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1.
Development of the Gill System in Early Ontogenesis of the Zebrafish and Ninespine Stickleback 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We studied specific features of development of the gill system during ontogenesis of the zebrafish Danio rerio and ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius, which differ in the rates of gill system, development. Although the development of sticklebacks proceeds in nature at lower temperatures than for zebrafish, the rate of gill formation in the former is higher. These differences are related to the specific conditions in which these fish develop: embryonic and larval development of the stickleback proceeds in bodies of water with a lower oxygen content than for zebrafish, and this results in the adaptive alteration of the rate of gill system development. Differentiation of gills in the zebrafish is accompanied by a manifold increase in the oxygen consumption rate. At different developmental stages, the incremental rates of oxygen consumption and increase in the body mass of the zebrafish larvae and fry differed significantly. 相似文献
2.
A sensitive microsensor‐based method was used to measure oxygen consumption of individual zebrafish Danio rerio embryos at 6 h intervals from 24 to 75 h post‐fertilization. An increase in oxygen consumption rates from 4·54 to 8·29 nmol O2 h−1 was found during this period. At the individual level the differences in oxygen consumption rates caused the total oxygen consumption from 24 to 75 h post‐fertilization to vary between 0·261 and 0·462 μmol O2 per individual with a mean of 0·379 μmol O2 per individual. A separate carbon mass balance study corroborated the mean total oxygen consumption obtained by yielding a respiratory quotient of 0·80 for this period. These results suggest that there is significant intraspecific variation in the metabolic rate of developing zebrafish embryos, which may influence other early life‐history traits such as growth and starvation resistance. 相似文献
3.
Averages of electromyogram (EMG) signals emanating from the levator arcus palatini , a small muscle involved in the operation of the operculum in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri , were analysed in terms of their relationship to the fish's oxygen consumption rates under various activity levels. The EMG signals were detected and transmitted with a radio-telemetry system. The EMG values showed a good correlation with corresponding oxygen consumption rates for fish under forced-swimming conditions but not when the fish was swimming spontaneously; this is attributed to an ability to regulate oxygen uptake at the gill surfaces by other means than increasing the ventilation volume, including alterations in the gill blood flow dynamics (e.g. secondary lamellar recruitment), and changes in the cardiac output. Under forced-swim conditions, where the oxygen demands by the respiring muscles were higher, increased ventilation volume, as indicated by increased opercular muscle activity, was directly related to swimming speed and oxygen uptake. 相似文献
4.
G. Barja S. Cadenas C. Rojas R. P rez-Campo M. L pez-Torres 《Free radical research》1994,21(5):317-327
Birds are unique since they can combine a high rate of oxygen consumption at rest with a high maximum life span (MLSP). The reasons for this capacity are unknown. A similar situation is present in primates including humans which show MLSPs higher than predicted from their rates of O2 consumption. In this work rates of oxygen radical production and O2 consumption by mitochondria were compared between adult male rats (MLSP = 4 years) and adult pigeons (MLSP = 35 years), animals of similar body size. Both the O2 consumption of the whole animal at rest and the O2 consumption of brain, lung and liver mitochondria were higher in the pigeon than in the rat. Nevertheless, mitochondrial free radical production was 2-4 times lower in pigeon than in rat tissues. This is possible because pigeon mitochondria show a rate of free radical production per unit O2 consumed one order of magnitude lower than rat mitochondria: bird mitochondria show a lower free radical leak at the respiratory chain. This result, described here for the first time, can possibly explain the capacity of birds to simultaneously increase maximum longevity and basal metabolic rate. It also suggests that the main factor relating oxidative stress to aging and longevity is not the rate of oxygen consumption but the rate of oxygen radical production. Previous inconsistencies of the rate of living theory of aging can be explained by a free radical theory of aging which focuses on the rate of oxygen radical production and on local damage to targets relevant for aging situated near the places where free radicals are continuously generated. 相似文献
5.
