多菌灵和敌百虫单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

采用滤纸接触法研究了赤峰市周边地区普遍使用的农药多菌灵和敌百虫单一与复合污染对蚯蚓毒性效应.单一试验结果表明蚯蚓在这两种农药作用下表现出不同的中毒症状和死亡情况,敌百虫的毒性大于多菌灵的毒性,48 h时多菌灵和敌百虫的LC50分别为1.2795 g·L-1和0.0511 g·L-1;复合试验结果表明,多菌灵与敌百虫混合后毒性减弱,即二者复合作用表现为拮抗作用.     

施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片光合与呼吸的调控

在大田条件下对两个不同抗旱特性的冬小麦品种全生育期叶片光合气体交换参数、光合色素含量和呼吸值及其对氮素水平的响应进行了研究.结果表明,施氮180 kg·hm^-2处理旱地品种叶片气孔导度、总光合色素含量、光合速率较不施氮处理在全生育期分别提高了43.75%、18.54%和49.66%,水地品种分别提高了12.12%、20.88%和29.25%;而旱地品种总呼吸速率降低了4.8%,水地品种降低了4.5%.适量施氮,增强了小麦叶片的气体交换能力,提高了光合色素含量,并降低了呼吸速率,从而提高了小麦叶片光合碳同化能力.小麦品种间光合的差异主要由非气孔因素引起.旱地品种呼吸速率较低,吸收的光能较多地用于光合碳同化作用.不施氮处理叶片光合速率较高的生育时期其呼吸速率也高,而施氮处理叶片光合速率高的生育时期呼吸值较低.施氮增加了光能向光合碳同化方向的分配.施氮对提高冬小麦抗旱能力有积极作用,其机理在于氮素改善了叶片气体交换状况,提高了光合色素含量,并优化了叶片对光能吸收的分配.     

铜、砷及其复合污染对黄豆（Glycine max）影响的初步研究

通过水培实验研究了Cu、As单一及复合污染对黄豆种子萌发、幼苗生长及部分酶活性的影响,结果表明,Cu、As污染明显抑制黄豆种子萌发、幼苗生长,对黄豆种子萌发时的呼吸强度、蛋白酶活性有显著的抑制作用,且随着Cu、As浓度的增加,抑制作用增强,呈负相关;而OD活性则随污染物浓度的增加而增加,呈正相关,Cu、As污染共同存在时,随二者投加比例不同出现不同程度的拮抗效应,可以降低和缓解单一污染物的毒害作用。     

土壤重金属污染对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究

测定了草甸棕壤条件下 ,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一 /复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应 .结果表明 ,Cu、Pb浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .86 ,RPb=0 .87) ,Cu浓度与生长抑制率显著相关 (α=0 .0 5 ,RCu=0 .84) ,其他供试重金属浓度与蚯蚓死亡率和生长抑制率相关性不显著 .蚯蚓个体对重金属毒性的耐受程度差别较大 .其毒性阈值 (引起个体蚯蚓死亡浓度 )分别为 :Cu 30 0mg·kg-1,Zn 130 0mg·kg-1,Pb 170 0mg·kg-1,Cd 30 0mg·kg-1.LC50 分别为 :Cu 40 0～ 45 0mg·kg-1,Zn15 0 0～ 190 0mg·kg-1,Pb2 35 0～ 2 40 0mg·kg-1,Cd 90 0mg·kg-1.在Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd单一污染引起 >10 %蚯蚓死亡的浓度下 ,复合污染导致 10 0 %蚯蚓死亡 ,表明复合污染极强的协同效应 .     

Cu、As及其复合污染对小麦生理生态指标的影响

通过盆栽实验研究了Cu,As及其复合处理对小麦生理生态指标的影响,结果表明,少量低浓度的Cu,(500mg.kg^-1),As(5mg.kg^-1)对植物的生长无明显毒害作用,但随着其浓度的增加（Cu:1000-4000mg.kg^-1,As:15-60mg.kg^-1)则显示出一定的负效应,表现为小麦POD活性增加,叶片电导率增大,色素含量降低,根尖细胞有丝分裂指数下降,小麦生物量降低,而两者的复合处理则存在一定拮抗作用,此外,研究还表明,小麦生物量与As浓度的相关性大于Cu.     

