追氮时期对小麦光合作用、^14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

采用盆栽和水泥池栽研究了追氮时期对小麦光合作用、^14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶（NR）活性的影响,结果表明,拔节（雌雄蕊原基形成）期较起身（二棱）期追施氮肥,显著提高了小麦开花后的旗叶叶绿素含量和单叶光合速率;灌浆期旗叶^14C同化物向籽粒转移比例显著提高,而在营养器官的滞留比例显著降低;旗叶和根系中硝酸还原酶（NR）活性亦显著提高,小麦穗粒数、粒重和产量增加,蛋白质含量提高。     

潘庆民1,于振文2,王月福2

采用盆栽和水泥池栽研究了追氮时期对小麦光合作用、14C同化物运转分配和硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响.结果表明,拔节(雌雄蕊原基形成)期较起身(二棱)期追施氮肥,显著提高了小麦开花后的旗叶叶绿素含量和单叶光合速率;灌浆期旗叶14C同化物向籽粒转移比例显著提高,而在营养器官的滞留比例显著降低;旗叶和根系中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性亦显著提高.小麦穗粒数、粒重和产量增加,蛋白质含量提高.     

小麦灌水时期与灌水量对花后果聚糖积累与转运及水分利用效率的影响

于2004-2005年和2005-2006年冬小麦生长季,在山东泰安和兖州进行田间试验,研究不同灌水时期和灌水量处理对冬小麦开花后倒二节间果聚糖积累与转运和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：全生育期不灌水促进了灌浆后期倒二节间贮藏果聚糖向籽粒的转运.在拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm,可提高开花后旗叶的光合速率和同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒的贡献率,拔节期、开花期和灌浆期各灌水60 mm或拔节期和开花期各灌水90 mm,灌浆后期旗叶的光合速率显著降低,营养器官花前贮藏同化物转运量及其对籽粒的贡献率升高,花后同化物输入籽粒量及其对籽粒的贡献率降低,灌浆后期倒二节间的聚合度（DP）≥4、DP=3果聚糖滞留量增加,不利于果聚糖向籽粒的转运.两个生长季中,拔节期和开花期各灌水60mm处理的小麦籽粒产量较高,水分利用效率最高.拔节期、开花期和灌浆期各灌水60 mm或拔节期和开花期各灌水90 mm,小麦籽粒产量无显著变化,水分利用效率降低.     

小麦花后水分亏缺和复水对同化物转运和籽粒灌浆的影响

为了阐明水分亏缺对小麦花后同化物转运和籽粒灌浆的影响及其生理机制的相关变化,以盆栽小麦旱作品种‘长旱58’为材料,自花后9 d起,设置正常供水(WW)、中度干旱胁迫后复水(MD)和重度干旱胁迫后复水 (SD)3个水分处理,比较干旱胁迫后复水处理对小麦籽粒产量、产量构成因素及水分利用效率、强弱势粒灌浆动态、旗叶光合性能、茎鞘非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)转运、籽粒形成关键酶活性变化等的影响。结果表明：(1)与WW相比,MD处理显著增加了小麦穗粒数和千粒重,进而提高籽粒产量、水分利用效率和小麦弱势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,对强势粒则无显著影响,而SD处理则显著降低了穗粒数、千粒重、强弱势粒的最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率,但水分利用效率显著高于WW处理。(2)MD处理植株旗叶在小麦灌浆过程中维持了与WW基本相同的净光合速率,同时在小麦花后9~20 d时MD处理下气孔导度和蒸腾速率变化不明显,而在SD处理下气孔导度和蒸腾速率则急剧下降;另外,与WW相比,在整个灌浆期MD处理下旗叶叶绿素含量变化不显著,而SD处理下叶绿素含量呈大幅下降趋势。(3)MD处理提高了小麦弱势粒蔗糖合成酶和腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶活性;同时使灌浆中后期有较高的果聚糖水解酶(FEH)活性和较低果聚糖含量,显著增强了茎鞘同化物质转运,提高茎鞘储藏物质对粒重的贡献率。研究发现,中度水分胁迫后复水处理小麦植株具有较好的叶片性能、花后较多的茎鞘同化物向籽粒转运以及较高的弱势粒库活性,从而提高旱作小麦弱势粒灌浆速率,增加穗粒数和粒重, 进而提高籽粒产量。     

