幼儿两兄弟同时感染犬小孢子菌

报告两名幼儿同时感染犬小孢子菌。例1男,3岁,以左侧头顶部圆形红斑、丘疹、脓疱、脱发伴瘙痒3个月而就诊;头皮屑真菌镜检阳性,经培养鉴定为犬小孢子菌。例2男,5个月,为例1同胞兄弟;与例1同时出现两处面部红斑,边缘隆起、绕以炎性丘疹及脓疱,边界清楚,中心向愈,呈环形损害;常自行搔抓;刮取皮损处皮屑真菌镜检亦呈阳性,真菌培养亦为犬小孢子菌。最后诊断：犬小孢子菌病。     

Microsporum canis infection: first epidemic in Israel

We report here on the first epidemic of Microsporum canis infection in Israel. All 78 cases were diagnosed in the port city of Eilat between August, 1975 and May 1976. The epidemic has apparently been controlled with Griseofulvin therapy and public health measures.     

Atypical cases of Microsporum canis infection in the adult

Eleven adult patients (7 males, 4 females) were found to be infected with Microsporum canis. There was involvement of the scalp in three patients: in one male and one female there were kerion-like lesions and in one male the lesions resembled seborrheic dermatitis. There were three cases of tinea barbae, males aged 28, 65 and 82 years, in the first resembling an infected single lesion of granuloma annulare, the second with a kerion-like lesion and the third with an abscess-like tumor. There were five patients with lesions in glabrous areas: one male with a lesion of the palm resembling erythema multiforme and one with an infection of the auricular lobe resembling a seborrheic dermatitis or otitis externa; of three females with tinea faciei one had a lesion simulating granuloma faciale, one simulating lymphocytic infiltration and one simulating discoid lupus erythematosus. A cat was the source of infection in three cases; in the remainder it could not be determined with certainty. It is of note that a continuous increase in infection with M. canis has been observed in Israel during the past five years.

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Résumé Onze malades adultes ont été infectés par Microsporum canis. L'invasion du cuir chevelu a été observée chez 3 malades; un homme et une femme présentaient des lésions à l'aspect de Kérion; chez le troisième (homme aussi) les lésions simulaient un pytiriasis stéatoïde. Il y avait encore 3 cas de teigne de la barbe, à l'âge de 28, 65 et 82 ans, ressemblant, pour le premier, un granulome annulaire, le second présentant le type de Kérion et le troisième un abscès. Chez le groupe de 5 malades avec des lésions sur la peau glabre, il y avait un homme avec une éruption palmaire ressemblant un érythème multiforme et un autre avec une infection du lobe de l'oreille très sembleble à une dermatite séborrhéique ou à une otite externe. Chez les 3 femmes à teigne glabreuse les lésions siégeaient le visage en simulant un granulome faciale, un lupus érythémateux discoïde et une infiltration lymphocitaire. La source d'infection a été le chat dans 3 cas, dans le reste elle ne pouvant être déterminée avec précision. Il est à noter que l'infection par M. canis en Israel s'est très rapidement dévelopée dans les dernières années.

     

Enzymatic activities of Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum strains.

The presence of 11 enzymatic activities, detected by qualitative methods, and 19 enzymes, semi-quantitatively detected by API ZYM system, in strains belonging to Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum has been studied. No pronounced differences were noted between Microsporum canis and Microsporum gypseum, although Microsporum gypseum presented in some cases more intense enzymatic activities than Microsporum canis.     

Ribosomal phosphoproteins in Microsporum canis

Ribosomal phosphoproteins of Microsporum canis labelled in vivo were characterised by two-dimensional and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A small subunit protein, S6, was the only phosphoprotein identified in 40S and 80S in basic-acidic two-dimensional gels. Three different forms of phosphorylated S6 were also observed in 40S subunit. On SDS gels five phosphoproteins were identified in 80S; of these three were present in 40S and two in 60S. S6 was the only basic phosphoprotein, while the other four were acidic.     

The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis

The dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis is described. The colony consists of fascicles of very wide hyphae with short compartments and close branching. Lateral branches often themselves remain short and fail to branch, and many are reflexive, growing in the opposite direction to the parent hypha. Mycelium of three types was noted, dysgonic, apparently normal, and forms intermediate between the two. Change from one form to another occurred in a cyclial manner, the transition from dysgonic to apparently normal being abrupt while that in the reverse direction was gradual.The strain was extremely unstable, both in primary isolations from cats and in subculture. Numerous sectors of other readily recognisable strains were produced, including the typical M. canis and various atypical strains previously obtained from human sources. These strains rapidly submerged their parent colonies and were much more likely to be obtained by subculture from a primary isolation plate than was the dysgonic strain itself.The relationships of the various strains to each other in the saprophytic and parasitic phases are discussed.     

