullin 4A functions. Published report has shown that CUL4A interacts with p53 and induces its decay. Although, CUL4A has been known to control several cellular processes, little is known about CUL4B functions. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the role of CUL4B on p53 polyubiquitination. Our stable cell line and transient transfection studies show that CUL4B indeed interacts with p53 and induces its polyubiquitination. Importantly, both CUL4A and CUL4B overexpressing cells show almost equal levels of p53 polyubiquitination. Moreover, we observed an increased level of polyubiquitination on p53 in CUL4B overexpressing stable cell line upon treatment with siRNA specific for CUL4A indicating that CUL4B plays a vital role in p53 stability. In addition, we have observed the differential expression of CUL4B in various eukaryotic cell lines and mouse tissues suggesting the important role of CUL4B in various tissues. Together, these observations establish an important negative regulatory role of CUL4B on p53 stability.     

Arabidopsis has two redundant Cullin3 proteins that are essential for embryo development and that interact with RBX1 and BTB proteins to form multisubunit E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes in vivo

Cullin-based E3 ubiquitin ligases play important roles in the regulation of diverse developmental processes and environmental responses in eukaryotic organisms. Recently, it was shown in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Caenorhabditis elegans, and mammals that Cullin3 (CUL3) directly associates with RBX1 and BTB domain proteins in vivo to form a new family of E3 ligases, with the BTB protein subunit functioning in substrate recognition. Here, we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana has two redundant CUL3 (AtCUL3) genes that are essential for embryo development. Besides supporting anticipated specific AtCUL3 interactions with the RING protein AtRBX1 and representative Arabidopsis proteins containing a BTB domain in vitro, we show that AtCUL3 cofractionates and specifically associates with AtRBX1 and a representative BTB protein in vivo. Similar to the AtCUL1 subunit of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein-type E3 ligases, the AtCUL3 subunit of the BTB-containing E3 ligase complexes is subjected to modification and possible regulation by the ubiquitin-like protein Related to Ubiquitin in vivo. Together with the presence of large numbers of BTB proteins with diverse structural features and expression patterns, our data suggest that Arabidopsis has conserved AtCUL3-RBX1-BTB protein E3 ubiquitin ligases to target diverse protein substrates for degradation by the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway.