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1.
The 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic-AMP) content of the unicellular alga Acetabularia has been examined at various developmental stages. It has been found that very young algae, less than 10mm in length, have a high cAMP content [more than 7 pmoles per 100 mg wet weight (WW)], but that with the growth of the algae, the cAMP content decreases rapidly, reaching the low level of 0.5--1.0 pmoles per 100mg WW. The cAMP content remains at this level until cap differentiation, after which an increase in cAMP content accompanies cap enlargement. It has been shown that these results are unlikely to be affected by changes in the cAMP content induced by variations in circadian rhythm. Treatment with theophylline (2.10(-3) M), a phosphodieterase inhibitor, results in an increase in the cAMP content and delays growth and cap formation. Experiments on the effects of theophylline upon the circadian rhythm of oxygen evolution have shown that the continuous presence of theophylline in the culture medium does not induce a phase shift in the rhythm. The cAMP content of anucleate Acetabularia shows development stage variations parallel to that of the whole algae. 相似文献
2.
THÉRÈSE VANDEN DRIESSCHE 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》1976,5(2-3):119-126
The c-AMP content has been found to double when Acetabularia develop from 5–10 mm long to grown or almost full-grown algae.
The biological significance of this fact has been approached by studying the effects of drugs known to influence the intracellular c-AMP content on the development of Acetabularia. When grown in the presence of theophyllin or papaverin, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase, the Acetabularia display a striking response during the exponential growth period; the final length, however, is not affected. Both substances increase the c-AMP content of the algea. Isoproterenol, which activates adenylate cyclase in many systems, also influences Acetabularia during the exponential growth period and, in addition, slightly affects cap formation.
The change in c-AMP content in the course of development and the effects of drugs influencing (theophyllin and papaverin) or likely to influence (isoproterenol) the c-AMP content of the algae suggest that this nucleotide plays a role at the time of intense growth.
The same phosphodiesterase activity has been found in the 5–10 mm and the 19–25 mm long algae, whereas two enzymes were found in cap-bearing Acetabularia.
The results are discussed as well as the involvement of c-AMP in the development of this alga. 相似文献
The biological significance of this fact has been approached by studying the effects of drugs known to influence the intracellular c-AMP content on the development of Acetabularia. When grown in the presence of theophyllin or papaverin, inhibitors of phosphodiesterase, the Acetabularia display a striking response during the exponential growth period; the final length, however, is not affected. Both substances increase the c-AMP content of the algea. Isoproterenol, which activates adenylate cyclase in many systems, also influences Acetabularia during the exponential growth period and, in addition, slightly affects cap formation.
The change in c-AMP content in the course of development and the effects of drugs influencing (theophyllin and papaverin) or likely to influence (isoproterenol) the c-AMP content of the algae suggest that this nucleotide plays a role at the time of intense growth.
The same phosphodiesterase activity has been found in the 5–10 mm and the 19–25 mm long algae, whereas two enzymes were found in cap-bearing Acetabularia.
The results are discussed as well as the involvement of c-AMP in the development of this alga. 相似文献
3.
T Vanden Driessche 《Chronobiology international》1984,1(2):107-111
Cap formation, a major developmental process in the alga Acetabularia, is influenced by a single perturbation of the entraining light-dark schedule and thus, presumably, of the circadian rhythms. This perturbation is brought about several weeks before cap formation, the most conspicuous expression of morphogenesis in Acetabularia. The effect is more pronounced on cap formation than on growth. It varies in importance with the circadian time at which the perturbation was brought about. The effect is dependent on the developmental state of the alga: transfer carried out during the logarithmic phase of growth produces a delay whose importance decreases with time. When carried out during the phase of slow terminal growth, the transfer induces a transitory acceleration of cap formation. When the algae approach their final length, no effect is elicited. Photoperiodism seems to be involved. 相似文献
4.