多菌灵与博士1∶4单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应研究

多菌灵与博士1∶4是农业生产中常见的农药,它们在土壤中存在可能造成污染,为了评价这两种农药对目标生物以外的土壤动物的影响,本研究以蚯蚓为实验动物,采用滤纸接触法进行污染性试验.试验中,蚯蚓分别暴露在多个浓度梯度的多菌灵或博士1∶4中,同时还测试了二者多个浓度梯度下的复合毒性.结果表明,多菌灵和博士1∶4对蚯蚓均有毒性作用,多菌灵的毒性较博士1∶4略大,48 h半致死浓度分别为1.28 g· L-1和2.88 g·L-1.复合毒性试验与单独试验相比,二者的毒性明显降低.提示如果二者联合使用不明显降低对目标有害生物抑杀作用,则可考虑联合使用这一策略.     

Cr6+和乙草胺对少根紫萍的毒性效应

采用水培实验方法,研究了重金属Cr6 和除草剂乙草胺对少根紫萍(Spirodela oligorrhiza L.)生长的单一毒性和联合毒性效应.结果表明,Cr6 和乙草胺对少根紫萍96 h生长抑制的IC50分别为15.4和6.95 mg* L-1,在质量浓度1∶ 1的情况下, Cr6 与乙草胺共存对少根紫萍96 h的IC50 为3.14 mg* L-1,二者为协同作用.随着Cr6 和乙草胺处理浓度的增加,少根紫萍叶绿素a浓度下降,复合污染对叶绿素a的影响明显大于单一污染,也表现为协同作用.另外,还对少根紫萍生长抑制实验进行了探讨,建议使用植物个体数和重复间的偏差作为衡量实验质量的指标.     

铜、铅、镉、锌、汞和银离子复合污染对水螅的急性毒性效应

以水螅(Hydrasp)为例,通过单因子静态急性毒性试验方法和等毒性溶液法,分别研究Hg2 、Cu2 、Cd2 、Ag 、Zn2 和Pb2 对其单一和复合毒性效应。单一实验结果表明,它们对水螅毒性大小顺序为Hg2 >Cu2 >Cd2 >Ag >Zn2 >Pb2 。复合毒性实验表明,Zn2 与Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Ag ;Pb2 与Cu2 ;Hg2 与Ag ;Pb2 与Ag 这些组合对水螅联合急性毒性总体上表现出拮抗作用,Cd2 与Cu2 、Hg2 、Pb2 、Ag 组合总体上则是协同作用,Zn2 与Cd2 、Pb2与Hg2 、Cu2 与Hg2 ,Ag 在不同的浓度水平组合下明显表现出不同的毒性效应。     

单一与复合污染条件下两种敏感性植物对Cd、Zn、Pb的吸收效应

为了进一步研究镉、锌、铅 3种重金属元素间的相互作用以及对植物吸收重金属能力的影响 ,在模拟单一重金属污染试验研究的基础上 ,采用正交回归设计方案 ,研究了 Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染情况下紫花苜蓿和披碱草两种敏感性植物对 3种重金属的吸收效应。结果表明 ,在单一污染条件下 ,镉元素对紫花苜蓿生长的影响大于锌、铅 ,铅元素对披碱草生长的影响大于锌、镉 ;紫花苜蓿对于镉的吸收累积显著高于披碱草 ,植物内镉元素浓度最高达到 1 0 88.5 mg/kg,而披碱草对于铅元素的吸收则高于紫花苜蓿 ,植物内铅元素浓度最高达到 1 3 4 5 .5 mg/kg。在复合污染条件下 ,两种植物对铅、锌和铅、镉的吸收在不同浓度范围内分别存在存在着协同效应和拮抗效应 ;同时两种植物对锌、镉元素在实验涉及浓度范围内都存在着拮抗效应。这对于深入研究复合污染条件下重金属的土壤环境化学行为 ,对植物的综合毒性以及不同植物对重金属的吸收累积效应等 ,具有一定的参考意义     