Although 11-ketotestosterone is a potent androgen and induces male secondary sex characteristics in many teleosts, androgen
receptors with high binding affinity for 11-ketotestosterone or preferential activation by 11-ketotestosterone have not been
identified. So, the mechanism by which 11-ketotestosterone exhibits such high potency remains unclear. Recently we cloned
the cDNA of an 11-ketotestosterone regulated protein, spiggin, from three-spined stickleback renal tissue. As spiggin is the
only identified gene product regulated by 11-ketotestosterone, the stickleback kidney is ideal for determination of the mechanism
of 11-ketotestosterone gene regulation. A single androgen receptor gene with two splicing variants, belonging to the androgen
receptor-β subfamily was cloned from stickleback kidney. A high affinity, saturable, single class of androgen specific binding
sites, with the characteristics of an androgen receptor, was identified in renal cytosolic and nuclear fractions. Measurement
of ligand binding moieties in the cytosolic and nuclear fractions as well as to the recombinant receptor revealed lower affinity
for 11-ketotestosterone than for dihydrotestosterone. Treatment with different androgens did not up-regulate androgen receptor
mRNA level or increase receptor abundance, suggesting that auto-regulation is not involved in differential ligand activation.
However, comparison of the trans-activation potential of the stickleback androgen receptor with the human androgen receptor,
in both human HepG2 cells and zebrafish ZFL cells, revealed preferential activation by 11-ketotestosterone of the stickleback
receptor, but not of the human receptor. These findings demonstrate the presence of a receptor preferentially activated by
11-ketotestosterone in the three-spined stickleback, so far the only one known in any animal. 相似文献
6.
Copper (0.21 mgl−1 ) caused a decrease in whole body oxygen consumption in bluegills exposed for 32 days, but no changes occurred during days 3, 4 or 9 of copper exposure. In vitro oxygen consumption of gill and brain, were not significantly altered, whereas liver Q O2 , was slightly elevated which suggests that copper is acting to decrease oxygen consumption of the whole animal at a higher level of integration than these individual tissues. In fish subjected to an increase in temperature as well as sublethal copper exposure, whole body oxygen consumption was higher than controls 5 days after the temperature was increased, indicating a delay in temperature acclimation in the copper exposed fish. This difference was reflected in higher in vitro oxygen consumption in the liver and gill of these fish suggesting the metal was delaying the process of temperature acclimation by at least in part acting directly on the tissues. 相似文献
7.
Juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) were made to swim in a tunnel respirometer to determine the oxygen consumption during swimming at different speeds. Results were compared with measurements of standard and active metabolic rates in static respirometers before and after intense exercise. The oxygen consumption at maximum sustainable swimming speed was considerably lower than the peak oxygen consumption following exhausting exercise. It is suggested that these fish have a poorly developed system of aerobic (red) locomotor muscles which do not normally make a major demand upon oxygen consumption. Apparent specific dynamic action following feeding and repayment of oxygen debt following anaerobic exercise can each give rise to greater rates of oxygen consumption. Following exhausting exercise there is a delay of about 1 h before oxygen consumption reaches a peak level some 40% higher than the peak level observed during sustained swimming. 相似文献
8.
We show that many of the morphological features of the respiratory system of growth enhanced transgenic salmon are greater than those of similarly sized control salmon. Growth hormone transgenic Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar were the F2 generation produced using eggs from a transgenic F1 female and milt from a nontransgenic male. At the time the gill tissues were sampled, the transgenic salmon were growing 2.1 times more rapidly than the nontransgenic control salmon, and they had oxygen uptake rates that were about 1.6 times greater than control salmon. In the present study we show that the gill surface area available for respiratory exchange in the transgenic salmon is about 1.24 times that in control salmon which does not parallel the 1.6 elevation in oxygen uptake. The increase in gill exchange area was due largely to a relatively uniform increase in length of each gill filament. 相似文献
9.