T Vanden Driessche E Dujardin A Magnusson C Sironval 《International journal of chronobiology》1976,4(2):111-124
Acetabularia mediterranea algae, grown in three different light-dark regimes, were frozen in liquid nitrogen at c.t.(1) 0 and c.t. 6 and a record made of 77 degrees K fluorescence emission spectra of their chloroplasts. Algae grown under LD cycles exhibited a clear circadian rhythm of oxygen production. The low temperature fluorescence emission spectrum at c.t.0 was different from that at c.t.6 and this difference was increased by submitting the algae to successive "freeze-thaw" treatment. Similar results were obtained in DD, and the photosynthesis rhythm remained fully expressed. Algae grown in LL, where no rhythm of photosynthesis could be detected in the samples because there is a great individual variability in period lenght under these conditions, exhibited a similar difference in their low temperature flourescence emission spectra between c.t.0 and c.t.6. We conclude that the circadian rhythm in low-temperature fluorescence emission of the chloroplasts in Acetabularia is related to the circadian rhythm in photosynthesis. 相似文献
5.
Th r se Vanden Driessche Ghislaine M. Petiau-de Vries Jean-Luc Guisset 《Biological Rhythm Research》1999,30(4):349-360
We were able to demonstrate the presence of F 2,6-BP in Acetabularia in 7 out of 7 experiments. The amount varies between 4 and 38 pmole par mg protein. We were not able to evidence a circadian rhythm (CR) in its content. However, important fluctuations occur .(Fig. 1). This, of course excludes any precise conclusion about absolute amounts. Biologically active substances often exert an action modulated by circadian time. Thus, the effect of exogenous F 2,6-BP was assayed by fragmenting the long cell in F 2,6-BP-containing sea-water, and then follow growth and cap formation (we performed the experiment at different times during the 24 h cycle, in LD 12:12 conditions. Interestingly, the growth curves (obtained with 4 different concentrations) are statistically accelerated when the treatment had been performed at the beginning of the 24 h cycle (circadian time, CT, 0 is the transition time dark/light), less at CT 9.5, nul at CT 12 and again significant at CT 20. (Fig.IV). There is apparently no strictly defined light effect that could immediately modify the F-2,6-BP level, but there is presumably an important influence of CT-dependent physiological state of the alga. Again, it should be underlined that experimental biology should take time into account. 相似文献
6.
Thérèse Vanden Driessche Ghislaine M. Petiau-de Vries Jean-Luc Guisset 《Biological Rhythm Research》2013,44(4):349-360
We were able to demonstrate the presence of F 2,6-BP in Acetabularia in 7 out of 7 experiments. The amount varies between 4 and 38 pmole par mg protein. We were not able to evidence a circadian rhythm (CR) in its content. However, important fluctuations occur.(Fig. 1). This, of course excludes any precise conclusion about absolute amounts. Biologically active substances often exert an action modulated by circadian time. Thus, the effect of exogenous F 2,6-BP was assayed by fragmenting the long cell in F 2,6-BP-containing sea-water, and then follow growth and cap formation (we performed the experiment at different times during the 24 h cycle, in LD 12:12 conditions. Interestingly, the growth curves (obtained with 4 different concentrations) are statistically accelerated when the treatment had been performed at the beginning of the 24 h cycle (circadian time, CT, 0 is the transition time dark/light), less at CT 9.5, nul at CT 12 and again significant at CT 20. (Fig.IV). There is apparently no strictly defined light effect that could immediately modify the F-2,6-BP level, but there is presumably an important influence of CT-dependent physiological state of the alga. Again, it should be underlined that experimental biology should take time into account. 相似文献
7.
Federico J. Castillo Geneviève Cotton Claire Kevers Hubert Greppin Thomas Gaspar Thérèse Vanden Driessche 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》1987,33(3):17-23
Abstract. The level of peroxidase activity utilizing ascorbic acid changes during the development of the green alga, Acetabularia mediterranea. During development almost parallel levels of peroxidase activity and ascorbic acid content are detectable: both steadily decrease as algae progress from very young, slowly growing cells to the rapid growth stage and then to cells exhibiting differentiation into primordium and cap. Changes in the levels of the enzyme and its substrate in the cytoplasm and periplasm were demonstrated using biochemical and cytochemical procedures. Concomitant with these developmental changes, we also observed changes in the stage-specific patterns of ascorbic acid concentration: growing algae exhibit a pronounced negative apicobasal gradient of ascorbic acid. Acetabularia cultivated at 1,200 lux (the normal intensity in a 12-h-light/12-h-dark cycle) and at 700 lux (intensity at which growth is reduced, and cap formation is delayed) were also compared. The higher light intensity induced a moderate decrease in the ascorbic acid content without noticeable changes in the compartmental distribution in the cytoplasm and periplasm, and an increase in the level of periplasmic peroxidase activity with little change in the total peroxidase activity. Catalase was found to be present at very low levels and is unlikely to play a role in H2 O2 catabolism. Possible roles for ascorbic acid and peroxidase in the development of Acetabularia are discussed. 相似文献
8.
