共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
P. Jenner 《Journal of neurochemistry》2003,85(S2):1-1
Stan Tuček was a neurochemist of international stature whose research encompassed the whole cholinergic field. His collaborations with eminent scientists in Canada, France, the UK and the USA gave him a truly global vision. During the time when contacts between scientists in Eastern Europe and the rest of the world were severely restricted for political reasons, Stan managed to facilitate such contacts, exemplified by the international symposium he organised in 1978 on 'The Cholinergic Synapse' in Western Bohemia, where many established cholinergists from the East and West were able to meet for the first time. He was an enthusiastic member of ESN Council, becoming our President in 1984. In 1986 he hosted a most successful meeting of the ESN in Prague at a time of the utmost political difficulty. It was typical of Stan's dedication and ability to work quietly behind the scenes that international political problems were overcome without fuss. As an acknowledged leader in neuroscience he is sorely missed by his many friends throughout the world. 相似文献
2.
Dodson GG 《Biochemical Society transactions》2011,39(5):1313-1322
Scientific contact lies at the heart of research and that between China and the U.K. is an important example of how it can come about. In 1911, when the Biochemical Society began, U.K. science was developing fast with profound discoveries in physics (the Rutherford atomic model) and biochemistry (the discovery of vitamins). In China, however, there was great social and political instability and a revolution. Since then, the turbulence of two world wars and a variety of deep global political tensions meant that the contacts between China and U.K. did not reflect the prodigious growth of biochemistry. There was, however, one particular and remarkable contact, that made by Joseph Needham, an outstanding biochemist. He visited China between 1943 and 1946, contacting many Chinese universities that were severely dislocated by war. Showing remarkable diplomatic abilities, Needham managed to arrange delivery of research and teaching equipment. His activities helped the universities to carry out their functions under near-impossible conditions and reminded them that they had friends abroad. Most remarkably, Joseph Needham developed an extraordinary grasp of Chinese culture, science and history and he opened the West to the extent and importance of Chinese science. Formal scientific and intellectual contacts between the scientific academic bodies in China and U.K., notably the Chinese Academy of Science and the Royal Society, resumed after British recognition of the Chinese Communist government in 1950. The delegations included outstanding scientists in biochemistry and related disciplines. Research activities, such as that concerning influenza, were soon established, whereas institutions, such as the Royal Society and the Wellcome Trust, acted a little later to support research. The outcomes have been long-term collaborations in such areas as insulin structure and function. There are now numerous joint activities in biochemistry and biomedicine supported by the MRC (Medical Research Council), BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council), NERC (Natural Environment Research Council), EPSRC (Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council) and UKRC (UK Research Councils). The present contacts and the associated research are very considerable and growing. It is clear that biochemistry in both countries has much to offer each other, and there is every reason to believe that these contacts will continue to expand in the future. 相似文献
3.
N. G. Parsonage 《Molecular simulation》2013,39(5-6):283-286
Abstract During his career David has built up a very large number of scientific contacts throughout the world. Many of these became friends and collaborators. Imperial College was, of course, a good place to start from: R.M. Barrer was from New Zealand and John Petropoulos from Greece. Subsequently, he collaborated with scientists from other European Union countries, especially from France and Germany as well as more researchers from Greece. He also made many contacts in the US. A very important example was the sabbatical he had with W.A. Steele at Penn State, where he made his first big incursion into intermolecular forces. He also had very useful exchanges of visits with K.E. Gubbins, which led to joint work. More recently he developed working relationships with scientists from Japan and from South Korea. The scientific value of these contacts may be gauged from the large number of his publications, which involve researchers from these countries as co-authors. However, I am sure the readiness with which overseas researchers participated was in part also due to the friendly and helpful manner with which David received them here. 相似文献
4.
《Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C: Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences》2002,33(3):449-471
Until the 1930s Germany had been the international leader in biochemistry, chemistry, and areas of biology. After WWII, however, molecular biology as a new interdisciplinary scientific enterprise was scarcely represented in Germany for almost 20 years. Three major reasons for the low performance of molecular biology are discussed: first, the forced emigration of Jewish scientists after 1933, which not only led to the expulsion of future distinguished molecular biologists, but also to a strong decline of “dynamic biochemistry”, a field which contributed greatly to molecular biology. Second, German university structures that strongly impeded interdisciplinary research. Third, the international isolation and self-isolation of German scientists that was a major obstacle to the implementation of new fields of research developed elsewhere. Despite the fact that there was no official boycott against Germany as there had been after WWI and despite the Cold War policy of integrating Germans into the West, as a consequence of National Socialism and WWI for many years only very few German scientists gained access to the international community of molecular biologists. Max Delbrück played an important role in helping the Germans establish modern, mostly molecular, biology because he retained strong connections to Germany. Most importantly, it required a new generation of young scientists who had received part of their training in the US to establish modern molecular biology at German universities and Max Planck Institutes. 相似文献
5.