Spontaneous dermatophytosis due to Microsporum canis in rabbits

Reports of naturally occurring Microsporum canis infection in the rabbit are rare. During the tenth week of a 91 day percutaneous toxicity study, 17 of 30 adult New Zealand white rabbits developed skin lesions varying from multiple papules to ringed lesions 1 X 2 cm in diameter. The lesions were not pruritic. Hair and scale samples taken from rabbits with lesions were cultured for dermatophytes. Based upon colony morphology and macroconidial characteristics, M canis identification was confirmed. At the time of necropsy, fluorescence was observed in three animals examined with a Wood's lamp, and of 10 rabbits that were positive on culture, seven were clinically normal. Microscopically, hair follicles contained spores and mycelia. The source of this outbreak was not determined. Tap water was cultured and found negative for pathogenic fungi. These findings document M canis infections in laboratory-housed New Zealand white rabbit, such an asymptomatic carrier state should be considered in this outbreak. The significance of dermatomycosis in laboratory animals is primarily as a zoonosis and a research complication.     

Disturbances in toxicological experiments caused by Microsporum canis

Cutaneous lesions which can lead to false positive results have been observed in several rabbits used for the determination of the cutaneous irritation capacity of a product (ITA, PII). The responsible agent was Microsporum canis. A preventive treatment by an antifungal agent did not modify toxicological experimental results.     

Two outbreaks of Microsporum canis ringworm in Israel

An imported Persian cat and a young pooddle were the source of transmission for two outbreaks of ringworms. In the first outbreak 12 subjects were infected, in the second one six individuals became infected. The largest number of lesions, exceeding 150, were found in two girls, involved in the first outbreak. Scalp involvement was detected in 3 out of the 6 children in the first outbreak and in one out of the 5 children from the second one. The fungal nature of the infections was demonstrated by the presence of hyphae in KOH treated scrapings and by the fluorescing hairs found, both in the children as well as in the respective animals. M. canis was cultured from the human and animal lesions. Positive results were obtained with the isolated strains in white mouse and guinea pig inoculation. Microsporum canis is not a common dermatophyte in Israel. Human infections by this fungus have been sporadically reported and only in the last years (Alteras & Lehrer (1), Dvoretzky et al. (6). According to Kuttin & Beemer (10), animal infections by this organism in Israel have been found in cats and dogs.When transmission to humans occurs, the cat is usually incriminated as the main source of infection. It is known that pet Angora and Persian cats carry the disease just as well as stray cats. The sites of predilection for M. canis invasion in cats are the base of the years, the nose, the neck, hind and fore limbs, body and tail. Nail involvement may also be observed, though sporadically.Large M. canis outbreaks in humans have not been very frequently reported, only small outbreaks involving 3–5 members of a family, who contracted this infection from the same source: cats or dogs: Doring & Jung (5), Hodges & Rao (8), Bjornberg & Gip (8), Simic & Prisic (12), Grunder & Koehler (7), Bojanowski (3).Since such cases by M. canis have been infrequently published in Israel, we thought it of interest to present a recent large and a small familial outbreak due to this fungus.

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Résumé Un chat importé et un jeun pooddle ont été la source de transmission pour deux épidémies mycosiques de famille. Dans le premier foyer épidemique 12 sujets ont été affectés, dans le deuxième 6 sujets. Le plus grand nombre des lésions dépassant 150, ont été trouvées chez deux filletes, faisant partie de la première épidémie. L'invasion du cuir chevelu a été observée chez 3 parmi les 6 enfants du premier foyer et chez un parmi les 5 enfants du deuxième foyer épidemique. L'origine fongique de l'infection a été démontrée par la présence des filaments mycéliens dans les sqûmes et par la fluoresence des cheveux trouvés tant ches les enfants que chez les animaux respectifs. M. Canis a été isolé des lésions humaines et animales. L'inoculation des souches isolées chez la souris blanche et le cobaye a donné des résultats positifs.