Chopelet J Blier PU Dufresne F 《Journal of experimental zoology. Part A, Ecological genetics and physiology》2008,309(9):553-562
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of temperature on growth and aerobic metabolism in clones of Daphnia magna from different thermal regimes. Growth rate (increment in size), somatic juvenile growth rate (increment in mass), and oxygen consumption were measured at 15 and 25 degrees C in 21 clones from one northern and two southern sites. There were no significant differences in body size and growth rate (increase in length) at both 15 and 25 degrees C among the three sites. Clones from southern site 2 had a higher mass increment than clones from the other two sites at both temperatures. Clone had a significant effect on growth (body length) and body size at both temperatures. As expected, age at maturity was lower at 25 degrees C (4.5 days) than at 15 degrees C, (11.6 days) and body sizes, after the release of the third clutch, were larger at 15 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. Northern clones had higher oxygen consumption rates and specific dynamic action (SDA) than southern clones at 15 degrees C. By contrast, southern clones from site 1 had a higher oxygen consumption and SDA than subarctic clones at 25 degrees C. Clones from southern site 2 had high oxygen consumption rates at both temperatures. Our results reveal important differences in metabolic rates among Daphnia from different thermal regimes, which were not always reflected in growth rate differences. 相似文献
10.
Peter C. Gehrke Donald R. Fielder 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1988,157(6):771-782
Summary Heart, ventilation and oxygen consumption rates ofLeiopotherapon unicolor were studied at temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C, and during progressive hypoxia from 100% to 5% oxygen saturation. Biopotentials recorded from the water surrounding the fish corresponded to ventilation movements, and are thought to originate from the ventilatory musculature. Cardio-respiratory responses to temperature and dissolved oxygen follow the typical teleost pattern, with bradycardia, increased ventilation rate and reduced oxygen consumption occurring during hypoxia. However, ventilation rate did not increase at 15°C and below. Ventilation rate showed a slower response to increasing temperature (normoxic Q10=1.39) than heart rate and oxygen consumption (normoxic Q10=2.85 and 2.38).L. unicolor is unable to survive prolonged hypoxia by utilising anaerobic metabolism, but has a large gill surface area which presumably facilitates oxygen uptake in hypoxic environments. Periodic ventilation during normoxia in restingL. unicolor may improve ventilation efficiency by increasing the oxygen diffusion gradient across the gills.Abbreviations
EBG
electrobranchiogram
-
ECG
electrocardiogram 相似文献
11.
Strecker R Seiler TB Hollert H Braunbeck T 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Toxicology & pharmacology : CBP》2011,153(3):318-327
The zebrafish embryo test is a widely used bioassay for the testing of chemicals, effluents and other types of environmental samples. Oxygen depletion in the testing of sediments and effluents is especially important and may be a confounding factor in the interpretation of apparent toxicity. In order to identify oxygen levels critical to early developmental stages of zebrafish, oxygen consumption of zebrafish embryos between 0 and 96h post-fertilization, minimum oxygen levels required by the embryos for survival as well as the effects of oxygen depletion following exposure to model sediments were determined. No significant effects on zebrafish embryo development were observed for oxygen concentrations between 7.15 and 3.33mg/L, whereas at concentrations between 3.0and 2.0mg/L minor developmental retardations were observed, yet without any pathological consequences. Oxygen concentrations lower than 0.88mg/L were 100% lethal. In the sediment contact tests with zebrafish embryos, native sediments rich in organic materials rapidly developed strongly hypoxic conditions, particularly at the sediment-water interface (0 to 500μm distance to the sediment). 相似文献
12.
The correlation between characteristics of growth and energy metabolism during the larval stage of development of the Spanish
ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl) has been studied. During this period, its body mass is found to increase 140 times and the oxygen consumption rate, 77 times.
The highest rate of specific body mass increase and oxygen consumption rate are noted in the early larval stage. Later, these
characteristics decrease except for a brief period before completion of metamorphosis when the rate specific body mass increase
rises. Comparison of the studied characteristics allows us to note a similar pattern in changes of the specific growth rate
and the oxygen consumption rate during the premetamorphic development of the Spanish ribbed newt. 相似文献
13.