Wall D Adams G Mooney H Boxshall G Dobson A Nakashizuka T 《Trends in ecology & evolution》2001,16(1):52-54
The International Geophysical Year (IGY), which took place between July 1957 and December 1958, helped us to rethink the world. At a time when there was a major paradigm shift in our understanding of the physical world, the international collaboration of the IGY helped to reset the discipline. The International Biodiversity Observation Year (IBOY) is now occurring at a time when our dependence on, and understanding of, biodiversity is being acknowledged as a paradigm shift in our present view of the world. Although the benefits of IGY were initially intellectual with practical effects remaining unknown until many years later, the benefits of greater knowledge of biodiversity will support efforts towards sustainability and affect the quality of life, both now and in the future. By providing the framework for international collaborations between scientists involved in every aspect of life on Earth, IBOY has the potential to redefine our current understanding of biodiversity in a manner similar to how IGY helped redefine the geophysical world. 相似文献
6.
Cantley M 《GM crops & food》2012,3(1):40-47
Modern biotechnology has gradually attracted ever greater interest over the past four decades, from ever-widening communities across the world--from academic scientists, of course, and then from industrialists, journalists, medical specialists, agricultural practitioners, environmental "experts," economists, trading companies--and, so far as it concerns regulation, above all from political interests whose product is indeed legislation. As the interests widened, conflicts developed: between departments, between sectors, between countries and between international agencies. The European Community made choices, bitterly contested; the battles on conducting and regulating the field release of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) were usually won--at least in Europe--by the environment ministries, often in conflict with agriculture and/or the research and science ministries. The result has been the construction over the past 30 y of an ever heavier regulatory burden on those who seek to develop and launch products based on the use of modern biotechnology. The pretense is labeled "the precautionary principle." No lives have been saved, but many jobs have been created in bureaucracies large and small around the world. So far as academia was concerned, their experiments and field trials were repeatedly wrecked by NGOs (non-governmental organizations) claiming thus to have saved mankind and the environment. This is a story of grave political failure in Europe with globally adverse consequences. 相似文献
7.
William Z. Lidicker 《Acta theriologica》2001,46(2):207-220
Following World War II, two Polish mammalogists emerged as founders of outstanding programs of research and teaching, one in ecology (K. Petrusewicz) and the other in more traditional mammalogy (A. Dehnel). Both were also leaders in international cooperation, and K. Petrusewicz in particular was effective in making Poland a center of international scientific activities. This exciting and productive situation was curtailed, starting in the mid-1970’s, by political and economic constraints. In response to this development, the Dehnel-Petrusewicz Memorial Fund was established, effectively in 1983 and formally in April 1985, to help active Polish scientists continue with their research and especially to attend international meetings. Until the Fund was dissolved in April 1999, it dispensed $12,485 in 41 grants to 33 recipients. It also helped in many other ways to encourage and facilitate the role of Polish scientists in fostering international cooperation and as effective communication bridges between the West and Soviet bloc countries. 相似文献
8.
Maurizio Esposito 《Theorie in den Biowissenschaften》2013,132(3):165-180
In 1930, while R.A. Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane, E.B. Ford and S.G. Wright were laying the foundations of what a decade later J.S. Huxley dubbed “Modern Synthesis”, E.S. Russell published a groundbreaking work, The Interpretation of Development and Heredity. In this book Russell not only condemned Mendelian genetics and neo-Darwinism, but also proposed an alternative synthesis unifying heredity, development, and evolution. The book did not represent the work of a mind operating in isolation. Rather, it was a synthetic work connecting ideas and doctrines of many influential scientists working in Europe and the USA. Through the analysis of archival documents and rarely or never mentioned sources, this article provides an unconventional picture of Russell’s theoretical biology. It will be shown that Russell was an international celebrity; he was at the centre of a large network of scholars who shared his ideas and insights. He was one of several biologists arguing for a different synthesis; a synthesis perhaps less visible, less institutionalised, and less ‘modern’, nevertheless with its influential advocates and international support. Finally, this study shows that Russell’s synthesis was not rooted in the classic pantheon of towering figures in the history of biology, i.e. Darwin, Wallace, and Mendel, but was based on the teachings of Kant, Goethe, Cuvier, von Baer, and Müller. 相似文献
9.
