应用原生动物群落评价枯水期白洋淀的水质现状

应用PFU微型生物群落监测方法,对长期处于低水位状态下的白洋淀水质进行了综合评价。结果表明,白洋淀水域受府河污水的影响,淀内的内源性污染,对原生动物群落造成了极大的影响。与20世纪90年代的资料相比,淀内中心区4个采样点原生动物的群集种类数(1d)急剧下降,而丰度上升了1．28倍,表明内源性污染对白洋淀水质的影响加剧。     

Mapping DNA by stochastic relaxation: a new approach to fragment sizes

Instead of the traditional manipulations with given fixed fragmentlengths in the restriction map construction a method of varyingthe lengths is proposed and realized under the simulated annealingalgorithm scheme. The described approach has no upper limiton the number of fragments mapped with even ordinary hardware.A program has been derived from the algorithm combined withthe least–squares refinement procedure for both linearand circular maps. The algorithm's abilily to pick up missedmaps is illustrated and the problem of reducing the number ofsolutions is discussed. Received on January 8, 1990; accepted on January 9, 1990     

近20年广西钦州湾有机污染状况变化特征及生态影响

利用1990至2010年长期监测的结果,采用有机污染指数法对钦州湾近20年有机污染程度进行评价,分析其变化趋势并探讨其对海湾环境的潜在生态影响。结果表明近20a钦州湾有机污染指数变化较大,内湾变化范围为-0.55-5.49,外湾的变化范围为-0.44-3.96。20世纪90年代内湾和外湾有机污染物程度均显下降趋势,1999-2003年显上升趋势,2003年以后外湾显平稳波动状态而内湾为显著增加的趋势,近几年内湾有机污染加重到严重污染的程度。径流输入、浮游植物消耗以及水体交换等因子的综合作用是该海湾有机污染变化的主要因素,也是导致内湾和外湾变化差异的主要原因。海湾有机污染的变化导致富营养化的变化,有机污染和富营养化程度的变化并没有与浮游植物生物量的变化显著相关,但内湾近年来急剧加重的有机污染增加了赤潮等生态灾害的风险。内湾有机污染加重也会对水产增养殖等产生影响,需要加大关注和防治。     

A BASIC microcomputer program for prediction of B and T cell epitopes in proteins

A BASIC microcomputer program (EPIPLOT) has been developed forpredicting B and T cell antigenic sites in proteins from theirprimary structures. The program calculates and plots flexibility,hydrophilicity and antigenicity profiles using 13 differentscales, chosen as those yielding the best predictions on proteinswhose antigenic structures are known. T cell epitope predictionis basedon published algorithms focused on amphiphilic structuresand characteristic sequence patterns. The advantages of jointpredictions in locating T cell antigenic sites are also discussed. Received on December 12, 1989; accepted on January 31, 1990     

A computer program for molecular weight determination of DNA fragments (HOWBIG)

The computer program HOWBIG has been developed based on thereciprocal correlation of size to migration distance of DNAin high voltage gradient gel systems (Southern, 1979). For calculationthe program automatically chooses three marker bands migratingclosest to the calculated band, reducing the error down to 0.5%or less (reciprocal method, local form of calculation). Thebig advantages of the completely menu-driven program are highaccuracy, error detectability, speed and ease of data handling.Management of marker-DNA molecular weights, data and analysesas files included in the menu driven program speeds up every-daylab work. Received on March 28, 1990; accepted on February 13, 1991     

白（既鱼）豚保护研究的进展

白鲃豚是一种仅存于中国的淡水豚,迄今已有约2500万年的历史.20年来,白鲃豚的种群数量急剧减少.其数量从20世纪80年代初的约400头,锐减到90年代末不足100头.白鲃豚的生存环境也急剧恶化,目前仅在长江中下游的干流中有分布.导致白鲃豚濒危的主要原因源于日益增多的人类活动,包括水利工程、渔业活动、水体污染等.白鲃豚的保护主要从3个方面进行:①建立白鲃豚自然保护区,保护其自然种群和栖息地环境;②建立半自然保护区,实行迁地保护;③建立细胞库、基因库等,保护其种质资源.迁地保护为目前最为紧迫的保护措施.     