A reduction in the in situ rates of oxygen and glucose consumption of cells in EMT6/Ro spheroids during growth 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The rates of consumption of oxygen and glucose by EMT6/Ro cells in multicellular spheroids were measured at various times during normal growth. In situ spheroid cellular consumption rates were similar to those of exponentially growing single cells up to a spheroid diameter of 150 micron. Further growth resulted in decreases in the rates of both oxygen and glucose consumption which were correlated with the increase in spheroid diameter and cell number. At a diameter of 1300 micron, both rates of cellular consumption had decreased by a factor of 2.5. The rates of consumption per unit of nonnecrotic spheroid volume decreased in a similar manner. Measurements with single cells demonstrated that the rate of oxygen consumption was coupled with glucose concentration, and vice versa. The rates of consumption for cells dissociated from small spheroids indicated that there was some effect of the spheroid environment. As the spheroids grew, however, association in the spheroid structure accounted for a smaller proportion of the total observed reduction in the rates of nutrient consumption. The presence of central necrosis also appeared to have no effect on the rates of consumption of these nutrients. Spheroid-derived cells showed a decrease in cell volume with growth as the cells accumulated in a quiescent state. Measurements with single cells demonstrated that oxygen and glucose consumption were correlated with cell volume and with the development of nonproliferating cells. We conclude that the observed decrease in oxygen and glucose consumption with growth in spheroids is largely due to the progressive accumulation of cells in a quiescent state characterized by an inherently lower cellular rate of nutrient utilization. 相似文献
14.
15.
Sharon A. Klinger John J. Magnuson George W. Gallepp 《Environmental Biology of Fishes》1982,7(2):113-120
Synopsis Three species (central mudminnow, fathead minnow and brook stickleback) survive when a northern Wisconsin lake becomes anoxic in winter. Some gas bubbles beneath the ice contained as much as 11° oxygen when the lake water contained <0.30 mg 1–1 dissolved oxygen. Experiments conducted in the field determined that gas bubbles prolonged survival of all species, especially the mudminnow and stickleback. In the laboratory, brook sticklebacks exhibited the lowest and fathead minnows the highest routine metabolic rate corrected for weight. Rate of gill ventilation of all three increased from 20 to 70 beats per minute as oxygen levels declined from 4.0 to 0.25 mg 1–1. At low oxygen levels they moved to the upper one-third of the test tanks. Small size, low metabolic rate, tolerance of low oxygen conditions and reduced activity resulted in reduced demand for dissolved oxygen. Head shape, ventilation rate, vertical movement and utilization of high oxygen microzones also enhanced exploitation of low levels of dissolved oxygen. Central mudminnows used oxygen directly from gas bubbles found under the ice. 相似文献
16.
In situ oxygen consumption rates of cells in V-79 multicellular spheroids during growth 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The rate of consumption of oxygen by V-79 cells in multicellular spheroids was measured as a function of the spheroid diameter. In situ consumption was equal to that of exponentially growing cells for spheroids less than 200 micron in diameter. The rate of oxygen consumption decreased for cells in spheroids between 200 and 400 micron diameter to a value one-fourth the initial, then remained constant with further spheroid growth. Comparison of consumption rates for spheroid-derived cells before and after dissociation from the spheroid structure indicated that the spheroid microenvironment accounted for only 20% of the change in oxygen consumption rate. Cell-cell contact, cell packing, and cell volume were not critical parameters. Plateau-phase cells had a fivefold lower rate of oxygen consumption than exponential cells, and it is postulated that the spheroid quiescent cell population accounts for a large part of the intrinsic alteration in oxygen consumption of cells in spheroids. Some other mechanism must be involved in the regulation of cellular oxygen consumption in V-79 spheroids to account for the remainder of the reduction observed in this system. 相似文献
17.