Atko Viru 《Journal of applied physiology》2002,92(4):1378-1382
In Russia, the free development of scientific ideas was suppressed in 1950 as a result of the actions of the Joint Session of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. Hans Selye's theory on the general adaptation syndrome was considered unscientific. From 1956 to 1958, Pjotr Anokhin and Pjotr Gorizontov presented definitive arguments for having the theory accepted by scientists while the significance of hormones in adaptation became a topic of endocrine studies (Boris Aleshin, Igor Eskin, Vassily Komissarenko, Samuel Leites, and Michael Kolpakov). Later, Felius Meerson made essential contributions to the adaptive significance of protein synthesis and stress-limiting systems. The area of exercise physiology dealing with acute and chronic adaptation to strong physiological stressors was founded by Leon Orbeli and developed by Aleksei Krestovnikov. Significant contributors to this area were Vladimir Farfel, Nikolai Yakovlev, and Nikolai Zimkin. Although the majority of their publications have remained unknown outside of Russia, it is interesting that many of their results have been "rediscovered" by others. Yakovlev also deserves recognition because he was among the founders of contemporary exercise biochemistry and because his research has provided the foundation for current investigations. Several generations of young scientists have been inspired by the above-mentioned Russian scientists. Today, however, the research activities of scientists are no longer limited by political pressures but by financial resources instead. 相似文献
10.
Omura T 《Biochimica et biophysica acta》2011,1814(1):3-5
Klaus Ruckpaul was the leader of cytochrome P450 research in the "East" Germany when the world was politically divided into "East" and "West". Under strong political pressure during the "Cold War", the communication between the scientists in the "East" countries with those in the "West" countries was badly restricted. He wanted to improve the situation, and organized an international gathering of the biochemists studying cytochrome P450. The first meeting was held in 1976, and it developed later into a big international conference named "International Conference on Cytochrome P450, Biochemistry and Biophysics". He and his colleagues also contributed greatly to the elucidation of the mechanism of P450-catalyzed reactions. I respect him for his great contribution to the advancement of biochemical study on cytochrome P450, and feel happy that I have enjoyed a long friendship with him. 相似文献
11.
Prof. Fumio Oosawa passed away in Nagoya on March 4, 2019, at the age of 96. As two of his former students we, like a great many scientists both in Japan and around the world, were much inspired and influenced by him. We have, at the request of the journal, penned this note to describe some of his major scientific contributions and also provide the readers of Biophysical Reviews with an idea of the remarkable personality and character traits that he displayed throughout his life. Fumio Oosawa (or Oosawa-san as he preferred to be called) was a physicist who initially entered the area of biophysics through studies in the field of condensed matter phenomena. Although a remarkable human being, he was, first and foremost, one of the leading scientists of his generation, making many original contributions that could, by any measure, be described as scientific breakthroughs. Therefore, before providing a short biography of his life in and around science, we thought it most appropriate to begin this Letter by first summarizing his major scientific contributions. 相似文献
12.
Fangerau H 《History and philosophy of the life sciences》2007,29(4):395-427
The German-born American scientist Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) was one of the most important promoters of experimental biology around 1900. He was best known for his physico-chemical explanations of psychological processes and his biotechnological approach to artificial parthenogenesis. At the start of the First World War, Loeb was deeply troubled by the deterioration of the international scientific community and the growing alienation of his German and American colleagues. The aim of this paper is to examine Jacques Loeb's activities aimed at advancing scientific internationalism before, during, and after the war. Loeb, for example, tried to negotiate the publication of German authors in American journals during the war, at a time when this was categorically rejected by publishers. Immediately after the war, he tried to create a specific system aimed at disseminating scientific literature and funding selected European colleagues, in order to overcome what he considered reactionary and hegemonic forces within German scientific institutions. His correspondence with eminent scientists from all over the world (amongst them Albert Einstein, Richard Goldschmidt, Otto Meyerhof, Otto Warburg, Paul Ehrlich, Wolfgang Ostwald, Wilhelm Roux, and Ross Harrison) will serve as a source for the analysis. Special emphasis will be placed on the question how Jacques Loeb integrated epistemology, his particular world view, and his social commitment into the workings of his own life and how he tried to extend his scientific goal of controlling biological systems to the sphere of international science. 相似文献
13.