测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响

以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,研究了测墒补灌对小麦光合特性和干物质积累与分配的影响.结果表明:W2(拔节期补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)和DW2(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量75％,开花期70％)灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W3(拔节期补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)和DW3(拔节后10 d补灌至相对含水量80％,开花期70％)处理;W2和DW2开花期和成熟期干物质积累量、开花前贮藏干物质向籽粒的转运量和籽粒干物质分配量高于W1(拔节期补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)和DW1(拔节后10d补灌至相对含水量65％,开花期70％)处理,水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率显著高于W3和DW3处理.相同补灌水平下,DW2和DW3灌浆后期旗叶光合速率和实际光化学效率分别高于W2和W3处理,开花期干物质积累量及其向籽粒的转运量低于W2和W3处理,开花后干物质积累量、籽粒产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水生产效率高于W2和W3处理.DW2是本试验条件下的高产高水分利用效率灌溉方案.     

小麦不同品种光合速率和14 C同化物分配对源库比改变的影响

 选用千粒重大小不同的小麦品种,研究了去除顶端两个小穗对两类品种(大粒品种和小粒品种)穗部性状、籽粒平均灌浆速率、单穗平均增重速率、植株光合速率及14C同化物运输分配的影响。试验结果表明,去除顶端两个小穗后,两类品种的籽粒平均灌浆速率和单穗平均增重速率(分别表征籽粒库容活性和穗粒库容活性)相应提高,穗粒重表现为补偿性增长。两类品种比较,小粒品种的增长幅度大于大粒品种。穗粒库容活性增强使得小粒品种灌浆中后期的植株光合速率提高,使两类品种分配到籽粒中的14C同化物比例增加。从而表明,无论是植株光合速率还是同化物的运转分配皆受库容活性的调控,调控方式和幅度因品种类型而不同。     

除草剂对冬小麦光合特性、籽粒产量及品质的调控效应

通过田间试验研究了4种除草剂(2,4-D丁酯、‘巨星’、‘世玛’和‘骠马’)对2个小麦品种(‘临优145’和‘临汾138’)光合特性、籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明:2,4-D丁酯使小麦灌浆期间旗叶的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率(Pn)一直较低,千粒重和籽粒产量显著低于对照;‘巨星’使灌浆前期的SPAD值和Pn较高而中后期快速下降,灌浆持续时间缩短,产量与对照相近;‘世玛’使灌浆前中期SPAD值和Pn较低但后期下降缓慢,灌浆持续时间延长,千粒重和籽粒产量显著高于对照和其它处理;‘骠马’对光合特性和产量影响较小。2,4-D丁酯和‘骠马’使籽粒的蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、吸水率、评价值显著或极显著提高,稳定时间延长,而形成时间与对照相近;‘巨星’和‘世玛’处理的品质指标大多低于或接近对照。研究发现,除草剂通过调控小麦旗叶光合特性和灌浆进程来影响其千粒重和籽粒产量,且除草剂和品种间存在差异;2,4-D丁酯虽能明显改善小麦品质但却显著降低籽粒产量,‘骠马’使小麦品质特性改善的同时也使籽粒产量有所提高,‘世玛’虽能显著提高籽粒产量却使品质特性变差。     

不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官光合荧光特性研究

以强筋(郑麦9023)、中筋(新麦13)和弱筋(豫麦50)型小麦品种为试材,测定了它们非叶光合器官的叶绿素含量、荧光动力学参数、净光合速率及对籽粒的贡献率.结果显示,不同品质类型小麦非叶光合器官叶绿素含量表现为旗叶鞘>穗下节间>芒>穗部颖片,各非叶光合器官开花18d后叶绿素含量均表现为弱筋小麦>中筋小麦>强筋小麦;弱筋小麦的非叶光合器官在灌浆前期具有较高的Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ值,在灌浆后期其Fv/Fm和ΦPSⅡ值下降幅度显著小于强筋小麦并有较高的净光合速率;非叶光合器官对籽粒的相对贡献率依次为穗部>旗叶>节鞘,且对弱筋小麦籽粒的贡献率高于中筋和强筋小麦,其中节鞘和穗对弱筋小麦粒重的相对贡献率分别为15.7%和35.4%.研究表明,弱筋小麦豫麦50的非叶光合器官能维持较较强的光合能力,生产更多的光合产物,花后形成的光合产物对其粒重的增加起重要作用.     