Peroxidases in Acetabularia: their possible role in development 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Thérèse Vanden Driessche Claire Kevers Thomas Gaspar Roland Caubergs 《Differentiation; research in biological diversity》1984,27(1-3):175-181
Abstract. Crude enzymatic extracts from Acetabularia exhibit very low peroxidase activity after a lag period. Starch gel electrophoresis of extracts from growing algae shows a single, extremely anodic band. Extracts of small, slow-growing or cap-bearing algae, which do not grow any more, do not exhibit any peroxidase band. Cytochemical staining with benzidine reveals changes in both the quantity and distribution of peroxidase along the polarized Acetabularia cell. The homogenous staining of small algae becomes distributed along a negative apico-basal gradient when the algae initiate their rapid growth phase. This polarized pattern is repeated on the hair whorls. A similar developmental sequence directs cap growth, with an initial intense staining reaction of the primordium, which later leaves only the corona inferior stained blue. Finally, the Acetabularia cell remains slightly blue at the edges of the rhizoidal out-growths and cap rays. Crude extracts of Acetabularia induce a lag in standard horseradish peroxidase (HRP) activity. The inhibitor is always present in small and growing algae; it is sometimes absent or less active in cap-bearing algae. In no case does it change the kinetics of the HRP reaction with guaïacol. The lag is completely suppressed by pretreatment with either H2 O2 or ascorbate oxidase. The changes in peroxidase activity, correlated with developmental stage and according to a polarized gradient, suggest that the enzyme could be involved in some way in the control of morphogenesis in Acetabularia . An inhibitor of peroxidase activity, which disappears as the cap matures, might, in turn, exert a regulatory function. 相似文献
9.
B H Leichtling Y F Su J Wimalasena T K Harden B B Wolfe W D Wicks 《Journal of cellular physiology》1978,96(2):215-223
The ability of isoproterenol, glucagon, PGE1 and cholera toxin to stimulate the synthesis of cAMP and protein kinase activity in line of liver cells (BRL) and a line of rat hepatoma cells (H35) has been determined. The concentration of cAMP in BRL cells (approximately 10 pmoles/mg protein) is in the range reported for other cultured cell lines but H35 cells contain extraordinarily low amounts of this cyclic nucleotide (approximately 0.05 pmoles/mg protein). Isoproterenol and PGE1 caused an increase in cAMP content, and protein kinase activation in BRL cells, although glucagon was ineffective. H35 cells, in contrast, were completely insensitive to all hormonal agonists. Despite this fact, cholera toxin was able to produce a marked increase in cAMP content, adenylate cyclase activity and protein kinase activation in H35 cells. binding studies with [125 I]-iodohydroxybenzylpindolol, a specific beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, revealed that each H35 cell possesses fewer than 10 beta-adrenergic receptors whereas BRL cells contain 2-5,000 receptors per cell. The low level of cAMP in H35 cells appears to result from a combination of totally unstimulated adenylate cyclase and apparently elevated phosphodiesterase activities. 相似文献
10.
The period (per) locus of Drosophila melanogaster has a fundamental role in the expression of biological rhythms. A DNA sequence homologous to a short region of the Drosophila per locus was detected in the chloroplast of Acetabularia mediterranea. A 1175 bp DNA fragment containing the sequence was used as a probe in 'Northern' hybridization experiments. It was found that this DNA was not transcribed or only marginally transcribed in A. mediterranea, at least at the developmental stage just prior to cap formation. It seems that the 1175 bp ctDNA fragment is not involved in the Acetabularia biological rhythm mechanism. 相似文献
11.