Development of the monoaminergic innervation of the avian gut: transient and permanent expression of phenotypic markers 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Specific cellular accumulation of [3H]5-hydroxytryptamine ([3H]5-HT) occurs during development of the avian gut. This accumulation is transient in extraganglionic mesenchymal cells (TES cells) but is a permanent characteristic of enteric serotonergic neurons (ESN). Species-specific differences were found in the location of TES cells and ESN. In chicks TES cells surrounded myenteric ganglia and ESN were restricted to the myenteric plexus. In quails TES cells surrounded submucosal ganglia and [3H]5-HT-labeled submucosal as well as myenteric neurons. [3H]Norepinephrine accumulated only in noradrenergic terminals and not in TES cells or ESN. The origins of TES cells and ESN were studied in chimeras, in which neuraxis from appropriate or inappropriate axial levels was grafted from quail to chick. Both types of chimeric bowel contained TES cells and ESN. Most TES cells in chimeras were chick in origin and distributed as in chicks (around myenteric ganglia); however, some TES cells and all ESN were quail cells. To test whether crest cells are required for development of TES cells and ESN, aneuronal chick hindgut was explanted and grown alone, or with quail neuraxis, as chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) grafts. TES cells appeared in CAM grafts whether or not crest cells were present; however ESN only appeared in explants when quail neuraxis was included. In addition, an ectopic [3H]5-HT-labeled chromaffin-like cell, also of quail origin, was found in enteric plexuses in these combined explants of crest and gut. Most TES cells, therefore, are neither derived from nor dependent on the presence of crest cells in the gut wall. Since even an inappropriate axial level of crest was found to produce ESN when it was experimentally induced to colonize the bowel the enteric microenvironment probably plays a critical role in serotonergic neural development. The species-specific location of TES cells and ESN is consistent with the hypothesis that TES cells constitute an important component of this microenvironment. 相似文献
14.
David R Bassett 《Journal of applied physiology》2002,93(5):1567-1582
Beginning in 1910, A. V. Hill performed careful experiments on the time course of heat production in isolated frog muscle. His research paralleled that of the German biochemist Otto Meyerhof, who measured the changes in muscle glycogen and lactate during contractions and recovery. For their work in discovering the distinction between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, Hill and Meyerhof were jointly awarded the 1922 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Because of Hill's interest in athletics, he sought to apply the concepts discovered in isolated frog muscle to the exercising human. Hill and his colleagues made measurements of O(2) consumption on themselves and other subjects running around an 85-m grass track. In the process of this work, they defined the terms "maximum O(2) intake," "O(2) requirement," and "steady state of exercise." Other contributions of Hill include his discoveries of heat production in nerve, the series elastic component, and the force-velocity equation in muscle. Around the time of World War II, Hill was a leading figure in the Academic Assistance Council, which helped Jewish scientists fleeing Nazi Germany to relocate in the West. He served as a member of the British Parliament from 1940 to 1945 and as a scientific advisor to India. Hill's vision and enthusiasm attracted many scientists to the field of exercise physiology, and he pointed the way toward many of the physiological adaptations that occur with physical training. 相似文献
15.
Thomas D. Pollard 《Molecular biology of the cell》2012,23(21):4171-4174
I trace how the American Society for Cell Biology became a strong political advocate for the scientific community. I celebrate how good leadership and an effective staff enabled its energetic volunteer organization to have an impact, but I also ask how the effort can be made more successful.Many scientists take for granted that their scientific societies advocate for the well being of their individual members and the health of science. However, advocacy is a relatively recent development that emerged over the past two decades. Advocacy is essential in a democracy because science competes for taxpayer dollars with every other activity supported by the federal government. Advocacy is also important to ensure that lawmakers adopt sensible policies. I review how the American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB) and its allies learned how to fulfill this obligation, and I ask the reader to join the effort. The objective of these advocacy efforts is to influence political decisions through education and information, but the efforts by scientific societies are completely nonpartisan. Support from both political parties is essential to meet our goals.During the 1970s and 1980s biomedical scientists discussed federal funding and public policies that affected our science. Each year the public policy staff of the Federation of Societies of Experimental Biology (FASEB) helped member societies reach a consensus recommendation on the level of federal funding for the biosciences. However, we tended to talk to ourselves because we lacked effective ways to communicate with politicians or the outside world. For the most part we relegated the responsibility for advocacy to medical school deans and presidents of research universities. Their professional associations—the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) and the Association of American Universities (AAU)—generally did a reasonable job of representing the interests of the scientists who worked at their schools. 相似文献
16.