施钾对强筋小麦生理特性及产量的效应

以强筋面包小麦临优145为试验材料,于大田生产条件下研究了施用钾肥对强筋小麦叶片光合、膜脂氧化及产量特性的影响.结果显示,适量施钾能显著降低开花14d以后旗叶中超氧阴离子的产生强度和MDA含量,并显著提高旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率和籽粒灌浆速率,显著增加千粒重;在施钾(K2O)37.5~150.0kg/hm2范围内,随施钾量增加,各处理产量呈先上升后下降趋势且均比对照极显著增产14.5%~30.7%,各处理间产量差异显著,以施钾(K2O)112.5kg/hm2时籽粒产量最高.结果表明,中产条件下施用钾肥可显著提高强筋小麦籽粒产量,且以施钾(K2O)103.0~112.5kg/hm2为宜.     

追施氮肥时期对冬小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在大田条件下,研究了不同追氮时期对小麦旗叶叶绿素荧光特性、光合速率及籽粒产量的影响.结果表明,拔节期追肥较起身期或挑旗期追肥,改善了小麦旗叶PSⅡ的活性(F_v/F_o)、光化学最大效率(F_v/F_m)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、实际量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)及光合速率,降低了籽粒灌浆中前期非辐射能量耗散,有利于叶片所吸收的光能较充分地用于光合作用,提高了籽粒灌浆后期非辐射能量的耗散,减缓了叶片光抑制程度和衰老进程.拔节期追肥可显著增加穗粒数和千粒重,提高产量.     

Contribution of Pre-Anthesis Assimilates and Current Photosynthesis to Grain Yield,and their Relationships to Drought Resistance in Wheat Cultivars Grown Under Different Soil Moisture

We investigated the relative importance of pre-anthesis assimilates stored in plant parts, mainly in the stem, and post-anthesis photosynthesis to drought resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Hongwangmai (drought resistant) and Haruhikari (drought sensitive) subjected to two soil moisture regimes: irrigated and non-irrigated. In the irrigated treatment, soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the growing season, while in the non-irrigated treatment water was withheld from 81 d after sowing until maturity. Drought stress reduced grain yield of Hongwangmai and Haruhikari by 41 and 60 %, respectively. Remobilization of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain (remobilization) was reduced by drought in Hongwangmai but increased in Haruhikari. The contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to the grain decreased under non-irrigated treatment in Hongwangmai. However, under water stress, Hongwangmai maintained a higher net photosynthetic rate in the flag leaf than Haruhikari. These results indicated that maintenance of post-anthesis photosynthetic rate was related to drought resistance in Hongwangmai rather than to remobilization under drought stress.     

Effect of Pre-Anthesis Drought Hardening on Post-Anthesis Physiological Characteristics,Yield and WUE in Winter Wheat

A drought event can cause yield loss or entire crops to fail. In order to study the effects of continuous drought on physiological characteristics, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the variety “Zhoumai 22” was grown in controlled water conditions of the pot-planted winter wheat under a mobile rainout shelter. Foot planting and safe wintering were used to evaluate, winter wheat under different drought conditions, including light, moderate and severe drought at the jointing, heading, and filling stages. The soil water content was controlled at 60–70%, 50–60%, or 40–50% of field capacity. Experimental trials included 3 pre-anthesis drought hardening, 3 three-stage continuous drought, and 1 test control conditions. Under drought stress conditions, winter wheat leaf water potential, soil plant analysis development (SPAD), photosynthesis parameters, and yield declined due to pre-anthesis drought hardening. And the degree of decline: continuous drought > pre-anthesis drought hardening. Changes in the post-anthesis photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat were mainly related to the pre-anthesis drought level, rather than post-anthesis rehydration. The threshold of non-stomata limiting factors caused by photosynthesis at the filling stage is 40–50%FC, while comprehensive yield and WUE affected, the yield in severe drought treatments was the most significant, B3C3 and B3C3G3 decreased by 55.68% and 55.88%, respectively. Pre-anthesis drought was the main reason for the decreased crop yield. Thus, severe drought should be avoided during planting, while pre-anthesis light drought is a suitable choice for water-saving and crop production, as proper pre-anthesis drought hardening (60–70% FC) is feasible and effective.     