Cell-cycle traverse is associated with fluctuations in the cellular content of cAMP; artificial alterations of these levels phase-shift cell division in free-running cultures of achlorophyllous Euglena maintained in constant darkness (DD). The phase shifts observed, however, are only transient: the cell division rhythm rephases to that of unperturbed controls. This implies that the second messenger functions downstream of the circadian oscillator. Further, the level of cAMP is known to indicate carbon nutrient status and the competency of cells to traverse various restriction points in the cell cycle of other eukaryotes. We wished to determine the profile of cAMP content in free-running, dividing and non-dividing cultures of green, wild-type cells, which survive well during prolonged growth arrest. We monitored cAMP content in photoautothropic cultures of E. gracilis (strain Z) at 25 degrees C under either an entraining light-dark cycle comprising 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness (LD:12,12) or free-running (LD:1/2,1/2) regimes. cAMP content in rhythmically dividing, light-phased or free-running cells exhibited bimodality [peaks at CT (circadian time) 9-14 and CT 19-22). Expression of cAMP content on a per milligram total cellular protein basis caused the day trough (CT 1-3) to be even more distinct. Non-dividing, free-running, photoautotrophic cultures displayed a similarly phased bimodality in cAMP content. These findings in wild-type Euglena confirm that the bimodal rhythm of cAMP content is regulated by the circadian oscillator that underlies division rhythmicity but is not dependent on the cell division cycle. We will now determine the effect of the fluctuating cAMP levels on the phosphorylation status and activity of cell-cycle regulatory proteins. 相似文献
12.
13.
J C Woolum 《Journal of biological rhythms》1991,6(2):129-136
The role of the nucleus in the generation of the circadian rhythm in Acetabularia has been nuclear. Early experiments showed that the plant could exhibit a circadian rhythm in the absence of a nucleus. However, other experiments appeared to show that the nucleus could impart phase information to the rhythm, and so therefore must be a part of the system that generates the rhythm. We have conducted experiments similar to these--in particular, one in which the nuclear end of the plant was entrained on a light-dark cycle that was opposite that of the rest of the plant. The phase of the free-running rhythm of this type of plant is not consistent with the conclusion that the nucleus is part of the circadian oscillator. We have also tried entraining opposite ends of plants with no nuclei on opposite light-dark cycles. The ultimate phases of these plants appear to be nearly random. A possible interpretation of these experiments is discussed. 相似文献
14.
1. Basal levels of cAMP in salivary glands of female lone star ticks were found to be about 5 pmoles/mg protein during all stages of feeding.2. Glands stimulated with 10−5M dopamine and 10−5M dopamine plus theophylline exhibited significant increases in cAMP/mg protein.3. After stimulation by 10−5 M dopamine was removed, cAMP decreased faster in glands from slowly feeding ticks (< 200 mg) than in glands of rapidly feeding ticks ( > 200 mg). 相似文献
15.
V. Stefanovich 《Neurochemical research》1979,4(5):587-594
The influence of theophylline (2.5–100 mg/kg p.o.) on cyclic 3,5-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic 3,5-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in brain of Sprague-Dawley rats (0.5–3.0 hr after administration of theophylline) was investigated. It was found that theophylline increases cAMP and cGMP levels when administered in a dose of 25 mg/kg or higher. A significant decrease of cGMP level was observed after administration of 10 mg/kg. The results of this study suggest that the influence of theophylline on cyclic nucleotide levels of rat brain is the result of two factors: (a) inhibitory properties of theophylline on cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterases and (b) competition of theophylline with adenosine. 相似文献
16.
Hillmann E Schrader L Mayer C Gygax L 《Animal : an international journal of animal bioscience》2008,2(3):405-409
In farm animals, salivary cortisol has become a widely used parameter for measuring stress responses. However, only few studies have dealt with basal levels of concentration of cortisol in pigs and its circadian rhythm. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of ambient temperature and thermoregulatory behaviour on the circadian rhythm of salivary cortisol levels in fattening pigs. Subjects were 30 fattening pigs of different weight (60 to 100 kg), kept in six groups in an uninsulated building in pens with partly slatted floors. Saliva samples were taken every 2 h over periods of 24 h at different ambient temperatures at two times in winter and four times in summer. Thermoregulatory behaviour was recorded in the same 24-h time periods. The effect of time of day, body weight, ambient temperature and behaviour on the cortisol level was analysed using a mixed-effects model. Two peaks of cortisol levels per day were found. This circadian pattern became more pronounced with increasing weight and on days where thermoregulatory behaviour was shown. Mean cortisol levels per day were affected by weight but not by thermoregulatory behaviour. From our data, we conclude that long-term variations in cortisol concentration may be influenced by increasing age and weight more than by the respective experimental situation. In assessing animal welfare, it seems more reliable to consider the circadian pattern of cortisol concentration instead of only one value per day. 相似文献
17.