Maverakis E 《Cellular immunology》2012,273(2):99-108
During his long career as a principal investigator and educator, Eli Sercarz trained over 100 scientists. He is best known for developing hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) as a model antigen for immunologic studies. Working in his model system Eli furthered our understanding of antigen processing and immunologic tolerance. His work established important concepts of how the immune system recognizes antigenic determinants processed from whole protein antigens; specifically he developed the concepts of immunodominance and crypticity. Later in his career he focused more on autoimmunity using a variety of established animal models to develop theories on how T cells can circumvent tolerance induction and how an autoreactive immune response can evolve over time. His theory of "determinant spreading" is one of the cornerstones of our modern understanding of autoimmunity. This review covers Eli's entire scientific career outlining his many seminal discoveries. 相似文献
17.
杂交水稻国际推广的现状与策略 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
杂交水稻是我国独创的一项重大农业科技成果.概述了杂交水稻国际推广的现状,分析了杂交水稻国际推广的前景,指出了在杂交水稻国际推广中存在的主要问题和制约因素,并提出了加快杂交水稻国际推广的策略. 相似文献
18.
Stephane Schmitt 《Journal of the history of biology》2010,43(3):429-457
Lacepède was a key figure in the French intellectual world from the Old Regime to the Restoration, sinc e he was not only
a scientist, but also a musician, a writer, and a politician. His brilliant career is a good example of the progress of the
social status of scientists in France around 1800. In the life sciences, he was considered the heir to Buffon and continued
the latter’s Histoire naturelle, but he also borrowed ideas from anti-Buffonian (e.g. Linnaean) scientists. He broached many important subjects such as the
nature of man, the classification of animals, the concept of species, and the history of the Earth. All these topics led to
tensions in the French sciences, but Lacepède dealt with them in a consensual, indeed even ambiguous way. For example, he
held transformist views, but his concept of evolution was far less precise and daring than Lamarck’s contemporaneous attempts.
His somewhat confused eclecticism allowed him to be accepted by opposing camps of the French scientific community at that
time and makes his case interesting for historians, since the opinions of such an opportunistic figure can illuminate the
figure of the French intellectual better than more original works could do. In turn, Lacepède’s important social and scientific
position gave his views a significant visibility. In this sense, his contributions probably exerted an influence, in particular
with regard to the emergence of transformist theories. 相似文献
19.
Jessica Blatt 《Ethnic and racial studies》2013,36(6):1062-1079
This article examines the place of racial ideas in the constitution of political science as an academic discipline in the USA. For the Gilded Age generation that built the first PhD-granting departments in political science in the country, ‘race’ was the source of sovereignty, the basis of democratic legitimacy and a tool for delineating democracy's borders. It was also an important element of that cohort's aspiration to a ‘science’ of politics, distinct from what they viewed as the ‘abstract and formal’ theorizing of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Moreover, while the brand of racialism that characterized this founding moment came to seem outmoded within a few decades, in the 1920s political scientists seeking once again to claim an empirical, scientific basis for their discipline – and for American democracy – turned to new accounts and sciences of race. 相似文献
20.
Beatty J 《Journal of the history of biology》1988,21(2):245-263
Conclusion: Scientists qua engineers Of all the scientists discussed by Mitman, Keller, and Taylor, Odum stands out most as the technocrat, the social engineer. But less obvious candidates, like Allee, also fancied themselves in this capacity: Our task as biologists and as citizens of a civilized country, is a practical engineering job. Allee had in mind the establishment of an international cooperative order based on his biological principles. He apparently did not recognize the extent to which his principles were themselves an engineering feat: he had already constructed a world in which eternal peace and order were possible.To an engineer in the traditional sense, the world is changeable, but not in all respects; there are constraints, and these constraints are taken very seriously. Scientists acting as engineers, in the traditional sense, must also pay attention to constraints. But scientists sometimes also take the option of engineering the very constraints, intellectually reconstructing the world so that it can (supposedly) be physically manipulated in the desired direction. There seems to be a lot of engineering, in the extended sense, going on in the very interesting stories that Mitman, Keller, and Taylor tell. 相似文献