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1.
Skalstad I Nordøy ES 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》2000,170(5-6):395-401
This study was undertaken to measure whether young harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) drink seawater and, if so, to investigate how the excess salt load is handled. Blood and urine samples were collected from
hooded seal pups (n=3) and harp seal pups (n=3) after 2 weeks of freshwater exposure, at intervals during 3 weeks of seawater exposure and, finally, after 2 weeks of
re-exposure to fresh water. Total water turnover, as measured by injection of tritiated water, was 2200 ml · day−1 and 3300 ml · day−1 in hooded seals and harp seals, respectively. The extent of mariposia was taken as the difference between total water turnover
and influx of water through food (free and metabolic water) and respiratory water exchange. Seawater drinking amounted to
14% and 27% of total water turnover (rH2O) for the hooded seals and harp seals, respectively. Further evidence of mariposia was obtained from an increase in the excretion
rate of the urine osmolytes Na+, Cl− and Mg2+, during the period of seawater exposure. It is concluded that water influx due to seawater drinking can not be excluded as
a source of error when estimating food consumption of free-ranging harp seals and hooded seals, by use of labeled water techniques.
Accepted: 11 May 2000 相似文献
2.
Frequency of Antibiotic Resistance in a Swine Facility 2.5 Years After a Ban on Antibiotics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The addition of antibiotics to livestock feed has contributed to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in concentrated
animal feeding operations and agricultural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the occurrence of resistance
to chlortetracycline and tylosin among bacterial populations at the Swine Complex of McGill University (Province of Quebec,
Canada) in the absence of antibiotic administration to pigs for 2.5 years prior to the beginning of this study. Feces from
ten pigs born from the same sow and provided feed without antibiotic were sampled during suckling (n = 6 for enumerations, n = 10 for PCR), weanling (n = 10 both for PCR and enumerations), growing (n = 10 both for PCR and enumerations), and finishing (n = 10 both for PCR and enumerations). The percentage of chlortetracycline-resistant anaerobic bacterial populations (TetR) was higher than that of tylosin-resistant anaerobic bacterial populations (TylR) at weanling, growing, and finishing. Prior to the transportation of animals to the slaughterhouse, resistant populations
varied between 6.5 and 9.4 Log colony-forming units g humid feces−1. In all pigs, tet(L), tet(O), and erm(B) were detected at suckling and weanling, whereas only tet(O) was detected at growing and finishing. The abundance of tet(O) was similar between males and females at weanling and growing and reached 5.1 × 105 and 5.6 × 105 copies of tet(O)/ng of total DNA in males and females, respectively, at finishing. Results showed high abundances and proportions of TetR and TylR anaerobic bacterial populations, as well as the occurrence of tet and erm resistance genes within these populations despite the absence of antibiotic administration to pigs at this swine production
facility since January 2007, i.e., 2.5 years prior to the beginning of this study. This work showed that the occurrence of
bacterial resistance to chlortetracycline and tylosin is high at the Swine Complex of McGill University. 相似文献
3.