甲胺磷和铜对黑土中乙草胺的蚯蚓生态解毒过程的影响

采用微宇宙培养法,通过蚯蚓对比试验,研究了甲胺磷和Cu分别与乙草胺共存条件下黑土中乙草胺降解过程的动态变化,探讨利用蚯蚓强化乙草胺解毒过程的可行性.结果表明,无论是否加入蚯蚓,在乙草胺单一污染的土壤中乙草胺的降解符合一级反应动力学规律;蚯蚓活动促进了乙草胺的降解解毒过程;土壤中甲胺磷或Cu分别与乙草胺共存时,对乙草胺的降解有抑制效应;甲胺磷与乙草胺复合及Cu与较高浓度乙草胺复合时,改变了乙草胺随时间的降解变化规律; 而Cu与较低浓度乙草胺复合时,对其降解解毒过程无明显影响.     

乙草胺和甲胺磷对农田黑土可培养真菌数量及种群结构的影响

应用传统及PCR-DGGE方法(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis),分别对不同浓度乙草胺、甲胺磷胁迫下黑土中可培养真菌CFU(colony forming units)、种群丰富度(richness)及种群结构动态变化规律进行了研究.结果表明,在实验室微域条件下,乙草胺对黑土可培养真菌CFU的影响随处理浓度的增加而抑制作用增强,表现出由低浓度(50 mg·kg^-1)时的刺激生长到高浓度(250 mg·kg^-1)时的长期抑制效应;250 mg·kg^-1甲胺磷在8周处理过程中对土壤可培养真菌生长具有显著的刺激效应,使可培养真菌CFU比对照增加10倍,但50和150 mg·kg^-1甲胺磷处理对土壤可培养真菌CFU无显著影响.种群丰富度系数分析结果表明,高、中浓度乙草胺处理可使土壤可培养真菌种群丰富度不可逆地降低.土壤真菌rDNA特异PCR-DGGE聚类分析结果表明,不同浓度乙草胺、甲胺磷处理均不同程度地对土壤可培养真菌的种群组成和结构造成影响,其中甲胺磷尤为显著.     

9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性

【背景】当前农药品种及其使用量日益增多,测试农药对环境生物的急性毒性成为农药环境安全监测的重要途径。【方法】采用食下毒叶法和药土法分别测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇、2,4-D二甲胺盐等9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性,并根据其毒性等级划分标准进行分级,评价其对环境的安全性。【结果】甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素、氰氟虫腙、螺螨酯、螺虫乙脂、嘧菌酯、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和2,4-D二甲胺盐对家蚕的LC50(96 h)分别为2.05×10-3、8.59×10-4、2.79、250.48、11.52、272.18、2.50、1.93×10-2和534.47 a.i.mg·L-1,对蚯蚓的LC50(14 d)分别为11.05、6.29、100、100、100、100、99.13、115.31和100 a.i.mg·kg-1干土。其中,甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、阿维菌素和戊唑醇对家蚕"剧毒",氰氟虫腙、螺虫乙脂和苯醚甲环唑对家蚕"高毒",其余农药对家蚕均为"低毒";阿维菌素对蚯蚓为"中毒",其余农药对蚯蚓均为"低毒"。【结论与意义】9种农药对家蚕和蚯蚓的急性毒性存在差异,为农药的合理使用和环境保护提供了依据。     

阿维菌素B1a对土壤微生物和蚯蚓的影响

研究了不同阿维菌素B_1a浓度对种土壤微生物生长和呼吸强度的影响及对土壤中蚯蚓的急性毒性.结果表明,土壤中阿维菌素B_1a浓度在83.3 mg·kg^-1以上时对种土壤细菌均表现出明显的抑制作用,但对土壤真菌不表现抑制作用.高浓度阿维菌素B_1a对土壤微生物的呼吸强度有抑制作用,并且在不同土壤其作用有差异.采用滤纸接触试验和人工土壤试验测定阿维菌素对蚯蚓的急性毒性(半数致死量,LD₅₀),接触毒性LD₅₀为.63μg·cm^-2,土壤法试验测定的LD₅₀在处理后第7 d和第1 d分别为2.13和17.06 mg·kg^-1.     