     

犬小孢子菌致女性外阴脓癣1例

报道1例犬小孢子菌感染引起的女性外阴脓癣。患者女,25岁,耻骨外阴红肿疼痛半年,加重2周。皮肤科检查:耻骨外阴境界清楚的红色肿胀性斑块,触之浸润,疼痛明显;可见密集的毛囊性丘疹、脓疱,局部有波动感及脓液溢出,毛发松动,极易拔出。双侧腹股沟可及肿大触痛的淋巴结。组织病理学检查符合感染性肉芽肿表现。真菌镜检及培养鉴定为犬小孢子菌。诊断:脓癣。治疗:特比萘芬片250 mg,口服,每日1次,连续4周。服药2周后炎症基本消退,部分毛囊瘢痕形成。     

Tinea capitis due to Microsporum canis in infants

Three cases of scalp involvement by M. canis in infants are briefly reported. The first was a 2-month-old female with a few erythematous spots on the scalp, the second an 8-month-old male with lesions resembling seborrhoeic dermatitis and the third an 11-month-old male having areas of folliculitis of a kerion type. The father of the second case was found to have a tinea barbae infection due to the same fungus. Stray kittens were the most probable source of infection in all these cases.     

Studies on the macroconidia of Microsporum canis

The characteristics of an in vitro polyuridylic acid dependent amino acid incorporating system prepared from germinating macroconidia of Microsporum canis are described. The incorporation of ¹⁴C-phenylalanine into polyphenylalanine is dependent on S-30 extract, adenosine triphosphate, magnesium ions and polyuridylic acid. Incorporation is slightly enhanced by yeast transfer ribonucleic acid and pyruvate kinase. The system is highly sensitive to ribonuclease, puromycin and miconazole (an antifungal agent), moderately sensitive to sodium fluoride and much less sensitive to phenethylalcohol, cycloheximide, chloramphenicol and deoxyribonuclease. Cell-free extract from ungerminated conidia has less capacity to synthesize the protein and during germination a marked increase in the protein synthetic activity is observed. The results from experiments wherein ribosomes and S-100 fraction from germinated and ungerminated spores are interchanged, revealed that the defect in the extract from the ungerminated spore is in the ribosomes.Abbreviations Poly(U) polyuridylic acid - tRNA transfer ribonucleic acid - ATP adenosine triphosphate - GTP guanosine triphosphate - BSA bovine serum albumin - RNase ribonuclease - DNase deoxyribonuclease - POPOP 1,4-bis-2(5-phenyl oxazolyl)benzene - PPO 2,5-diphenyl oxazole - TCA trichloracetic acid     

Antifungal activity of Lactobacillus against Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum

A total of 220 lactic acid bacteria isolates were screened for antifungal activity using Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger as the target strains. Four Lactobacillus strains exhibited strong inhibitory activity on agar surfaces. All four were also identified as having strong inhibitory activity against the human pathogenic fungi Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Epidermophyton floccosum. One of the four lactobacilli, namely Lb. reuteri ee1p exhibited the most inhibition against dermatophytes. Cell-free culture supernatants of Lb. reuteri ee1p and of the non-antifungal Lb. reuteri M13 were freeze-dried and used to access and compare antifungal activity in agar plate assays and microtiter plate assays. Addition of the Lb. reuteri ee1p freeze-dried cell-free supernatant powder into the agar medium at concentrations greater than 2% inhibited all fungal colony growth. Addition of the powder at 5% to liquid cultures caused complete inhibition of fungal growth on the basis of turbidity. Freeze-dried supernatant of the non-antifungal Lb. reuteri M13 at the same concentrations had a much lesser effect. As Lb. reuteri M13 is very similar to the antifungal strain ee1p in terms of growth rate and final pH in liquid culture, and as it has little antifungal activity, it is clear that other antifungal compounds must be specifically produced (or produced at higher levels) by the anti-dermatophyte strain Lb. reuteri ee1p. Reuterin was undetectable in all four antifungal strains. The cell free supernatant of Lb. reuteri ee1p was analyzed by LC-FTMS using an Accela LC coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer. The high mass accuracy spectrum produced by compounds in the Lb. reuteri ee1p strain was compared with both a multianalyte chromatogram and individual spectra of standard anti-fungal compounds, which are known to be produced by lactic acid bacteria. Ten antifungal metabolites were detected.     