全膜覆土下施有机肥对春小麦旗叶碳氮比、光合特性和产量的影响

于2016和2017年,以春小麦品种‘陇春27'为试验材料,在甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区设置定位试验,分析全膜覆土平作穴播(PMS)、全膜覆土平作穴播+有机肥(PMO)、裸地平作穴播(CK)3个处理春小麦抽穗至灌浆阶段土壤水分与群体冠层温度、净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、旗叶C/N、旗叶全氮之间的相互关系,探讨不同处理对产量及其构成要素的影响。结果表明: 施用有机肥可提高小麦生育中后期土壤含水量,PMO抽穗至灌浆阶段0～300 cm土层土壤贮水量较PMS和CK分别提高4.6%和8.5%,群体冠层温度分别降低0.1～1.3 ℃和1.4～4.9 ℃,P_n分别提高9.3%和29.7%,g_s分别提高30.9%和103.8%,T_r分别提高5.1%和55.0%,全氮含量分别提高6.6%和18.9%,C/N分别降低6.4%和22.8%。收获后,PMO较PMS和CK显著促进穗粒数和千粒重增加,籽粒产量分别提高9.1%和53.7%。抽穗至灌浆阶段旗叶P_n和g_s与C/N呈负相关性;C/N与籽粒产量呈显著负相关。因此,半干旱区全膜覆土穴播条件下施有机肥可提高春小麦抽穗至灌浆阶段土壤含水量,促进旗叶光合作用,有利于降低生理干旱胁迫强度和旗叶氮吸收同化限制,促进穗粒数和粒重增加,使产量提升。     

Effect of assimilate utilization on photosynthetic rate in wheat

Summary Two weeks after anthesis, when the grain is filling rapidly, the rate of photosynthesis by flag leaves of wheat cv. Gabo was between 20 and 30 mg CO₂ dm^-2 leaf surface hour^-1 under the conditions used. About 45% of flag-leaf assimilates were translocated to the ear, and only about 12% to the roots and young shoots.On removing the ear, net photosynthesis by the flag leaves was reduced by about 50% within 3–15 hours, and there was a marked reduction in the outflow of ¹⁴C-labelled assimilates from the flag leaves.Subsequent darkening of all other leaves on plants without ears led to recovery of flag-leaf photosynthesis, as measured by gas analysis and ¹⁴CO₂ fixation, and to increased translocation of assimilates to the roots and young shoots. Minor changes in the rates of dark respiration accompanied these major, reversible changes in photosynthetic rate.After more than a week in continuous, high-intensity light, the rate of photosynthesis by flag leaves of intact plants had fallen considerably, but could be restored again by a period in darkness, or by inhibiting photosynthesis in the ears by spraying them with DCMU. The inhibition of ear photosynthesis increased translocation of labelled assimilates from the flag leaf to the ears, without affecting leaf sugar levels.The application of TIBA to the culm below the ear inhibited auxin movement throught the culm, but had no influence on flag-leaf photosynthesis.These results suggest that, at least in this system, photosynthesis by the flag leaf is regulated directly by the demand for assimilates from the flag leaf and not indirectly through action in the leaf of auxins produced by the sink organs.     

Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the physiological basis for determinations of grain yield and water-use efficiency in grain yield (WUE) under deficit irrigation; and (ii) investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on dry matter accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves during grain filling. A field experiment was conducted in the Southern High Plains of the USA and winter wheat (cv. TAM 202) was grown on Pullman clay loam soil (fine mixed thermic Torretic Paleustoll). Treatments consisted of rain-fed, deficit irrigation from jointing to the middle of grain filling, and full irrigation. The physiological measurements included leaf water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and leaf area index. The rain-fed treatment had the lowest seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, grain yield, harvest index (HI) and WUE as a result of moderate to severe water stress from jointing to grain filling. Irrigation application increased seasonal ET, and ET increased as irrigation frequency increased. The seasonal ET increased 20% in one-irrigation treatments between jointing and anthesis, 32-46% in two-irrigation treatments, and 67% in three- and full irrigation treatments. Plant biomass, grain yield, HI and WUE increased as the result of increased ET. The increased yield under irrigation was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per square meter and per spike. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield increased significantly but the WUE increased slightly as irrigation frequency increased. The increased WUE under deficit irrigation was contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and Gs, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves significantly contributed to the increased grain yield and HI. The results of this study showed that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis significantly increased wheat yield and WUE through increasing both current photosynthesis and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves.     

The nature of the effects of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum on the growth of wheat

Field-caged, post-anthesis populations of the aphids Sitobion avenae and Metopolophium dirhodum reduced grain weight of wheat by 14 and 7% respectively and induced changes in the senescence of the flag leaf. Spikelet number and grain number were unaffected as they are normally determined by pre-anthesis factors. Percentage grain protein was significantly reduced by both aphid species. The pattern of grain weight reduction within the ear was consistent with known limitations on the distribution of flag leaf assimilates among the grains. The relative effects of the two aphid species apparently resulted from the degree of nutrient drain imposed at particular feeding sites and the reduction in the leaf area duration of the flag leaf.     

半湿润地区氮磷钾配施对强筋小麦功能叶光合速率的影响

选用优质强筋小麦品种陕253为材料,研究了不同氮磷钾肥水平及组合对小麦生育后期主茎、主茎分蘖Ⅰ和主茎分蘖Ⅱ功能叶净光合速率的影响,结果表明:在不同的NPK肥配比处理中,功能叶净光合速率在蘖位、叶位间差异均极其显著,不同生育期间存在明显差异,具体表现为:孕穗期高于灌浆期,主茎>主茎分蘖Ⅰ>主茎分蘖Ⅱ,旗叶高于倒二叶.孕穗期以N225P120K120处理对茎蘖功能叶光合速率影响最为明显,分别比CK1和CK2增加20.41%和25.76%;灌浆期以N135P225K120处理对茎蘖旗叶净光合速率作用显著,分别比CK1和CK2增加43.48%和10.83%.研究发现,在一定磷钾肥基础上通过调节氮肥可以调节孕穗期茎蘖功能叶净叶光合速率,提高钾肥用量有利于提高灌浆期各茎蘖功能叶的净光合速率.     

Contribution of the wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flag leaf to grain yield in response to plant growth regulators

In West-Europe, intensive cereal management uses plant growth regulators (PGRs) especially for wheat. A green-house experiment compared the effects of two PGRs on flag leaf characteristics and yield of winter wheat. Chlormequat chloride + choline chloride (CCC) and chlormequat chloride + choline chloride + imazaquin (CCC+I) were applied to winter wheat at growth stage 5 (Feekes Large scale). CCC and CCC+I significantly increased flag leaf surface area at anthesis. Both treatments also enhanced chlorophyll content of the main stem flag leaf. The grain filling period was extended with PGR application by 2 days. CCC and CCC+I significantly increased net CO₂ assimilation rates during the flag leaf life. No effects of PGR spraying were observed on the pattern of ¹⁴C labelled assimilate distribution. Increased grain yield was due to the increase in average grain weight. The results indicate that PGR treatments increased flag leaf contribution to grain filling. The addition of imazaquin (I) to chlormequat (CCC) improved the effects of CCC.     

冷型小麦旗叶衰老和活性氧代谢特性研究

以典型的冷型小麦和暖型小麦为试验材料,研究了同一环境背景下不同温度型小麦开花后的旗叶衰老和活性氧代谢特性。结果表明,与暖型小麦相比,冷型小麦籽料灌浆期旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量下降缓慢、含量高,整个业粒形成和灌浆期ＭＤＡ积累速度慢、含量低,籽粒灌浆期防御活性氧伤害的关键性保护酶（ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ和ＰＯＤ）活性下隆幅度小,灌浆中后期活性水平高。由此认为,小麦旗叶衰老和活性氧代谢特性与其温度型的归属关