白暨豚保护研究的进展

白暨豚是一种仅存于中国的淡水豚,迄今已有约2500万年的历史。20年来,白暨豚的种群数量急剧减少。其数量从20世纪80年代初的约400头,锐减到90年代末不足100头。白暨豚的生存环境也急剧恶化,目前仅在长江中下游的干流中有分布。导致白暨豚濒危的主要原因源于日益增多的人类活动,包括水利工程、渔业活动、水体污染等。白暨豚的保护主要从3个方面进行：①建立白暨豚自然保护区,保护其自然种群和栖息地环境;②建立半自然保护区,实行迁地保护;③建立细胞库、基因库等,保护其种质资源。迁地保护为目前最为紧迫的保护措施。     

PROMOT: a FORTRAN program to scan protein sequences against a library of known motifs

Information about the three-dimensional structure or functionof a newly determined protein sequence can be obtained if theprotein is found to contain a characterized motif or patternof residues. Recently a database (PROSITE) has been establishedthat contains 337 known motifs encoded as a list of allowedresidue types at specific positions along the sequence. PROMOTis a FORTRAN computer program that takes a protein sequenceand examines if it contains any of the motifs in PROSITE. Theprogram also extends the definitions of patterns beyond thoseused in PROSITE to provide a simple, yet flexible, method toscan either a PROSITE or a user-defined pattern against a proteinsequence database. Received on October 17, 1990; accepted on November 15, 1990     

Spatial relationships between polychaete assemblages and environmental variables over broad geographical scales

This study examined spatial relationships between rocky shore polychaete assemblages and environmental variables over broad geographical scales, using a database compiled within the Census of Marine Life NaGISA (Natural Geography In Shore Areas) research program. The database consisted of abundance measures of polychaetes classified at the genus and family levels for 74 and 93 sites, respectively, from nine geographic regions. We tested the general hypothesis that the set of environmental variables emerging as potentially important drivers of variation in polychaete assemblages depend on the spatial scale considered. Through Moran's eigenvector maps we indentified three submodels reflecting spatial relationships among sampling sites at intercontinental (>10,000 km), continental (1000-5000 km) and regional (20-500 km) scales. Using redundancy analysis we found that most environmental variables contributed to explain a large and significant proportion of variation of the intercontinental submodel both for genera and families (54% and 53%, respectively). A subset of these variables, organic pollution, inorganic pollution, primary productivity and nutrient contamination was also significantly related to spatial variation at the continental scale, explaining 25% and 32% of the variance at the genus and family levels, respectively. These variables should therefore be preferably considered when forecasting large-scale spatial patterns of polychaete assemblages in relation to ongoing or predicted changes in environmental conditions. None of the variables considered in this study were significantly related to the regional submodel.     

The prediction of the macro-invertebrate fauna of unpolluted running-water sites in Great Britain using environmental data

SUMMARY. 1. A procedure has been developed which uses environmental data to predict the probabilities of macro-invertebrate taxa occurring at running-water sites in Great Britain.
2. Biological, physical and chemical data were collected from twenty- one sites on three river systems in order to evaluate the procedure.
3. For most sites the number and type of taxa recorded, using a standard sampling programme, were very close to those predicted using twenty-eight environmental variables.
4. Comparison with other studies at the same sites showed that most taxa whose probability of occurrence was ≥0.5 could be found with more intensive sampling.
5. Reducing the number of variables used in making the predictions from twenty-eight to five resulted in only a slight loss of predictive accuracy.
6. Combinations of chemical and physical variables gave better predictions than equivalent numbers of physical variables only but the latter may be more appropriate where chemical pollution is known, or suspected to occur.
7. The procedure is of practical value in the detection and assessment of pollution.
8. It may also be used to explore patterns in the structure and functioning of stream communities.     

Quantitative analysis of the selective pressure exerted on homologous proteins

Evolution analysis is used to locate the regions of a proteinthat are important for its function or structure. The rate ofevolution is generally constant for a given family of homologoussequences. From the starting point of this observation, an algorithmis proposed to establish quantitatively the sequence zones whereselective pressure is maximal. A program that computes thispressure has been written in PASCAL. Analysis of results onsome sequences validate this theoretical approach, and thisknowledge can be used as a starting-point for carrying out site-directedmutagenesis. Received on October 3, 1989; accepted on February 28, 1990     

Computer program for the expression of the kinetic equations of enzyme reactions as functions of the rate constants and the initial concentrations.

A versatile computer program with an easy input method has been developed for the construction of the terms in kinetic equations of enzyme reactions. It allows the expression of the time-dependence of the concentrations of all of the species involved as functions of the kinetic parameters. The mathematical theory used in this paper, the program and examples of its use have been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50159 (41 pages) at the British Library Document Supply Centre, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1990) 265, 5.     