Production of hexanoic acid from d-galactitol by a newly isolated Clostridium sp. BS-1 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Byoung Seung Jeon Byung-Chun Kim Youngsoon Um Byoung-In Sang 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2010,88(5):1161-1167
In a study screening anaerobic microbes utilizing d-galactitol as a fermentable carbon source, four bacterial strains were isolated from an enrichment culture producing H2, ethanol, butanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and hexanoic acid. Among these isolates, strain BS-1 produced hexanoic acid
as a major metabolic product of anaerobic fermentation with d-galactitol. Strain BS-1 belonged to the genus Clostridium based on phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences, and the most closely related strain was Clostridium sporosphaeroides DSM 1294T, with 94.4% 16S rRNA gene similarity. In batch cultures, Clostridium sp. BS-1 produced 550 ± 31 mL L−1 of H2, 0.36 ± 0.01 g L−1 of acetic acid, 0.44 ± 0.01 g L−1 of butyric acid, and 0.98 ± 0.03 g L−1 of hexanoic acid in a 4-day cultivation. The production of hexanoic acid increased to 1.22 and 1.73 g L−1 with the addition of 1.5 g L−1 of sodium acetate and 100 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), respectively. Especially when 1.5 g L−1 of sodium acetate and 100 mM MES were added simultaneously, the production of hexanoic acid increased up to 2.99 g L−1. Without adding sodium acetate, 2.75 g L−1 of hexanoic acid production from d-galactitol was achieved using a coculture of Clostridium sp. BS-1 and one of the isolates, Clostridium sp. BS-7, in the presence of 100 mM MES. In addition, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production by Clostridium sp. BS-1 from d-galactitol and d-glucose was enhanced when a more reduced culture redox potential (CRP) was applied via addition of Na2S·9H2O. 相似文献
4.
Barton HJ 《Biological trace element research》2011,143(2):637-658
The population of about 300 6-year-old preschool children was studied for lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in deciduous teeth, scalp
hair, and capillary blood. Zinc (Zn) content in hair was also measured due to its possible interferences with the elements
studied. The Pb and Cd contents were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction,
and Zn, by flame method. Metal levels found were comparable to those in European countries. Positive correlations between
Pb and Cd in the same and different tissues were widespread (r = 0.23–0.68). A positive correlation was found between Pb in teeth and blood (r = 0.65, p < 0.001). Pb blood threshold 100 μg L−1 referred to 2.6 μg g−1 Pb in teeth. Predictability of this Pb teeth limit was 14% vs. 5% for Pb blood. Strong negative correlation was found between
hair Pb and Zn (r = −0.68, p < 0.001). Enhanced Cd and Zn levels in hair were associated with the household drinking water hardness. The associations
with some other environmental and behavioral factors were also presented and discussed. The results proved the advantage of
analysis of primary teeth for Pb exposure screening of preschool children. 相似文献
5.
ETA subtype selective antagonists constitute a novel and potentially important class of agents for the treatment of pulmonary
hypertension, heart failure, and other pathological conditions. In this paper, 60 benzodiazepine derivatives displaying potent
activities against ETA and ETB subtypes of endothelin receptor were selected to establish the 3D-QSAR models using CoMFA and CoMSIA approaches. These models
show excellent internal predictability and consistency, external validation using test-set 19 compounds yields a good predictive
power for antagonistic potency. Statistical parameters of models were obtained with CoMFA-ETA (q
2 = 0.787, r
2 = 0.935, r
2
pred
= 0.901), CoMFA-ETB (q
2 = 0.842, r
2 = 0.984, r
2
pred
= 0.941), CoMSIA-ETA (q
2 = 0.762, r
2 = 0.971, r
2
pred
= 0.958) and CoMSIA-ETB (q
2 = 0.771, r
2 = 0.974, r
2
pred
= 0.953) respectively. Field contour maps (CoMFA and CoMSIA) corresponding to the ETA and ETB subtypes reflects the characteristic similarities and differences between these types. The results of this paper provide
valuable information to facilitate structural modifications of the title compounds to increase the inhibitory potency and
subtype selectivity of endothelin receptor. 相似文献
6.
7.
Nitrifying granules cultivation in a sequencing batch reactor at a low organics-to-total nitrogen ratio in wastewater 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
It is possible to cultivate aerobic granular sludge at a low organic loading rate and organics-to-total nitrogen (COD/N) ratio
in wastewater in the reactor with typical geometry (height/diameter = 2.1, superficial air velocity = 6 mm/s). The noted nitrification
efficiency was very high (99%). At the highest applied ammonia load (0.3 ± 0.002 mg NH4+–N g total suspended solids (TSS)−1 day−1, COD/N = 1), the dominating oxidized form of nitrogen was nitrite. Despite a constant aeration in the reactor, denitrification
occurred in the structure of granules. Applied molecular techniques allowed the changes in the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
(AOB) community in granular sludge to be tracked. The major factor influencing AOB number and species composition was ammonia
load. At the ammonia load of 0.3 ± 0.002 mg NH4+–N g TSS−1 day−1, a highly diverse AOB community covering bacteria belonging to both the Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas genera accounted for ca. 40% of the total bacteria in the biomass. 相似文献
8.