Enantioselective toxicity and degradation of chiral herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl in earthworm Eisenia fetida

The enantioselective degradation of fenoxaprop-ethyl in ecological indicator earthworm was studied and the main metabolites (fenoxaprop, 6-chloro-2,3-dihydrobenzoxazol-2-one, ethyl-2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoate, 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propanoic acid) were also monitored on an enantiomeric level. The individual enantiomers of fenoxaprop-ethyl and its three chiral metabolites were prepared to study the acute toxicity to earthworm. Chiral analysis methods were set up based on HPLC–MS/MS with chiralpak IC chiral column. Fenoxaprop-ethyl was not found in earthworms, while the primary metabolite fenoxaprop was in relatively high levels indicating a quick hydrolysis degradation. Fenoxaprop was accumulated almost exclusively with R-enantiomer in earthworms and the bio-concentration factors of R-fenoxaprop and S-fenoxaprop were 1.39 and 0.17 respectively with the enantiomer fraction (EF) values about 0.99. The degradation of R-fenoxaprop in earthworms followed first-order kinetics with half-life of 1.82 day. The other metabolites could not be detected in earthworms. The calculated LC₅₀ values showed ecological indicator earthworm was more sensitive to the four metabolites than fenoxaprop-ethyl. Furthermore, earthworm was more sensitive to the R-form of the chiral metabolites than the S-form and rac-form. The results suggested metabolites and enantioselectivity should be taken into consideration to better predict the exposure concentration and apply ecological indicators in toxicological studies.     

Fine-structural and morphometrical studies on the segmental septa of the giant fibers in the earthworm,Eisenia foetida

Summary The fine structure of junctional specializations on the segmental septa in the median and lateral giant fibers of the earthworm (Eisenia foetida) was examined. Eight morphologically different septal domains were identified; a gap junction, a junction with hemispherical hollow structures, a chemical synapse-like junction, intermediate type and punctum adherens type junctions, a junction with adjoining vesicular layers, an area flanked by flattened membranous sacs, a non specialized area, and an area consisting of widely separated membranes with interposed glial processes. The area of each domain was measured by a cytometrical technique using quasi-serial sections. The gap junction occupied 3% and 0.2% of the septal area of the median and lateral giant fibers, respectively. Junctions with hemisperical hollow structures, characteristic of the earthworm giant fibers, occupied 2.5% and 13.9% of the median and lateral giant fibers, respectively. Various membrane domains except the gap junction, the junction with hemispherical hollow structures, and the chemical synapse-like junction accounted for similar proportional areas in both median and lateral giant fibers.The functional implications of these junctional specializations, especially the gap junction, are discussed.     

6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应与风险评价

【背景】近年来,土壤重金属污染问题日益凸显,对生态环境、食品安全和人体健康构成了严重威胁,其急性毒性尚未明确。【方法】采用滤纸接触法和人工土壤法测定了铜(Cu2+)、锌(Zn2+)、镍(Ni+)、镉(Cd2+)、铅(Pb2+)和锰(Mn2+)等6种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性效应,并参照欧盟指令91/414/EEC标准评价了其环境风险。【结果】滤纸接触法48h测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为3.17(2.53～3.81)～90.42(69.45～140.47)μg.cm-2,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Zn2+>Ni+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Mn2+。人工土壤法14d测定结果表明,6种重金属对蚯蚓的LC50为1347(1236～1453)～6936(6144～8930)mg.kg-1,其毒性次序为Cu2+>Cd2+>Ni+>Zn2+>Mn2+>Pb2+。风险评价结果显示,Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Mn2+等6种重金属的暴露比(toxicity/exposureratio,TER)分别为3.37、4.46、8.68、1428、13.87和5.85。【结论与意义】6种重金属对土壤动物蚯蚓均具有潜在的毒性效应。Cu2+、Zn2+、Ni+、Mn2+等4种重金属对赤子爱胜蚓存在急性毒性风险,而Cd2+和Pb2+对赤子爱胜蚓的急性毒性风险水平是可接受的。该评价结果可为我国制定基于风险的土壤环境质量标准提供依据。     