Fish disease as a monitor for marine pollution: the case of the North Sea

Summary The use of fish diseases to monitor marine pollution is reviewed and evaluated, with particular reference to the North Sea and associated waters. Criteria for epidemiological surveys are outlined, an international overview of research is given, and recent studies in the North Sea area are described and evaluated.The basic approach is to identify spatial and temporal patterns of disease prevalence, which can be related to pollution. A major obstacle is to distinguish effects of pollution from those of other variables, especially as most diseases appear to have a multifactorial aetiology. Field studies can be evaluated against a number of criteria: these include the accuracy and precision of prevalence estimates, the extent to which possible causal factors other than pollution are taken into account, and whether or not exposure of the study population to pollution is measured directly.A distinction can be made between intensive, thorough studies, which frequently use a histopathological approach, and the more extensive surveys of large numbers of fish for grossly observable lesions. Broadly speaking, North American research has emphasized the former approach, and research in the North Sea the latter. Nevertheless, although the most comprehensive evidence for a causal relationship between disease and pollution has been gathered in North America, there are also good examples from the North Sea area, particularly in local areas with distinct sources of pollution. The data from wider-ranging surveys are more ambiguous: while some provide circumstantial evidence for a role of pollution, the apparent complexity of disease aetiology and the limitations of the epidemiological approach may prevent any clear demonstration of pollution as a cause over wide geographical areas. Extensive surveys are nevertheless useful for detecting long-term trends in disease prevalence and hot-spots of anomalously high prevalence, and for examining the relationship between disease and a complex of environmental variables.For the future, greater emphasis should be placed on the recording of liver lesions, on the measurement of exposure to pollution, and on experimental work.     

Impact of land use changes on water resources and biodiversity of Lake Nakuru catchment basin, Kenya

Lake Nakuru, Kenya, is one of a series of saline–alkaline closed basin lakes in the eastern arm of the Rift Valley. The lake has been variously described as ' the lake of a million flamingos' and 'the Worlds greatest ornithological spectacle' and is bedrock to the areas' tourism. The lake was designated a bird sanctuary in 1960, a National Park in 1968, first rhino sanctuary in 1987, first Kenyan Ramsar site in 1990, an Important Bird Area in 1999 and a world-class national park in 2005. Over the last 40 years, its basin has been heavily settled, extensively cultivated, urbanized and industrialized. Environmental problems include poor agricultural practices, human encroachment, pollution, wildlife mortality/morbidity, human/wildlife conflicts, poverty, ethnic tensions and land clashes and lack of adequate legal and policy framework. Approaches to conservation have been initiated against identified existing problems and constraints. These approaches are (i) organizational and institutional development; (ii) hot spots and pollution loads management and (iii) catchment and park management. Constraints have been identified as unclear demarcation of responsibilities, lack of budget, skilled staff and know-how and lack of environmental standards and regulations. The impacts of ecosystem changes on people's lives and livelihoods are discussed.     

Iranian human genome project: Overview of a research process among Iranian ethnicities

The Human Genome Project (HGP) refers to the international scientific research program, formally begun in October 1990 and completed in 2003, mainly designated to discover all the human genes, analyzing the structure of human DNA and determining the location of all human genes and also making them accessible for further biological and medical investigations. With the appropriate rationale approach, a similar study has been held in Iran. The study of human genome among Iranian ethnicities (IHGP) has been attempted formally in 2000 through a detailed and fully programmed research among all the major ethnic groups by more than 1,900 samples from all over Iran based on the main demographical and anthropological findings and formally known criteria considered for the international HGP. This paper overviewed the process of the research in the terms of program goals, primary data collection, research designation and methodology and also practical aspects and primary findings of the Iranian genome project and its progress during a nearly 5-year period.     

Livestock waste treatment systems for environmental quality,food safety,and sustainability

The intensification of livestock operations has benefited production efficiency but has introduced major environmental issues, becoming a concern in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this paper is primarily to address the impact of the livestock sector on environmental pollution (ammonia, greenhouse gases and pathogens), evaluate the related health risks and, subsequently, assess the potential role of waste treatment systems in attenuating these environmental and health issues. This paper is a collection of data pertaining to world trends in livestock production, since the mid 1990s and intensive livestock farming practices along with their impact on: water pollution by nitrates and through eutrophication; air pollution, particularly ammonia and greenhouse gases emissions, and soil pollution because of nutrient accumulation. Finally, this paper examines some of the benefits of treating livestock manures, issues related to the adoption of treatment systems by livestock operations and current as well as past technological developments.     

Mediators of Weight Loss in a Family‐Based Intervention Presented over the Internet

Objective: To assess the process variables involved in a weight loss program for African‐American adolescent girls. Several process variables have been identified as affecting success in in vivo weight loss programs for adults and children, including program adherence, self‐efficacy, and social support. The current study sought to broaden the understanding of these process variables as they pertain to an intervention program that is presented using the Internet. It was hypothesized that variables such as program adherence, dietary self‐efficacy, psychological factors, and family environment factors would mediate the effect of the experimental condition on weight loss. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 57 adolescent African‐American girls who joined the program with one obese parent; family pairs were randomized to either a behavioral or control condition in an Internet‐based weight loss program. Outcome data (weight loss) are reported for the first 6 months of the intervention. Results: Results partially supported the hypotheses. For weight loss among adolescents, parent variables pertaining to life and family satisfaction were the strongest mediating variables. For parental weight loss, changes in dietary practices over the course of 6 months were the strongest mediators. Discussion: The identification of factors that enhance or impede weight loss for adolescents is an important step in improving weight loss programs for this group. The current findings suggest that family/parental variables exert a strong influence on weight loss efforts for adolescents and should be considered in developing future programs.