The process of induction of polarity in enucleated fragments (EF) of Acetabularia mediterranea has been studied by the method of local illumination. A device is described which allows to illuminate one part of EF at 2, 500 lx and another at 5 lx. The local illumination of a part of EF during 10-24 hrs was shown to polarize with a high probability the subsequent growth and formation of caps at the subsequent uniform illumination. Using the method of successive illumination and darkening of apical and basal portions of EF, it was shown that the initial stages of induction were partially reversible and the complete determination of polarity took place after the initiation of the cap anlage. After the short-term induction by light (2500 lx), the darkening of the growth zone inhibits completely the process of cap initiation, but already at 100 lx the EF previously induced at 2 500 lx are initiated and grow. While using the local illumination of grafts of EF from two species, A. crenulata and A. mediterranea, with their subsequent fragmentation and the analysis of cap morphology, it was shown that the induction of polar growth did not provide the directed transport of the factors controlling morphogenesis to the future growth zone. 相似文献
18.
The circadian rhythm in photosynthesis in Acetabularia in the presence of actinomycin D, puromycin, and chloramphenicol 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
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Anucleate Acetabularia crenulata shows a circadian rhythm in photosynthesis. In this study, an oxygen electrode was employed to measure this photosynthetic rhythm in the presence and absence of the inhibitors, actinomycin D, chloramphenicol, and puromycin. High concentrations of the inhibitors were used: actinomycin D, 20-40 micrograms ml-1; puromycin, 30 and 100 micrograms ml-1; and chloramphenicol, 250 micrograms ml-1. The effectiveness of these inhibitors on protein synthesis was also measured under the same conditions used for the determination of rhythmicity. In spite of large effects of all three inhibitors on the incorporation of 14C leucine, no effect on the period or the phase of the photosynthetic rhythm was observed. The higher concentration of puromycin and chloramphenicol produced toxic effects which were expressed as a reduction in the amount of photosynthesis, but rhythmicity was still apparent. After 3 or 4 days' exposure to actinomycin, Acetabularia became resistant to its effect. Recovery was also observed in the ability to incorporate leucine. The implications of these results for theories of the basic oscillator responsible for circadian rhythmicity are discussed. 相似文献
19.
Twenty-four hour oscillation of cAMP in chick pineal cells: role of cAMP in the acute and circadian regulation of melatonin production 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Chick pineal cells contain circadian oscillators that regulate a rhythm of melatonin biosynthesis. We explored the role of cAMP in regulating this melatonin rhythm. Chick pineal cells expressed a 24 hr oscillation of cAMP efflux with a waveform similar to that of melatonin. Elevation of cAMP in chick pineal cells stimulated melatonin. These results suggest that an oscillation of cAMP regulates the rhythm of melatonin. We investigated whether cAMP was a component of the circadian oscillator by determining the effects of 8-Br cAMP pulses on the phase of the circadian melatonin rhythm. Six hour pulses of 8-Br cAMP did not cause steady-state phase shifts of the rhythm. The acute regulation of melatonin by cAMP, the 24 hr oscillation of cAMP, and the inability of cAMP to phase-shift the melatonin rhythm strongly suggest that cAMP acts as an output signal of the circadian oscillator. 相似文献
20.
The physiological content of Drosophila melanogaster tissues in cyclic AMP has been determined and its variations studied during postembryonic development and in the adults. Marked variations were observed, especially during metamorphosis where the ratio between the lowest and highest values (0·35 to 17·25 pmoles/mg protein) was . In larvae the variations of cyclic AMP level were not clearly related to the larval ecdyses, but the steps of metamorphosis, i.e. formation of the puparium, larval-pupal apolysis, and pupal-adult apolysis, were accompanied with rapid and drastic rises of cyclic AMP, up to the highest value mentioned. We therefore deduce that cyclic AMP is involved in the metamorphosis of D. melanogaster as a chemical signal. In adults, the cyclic AMP level was remarkably constant and was around 7 pmoles/mg protein. 相似文献