Vermicomposting of mixed solid textile mill sludge and cow dung with the epigeic earthworm Eisenia foetida

This paper reports the results of a study of vermicomposting with Eisenia foetida of solid textile mill sludge mixed with cow dung in different ratios in a 90 days composting experiment. Vermicomposting resulted in significant reduction in C:N ratio and increase in TKN. Total K and Ca were lower in the final cast than the initial feed mixture. Microbial activity measured as dehydrogenase activity increased up to 75 days and decreased on further incubation. Total P was higher in the final product than the initial feed mixture. Total heavy metal contents were lower in the final product than initial feed mixture. Solid textile mill sludge can be potentially useful as raw substrate in vermicomposting if mixed with up to 30% cow dung (on dry weight basis). The growth and cocoon production of the worm species in different feed mixtures were also investigated.     

高铜、高锌猪粪对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应研究

测定了高Cu、高Zn猪粪条件下Cu、Zn单一与复合污染对蚯蚓的急性致死及亚致死效应.结果表明,Cu、Zn浓度与蚯蚓死亡率显著正相关(a=0.05,r_Cu=0.99,r_Zn=0.99),与体重增长率显著负相关(a=0.05,r_Cu=-0.99,r_Zn=-0.96).蚯蚓个体对Cu、Zn的耐受程度不同,其毒性阈值(引起蚯蚓个体死亡浓度)分别为:Cu250mg·kg^-1、Zn400mg·kg^-1.LD₅₀分别为:Cu646.68mg·kg^-1、Zn947.38mg·kg^-1.复合污染情况下,Cu浓度为250、500mg·kg^-1时,Cu、Zn复合污染表现为协同效应;Cu浓度为750mg·kg^-1时,Cu、Zn复合污染表现为拮抗效应,可见,猪粪中Cu、Zn复合污染的毒性效应与各组浓度组合密切相关.     

Toxicity of coelomic fluid of the earthworm Eisenia foetida to vertebrates but not invertebrates: probable role of sphingomyelin

The coelomic fluid (CF) of the earthworm Eisenia foetida exhibits a wide variety of biological activities. We found that the CF was not toxic to 42 species, belonging to seven invertebrate phyla, almost all in aquatic adults and larvae exposed to CF. Eleven teleostean species tested died in 0.2-1% CF mostly between 10 and 120 min and the effects were dose-dependent. Tadpoles of the toad Bufo japonicus formosus died in 0.4-2% CF between 80 and 225 min depending upon size, with larger tadpoles surviving longer. Before dying, all experimental tadpoles developed curled and shrunken tails. The Okinawa tree lizard, soft-shelled turtle, Japanese quail, mouse and rat all died after i.v. injection of CF (above 20 microl/kg). Thus, CF was not toxic to invertebrates, but toxic to vertebrates. After heating, CF lost its toxicity to fish, tadpoles and mice. Both CF and lysenin incubated with sphingomyelin-liposomes (SM-liposomes) were no longer toxic, suggesting the involvement of SM in the toxicity. Lysenin, which is a constituent of CF and known to bind specifically to sphingomyelin, exhibited toxicity similar to that of CF. Thus, lysenin in CF is probably responsible for the toxic effects of CF by binding to SM in vertebrate tissues. The bodies of invertebrates might contain little or no SM, while those of vertebrates do contain SM. The coelomic fluid of the earthworm Pheretima communissima has no toxicity to mouse.