Casimiro-Lopes G de Oliveira-Junior AV Portella ES Lisboa PC Donangelo CM de Moura EG Koury JC 《Biological trace element research》2009,127(2):109-115
The purpose of this study was to compare plasma leptin, plasma zinc, and plasma copper levels and their relationship in trained
female and male judo athletes (n = 10 women; n = 8 men). Blood samples were obtained 24 h after training to measure plasma zinc, copper, and leptin levels. Subjects presented
similar values to age (22 ± 2 years old), body mass index (24 ± 1 kg/m2), plasma zinc (17.2 ± 2 μmol/L), copper (12.5 ± 2 μmol/L), and leptin (5.6 ± 1.3 μg/L). However, height, total body mass,
lean mass, fat mass, and sum of ten-skinfold thickness were higher in male than female. Plasma leptin was associated with
sum of ten skinfolds in male (r = 0.91; p < 0.001) and female athletes (r = 0.84; p < 0.003). Plasma zinc was associated with leptin in males (r = 0.82; p < 0.05) while copper was associated with plasma leptin in females (r = 0.66; p < 0.05). Our results suggest that young judo athletes lost sex-related differences in leptin levels. Plasma zinc, plasma
copper, and energy homeostasis may be involved in regulation of plasma leptin. 相似文献
9.
10.
The Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TA) was quantified in fruit juices (n = 50), cereals (n = 12) and spices (n = 38) using a recently developed stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA). [13 C6,15 N]-TA was used as the internal standard. Method validation revealed low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.15 μg/kg (fruit juices),
1.0 μg/kg (cereals) and 17 μg/kg (spices). The respective limits of quantitation were about three times higher. Recovery was
about 100% for all matrices. The precision (relative standard deviation of replicate analyses of naturally contaminated samples)
was 4.2% (grape juice; 1.7 μg/kg), 3.5% (whole wheat flour; 36 μg/kg) and 0.9% (curry powder; 215 μg/kg). The median content
of TA in the analyzed samples was 1.8 μg/kg (fruit juices), 16 μg/kg (cereals) and 500 μg/kg (spices). Positive samples amounted
to 86% (fruit juices), 92% (cereals) and 87% (spices). 相似文献
11.
Vaibhav Jain Ashish Pandey Shikhar Gupta C. Gopi Mohan 《Journal of molecular modeling》2010,16(4):669-676
Asthma is an inflammatory disease of the lungs. Clinical studies suggest that eotaxin and chemokine receptor-3 (CCR3) play
a primary role in the recruitment of eosinophils in allergic asthma. Development of novel and potent CCR3 antagonists could
provide a novel mechanism for inhibition of this recruitment process, thereby preventing asthma. With the intention of designing
new ligands with enhanced inhibitor potencies against CCR3, a 3D-QSAR CoMFA study was carried out on 41 4-benzylpiperidinealkylureas
and amide derivatives. The best statistics of the developed CoMFA model were r
2 = 0.960, rcv2 = 0.589 r_{cv}^2 = 0.589 , n = 32 for the training set and rpred2 = 0.619 r_{pred}^2 = 0.619 , n = 9 for the test set. The generated 3D-QSAR contribution maps shed some light on the effects of the substitution pattern
related to CCR3 antagonist activity. 相似文献
12.