Separation of cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins of Microsporum canis

The cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins of Microsporum canis were characterised in basic-acidic and basic-SDS two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The small subunit contained 28 proteins and the large subunit 38 proteins. The molecular weights of these proteins were in the range of 32,500 to 7600 and 48,000 to 11,000 in the small and large subunits, respectively. The 80S ribosomes showed 65 and 66 protein spots in basic-acidic and basic-SDS gel systems, respectively.     

Superficial infections caused by Microsporum canis in humans and animals

Dermatophytic infections caused by M. canis in humans and animals have a world wide distribution and they are zoonotic. The objective in this work was to know the frequency of M. canis infections in humans and pets. We studied our cases from January 1994 to December 2002. The human samples were obtained from a Dermatological Department in a General Hospital and we registered the next data: age, sex, job, and affected area. The animal samples were obtained from a mycological veterinary laboratory, and we registered the presence or absence of clinical lesions. A total of 46 clinical cases of M. canis infections were recorded, 26 female and 20 males: tinea capitis 21, tinea corporis 17, tinea pedis five, onychomycosis two, and only one case with tinea faciei. The 46 cases with positive culture yield 42 positive samples in KOH. The age range varied from 2 to 60 years. Among the animals, we studied 461 dogs and found six KOH positive (1%) samples and cultured 23 isolates (4.98%): 21 M. canis, one M. gypseum and one Trichophyton spp. From the 68 samples of cats, eight (11.76%) were positive to KOH, being 26 (38.23%) M. canis isolates. In M. canis infections in humans, the age rage was wide with predominance in women. In animals, M. canis isolates represented the most dermatophytic infection.     

Mating behaviour of Nannizzia otae (=Microsporum canis)

One hundred and ninety-eight isolates of Microsporum canis, obtained from humans and animals in 12 countries, were paired with the two Japanese tester strains of Nannizzia otae (= M. canis), VUT 74037 (CDC B-2094+) and VUT 74039 (CDC B-2095–). One hundred and forty-one (72%) produced either gymnothecia or pseudogymnothecia in crosses with VUT 74037. Fifty-seven (28%) were nonreactive. None of the paired isolates reacted with VUT 74039. The number of nonreactive isolates decreased to 17% when 104 of the 198 isolates were paired with one additional tester strain of each mating type. All sexually reacting strains, however, belonged to the (–) mating type. Crosses between nonreactive isolates did not result in ascocarp formation.The F₁ generations from three different strongly reactive crosses were all characterized by poor ascospore germination. Most of the monoascospore progeny that germinated to form mature colonies were nonreactive in crosses to determine their mating type. Others reacted predominantly as the (+) mating type, thereby precluding the likelihood of an associated lethal factor accounting for the lack of this mating type in our clinical isolates. Several explanations for this phenomenon are presented.     

Partial characterization of the extracellular keratinase from Microsporum canis

The extracellular keratinase of Microsporum canis released peptides from alpha-type fibrous protein and the membranous fraction isolated from human stratum corneum. Inhibition of the enzyme by phenylmethyl-sulfonylfluoride and its weak inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide and etheneglycol tetra-acetic acid indicated that it is probably a serine proteinase.     

Antifungal susceptibility and genotypical pattern of Microsporum canis strains

Dermatophytes are a group of fungi that are capable of invading keratinized tissues of humans and other animals. Antifungal susceptibility analysis and genetic studies by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD), have been used to detect polymorphism as well as determining the possible resistance of dermatophytes to antifungals. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible correlation between the antifungal susceptibility and genotypical pattern of Microsporum canis strains isolated in dogs and cats with dermatophytosis in Northeast Brazil. The antifungal susceptibility study was conducted using the broth microdilution test with griseofulvine, ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole. The genotypical analysis was performed using the RAPD method. The antifungal susceptibility analysis showed that all the strains of M. canis analyzed (n = 22) were sensitive to griseofulvine (0.25 microg/mL < or minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) < or = 1 microg/mL), ketoconazole (0.25 microg/mL < or = MIC < or = 2 microg/mL), itraconazole (0.25 microg/mL < or = MIC < or = 1 microg/mL), and fluconazole (1 microg/mL < or = MIC < or = 16 microg/mL). The RAPD results showed that all analyzed strains are genetically similar. Thus, based on antifungal susceptibility analysis and RAPD data, a possible correlation can be shown between the antifungal susceptibility and the genotypical pattern of the strains of M. canis from Northeast Brazil.