为了探讨有氧运动训练和摄食对中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)幼鱼力竭运动后代谢特征的影响,在(25±0.5)℃条件下,将120尾实验鱼[体重(21.35±0.05)g,体长(10.21±0.03)cm]随机分成4组,即:对照组、1、2和4 BL/s(体长/秒,body length/s)训练组,分别放置于不同流速下处理8周。随后测定各实验组心脏和鳃指数以及禁食或摄食(轻度麻醉灌喂体重1.5%的饵料)状态下的力竭运动后过量耗氧。结果发现:4 BL/s训练组的心脏和鳃指数都显著高于其他实验组(P < 0.05);无论摄食与否,3个训练组运动前代谢率都显著高于对照组(P=0.001),而各实验组过量耗氧均没有显著差异;在禁食状态下,仅4 BL/s训练组的运动代谢峰值和代谢率增量显著高于对照组,而在摄食状态下,3个训练组的运动代谢峰值和代谢率增量均显著高于对照组(P < 0.005)。与禁食组相比,摄食导致各处理组的运动前代谢率显著上升(P < 0.001),但对运动代谢峰值没有显著影响;另外,摄食对照组代谢率增量和力竭运动后过量耗氧显著低于禁食对照组(P < 0.05)。研究表明:(1)有氧运动训练显著提高了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的有氧代谢能力,这可能与其呼吸和循环系统功能的改善有关;(2)力竭运动能够诱导出中华倒刺鲃幼鱼的最大有氧代谢率;(3)摄食削弱了中华倒刺鲃幼鱼无氧代谢能力。 相似文献
18.
N. D. Ozernyuk 《Russian Journal of Developmental Biology》2011,42(3):201-205
A review of data on the pattern of change of the intensity of oxygen consumption during early ontogenesis of different fish
species (rainbow trout, loach, zebrafish, carp, and grass carp) is provided. It has a similar pattern: this index increases
in the period of embryonic and larval development and, after passing of larvae to an active feeding, it begins to gradually
decline. This dynamics is determined by specific features of an increase in the rate of oxygen uptake and body weight in the
course of early stages of fish ontogenesis. For determining optimal temperature conditions of development, a method of total
(for a definite stage of development) oxygen uptake was suggested, which makes it possible to determine minimal energy expenditures
necessary for the process of a particular stage of embryogenesis to take place. Analysis of temperature dependence of kinetic
properties of enzymes with reference to the Michaelis constant (Km) for lactate dehydrogenase demonstrated that minimal Km,
corresponding to maximal enzyme-substrate affinity, for embryos of different fish species differs in correspondence with differences
in temperature conditions of development of these species in nature. For embryos of one species developing at changing temperature
conditions (salmonids), this index changes in accordance with a temperature drift in nature. 相似文献
19.
1. The rates of growth and of oxygen consumption by cells of E. coli have been measured under identical conditions, and the effects of sulfathiazole (ST) and of n-propyl carbamate (PC) on these two processes have been compared. 2. The rate of growth was measured by (a) the increase in the viable cell count, (b) the increase in the optical density of the culture, (c) the increase in the rate of oxygen consumption, and (d) the decrease in the ammonia of the medium. The results as indicated by these several measures were identical under the conditions of these experiments. 3. Concentrations of ST or of PC which are just sufficient to stop growth completely, lower the rate of oxygen consumption per unit of bacterial protoplasm to a value approximately 50 per cent of that seen in the absence of the inhibitor. 4. It is shown that the rate of oxygen consumption in cells from old cultures is less affected by ST than is the rate of oxygen consumption by cells from young cultures. It is probable that the rate of oxygen consumption by "old" cells is lower than that of "young" cells. 5. The effects of ST and PC on both the rate of oxygen consumption and the rate of growth are very similar, indicating in a general way, that the mechanism of the actions of these two inhibitors is similar. Furthermore, since both of them produce appreciable inhibition of the rate of oxygen consumption while they are inhibiting growth, the possibility that the effect on oxygen consumption is the immediate cause of the effect on growth must be entertained. 相似文献
20.
The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity inSaccharomyces cerevisiae var.ellipsoideus increased when the cells were exposed to hyperbaric oxygen tension. Ethanol-grown cells, having a more oxidative metabolism, showed higher SOD activities than did glucosegrown cells. In a glucose-limited chemostat the SOD activity increased with the specific oxygen consumption rate. The increase in SOD activity may be explained by a higher intracellular flow of superoxide radicals at higher respiration rates. The catalase activity decreased with increasing growth rates in a glucose-limited chemostat, and the activity was lower in glucosethan in ethanol-grown cells. 相似文献