Wang Xi-Ling Zhou Jin-Xing Yu Mao-De Li Zhen-Gang Jin Xiao-Yun Li Qi-You 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2011,47(3):434-440
Efficient plant regeneration is essential for successful transformation and in vitro polyploidy induction in mulberry. A high frequency (80%) of plant regeneration from hypocotyls occurred under in vitro conditions in mulberry (Morus multicaulis Poir.). We identified three key factors for enhancing successful regeneration based on earlier work: (1) hypocotyl position,
(2) the combination and concentration of growth regulators, and (3) the addition of AgNO3. The highest frequency of shoot regeneration was achieved using hypocotyl segments, which are proximal to apical meristems,
and the optimal culture conditions were Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) basal medium supplemented with 3.0 mg l−1 6-benzylamino purine, 0.3 mg l−1 indole-3-acetic acid, 0.1% polyvinypyrrolidone, and 1.0 mg/l silver nitrate (AgNO3) under subdued light at 25 ± 2°C. Treating the shoots with 0.2% colchicine (dipping for 72 h) resulted in a 14% tetraploid
frequency, whereas a 20% tetraploid frequency resulted from using a 0.25% colchicine (dripping for 5 d) treatment, as determined
by chromosome number counts. The diploid plant chromosome number was 28 (2n = 2x = 28) and that of tetraploid plants was 56 (2n = 4x = 56). Regenerated shoots rooted easily in 8–10 d using half-strength basal MS medium with 0.5 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid and were successfully established in the soil. 相似文献
13.
Nam Jin Noh Yowhan Son Jin Woo Koo Kyung Won Seo Rae Hyun Kim Yoon Young Lee Kyung Seun Yoo 《Journal of Plant Biology》2010,53(1):61-69
The nitrogenase activity, root nodule biomass, and rates of nitrogen (N) fixation were measured in 25-year-old pure north-
and south-facing Robinia pseudoacacia stands in an urban forest of Seoul (Kkachisan Mountain) in central Korea. The nitrogenase activity was estimated using an
acetylene reduction (AR) assay, which showed an increasing trend during the early growing season, with sustained high rates
from June through to September with a decrease thereafter. July had the highest nitrogenase activity rate (micromoles C2H4 per gram dry nodule per hour), averaging 95.8 and 115.1 for the north- and south-facing stands, respectively. The maximum
root nodule biomass (kilograms per hectare) was 45.7 and 9.1 for the north- and south-facing stands in July, respectively.
The AR rate appeared to be strongly correlated to the soil temperature (r
2 = 0.68, P < 0.001) and soil pH (r
2 = 0.59, P < 0.001) while root nodule biomass was correlated to the soil temperature (r
2 = 0.36, P < 0.01) and water content (r
2 = 0.35, P < 0.05). The soil temperature showed clear differences between seasons, while there was a significant difference in soil pH,
organic matter, total N concentrations, and available phosphorus between the north- and south-facing stands. The N2 fixation rates during the growing season varied from 0.1 to 37.5 kg N ha−1 month−1 depending on the sampling location and time. The annual N2 fixation rate (kg N per hectare per year) was 112.3 and 23.2 for the north- and south-facing stands, respectively. The differences
in N2 fixation rate between the two stands were due mainly to the differences in total nodule biomass. 相似文献
14.
Deniz Özkan Deniz Yüzbaşıoğlu Fatma Ünal Serkan Yılmaz Hüseyin Aksoy 《Cytotechnology》2009,59(2):73-80
The organophosphorous insecticide acephate was tested for its ability to induce in vitro cytogenetic effect in human peripheral
lymphocytes by using the chromosomal aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and micronuclei (MN) assay. The level
of nuclear DNA damage of acephate was evaluated by using the comet assay. Concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 μg mL−1 of acephate were used. All concentrations of acephate induced significant increase in the frequency of CAs and in the formation
of MN dose dependently (r = 0.92 at 24 h, r = 0.95 at 48 h for CAs, r = 0.87 for MN). A significant increase was observed in induction of SCE at 50, 100 and 200 μg mL−1 concentrations during 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 μg mL−1) during 48 h treatment period in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.84 at 24 h, r = 0.88 at 48 h). Acephate did not affect the replicative index and cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CBPI). However,
it significantly decreased the mitotic index at all three highest concentrations (50, 100, 200 μg mL−1) for 24 h treatment and at all concentrations (except 12.5 μg mL−1) for 48 h treatment, dose-dependently (r = 0.94 at 24 h, r = 0.92 at 48 h). A significant increase in mean comet tail length was observed at 100 and 200 μg mL−1 concentrations compared with negative control in a concentration-dependent manner (r = 0.94). The mean comet tail intensity was significantly increased at only 200 μg mL−1 concentration. The present results indicate that acephate is a clastogenic, cytotoxic agent and it causes DNA damage at high
concentrations in human lymphocytes in culture. 相似文献
15.
Selection for metal-tolerant ecotypes of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has been reported in instances of metal contamination
of soils as a result of human activities. However, no study has yet provided evidence that natural metalliferous soils, such
as serpentine soils, can drive the evolution of metal tolerance in ECM fungi. We examined in vitro Ni tolerance in isolates
of Cenococcum geophilum from serpentine and non-serpentine soils to assess whether isolates from serpentine soils exhibited patterns consistent with
adaptation to elevated levels of Ni, a typical feature of serpentine. A second objective was to investigate the relationship
between Ni tolerance and specific growth rates (μ) among isolates to increase our understanding of possible tolerance/growth trade-offs. Isolates from both soil types were
screened for Ni tolerance by measuring biomass production in liquid media with increasing Ni concentrations, so that the effective
concentration of Ni inhibiting fungal growth by 50% (EC50) could be determined. Isolates of C. geophilum from serpentine soils exhibited significantly higher tolerance to Ni than non-serpentine isolates. The mean Ni EC50 value for serpentine isolates (23.4 μg ml−1) was approximately seven times higher than the estimated value for non-serpentine isolates (3.38 μg ml−1). Although there was still a considerable variation in Ni sensitivity among the isolates, none of the serpentine isolates
had EC50 values for Ni within the range found for non-serpentine isolates. We found a negative correlation between EC50 and μ values among isolates (r = −0.555). This trend, albeit only marginally significant (P = 0.06), indicates a potential trade-off between tolerance and growth, in agreement with selection against Ni tolerance in
“normal” habitats. Overall, these results suggest that Ni tolerance arose among serpentine isolates of C. geophilum as an adaptive response to Ni exposure in serpentine soils.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
A fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) was used to enrich an aerobic chlorophenol-degrading microbial culture. Long-term continuous-flow
operation with low effluent concentrations selected oligotrophic microorganisms producing good-quality effluent for pentachlorophenol(PCP)-contaminated
water. PCP biodegradation kinetics was studied using this FBR enrichment culture. The results from FBR batch experiments were
modeled using a modified Haldane equation, which resulted in the following kinetic constants: q
max = 0.41 mg PCP mg protein−1 day−1, K
S = 16 μg l−1, K
i = 5.3 mg l−1, and n = 3.5. These results show that the culture has a high affinity for PCP but is also inhibited by relatively low PCP concentrations
(above 1.1 mg PCP l−1). This enrichment culture was maintained over 1 year of continuous-flow operation with PCP as the sole source of carbon and
energy. During continuous-flow operation, effluent concentrations below 2 μg l−1 were achieved at 268 min hydraulic retention time (t
HR) and 2.5 mg PCP l−1 feed concentration. An increase in loading rate by decreasing t
HR did not significantly deteriorate the effluent quality until a t
HR decrease from 30 min to 21 min resulted in process failure. Recovery from process failure was slow. Decreasing the feed PCP
concentration and increasing t
HR resulted in an improved process recovery.
Received: 10 October 1996 / Received revision: 21 January 1997 / Accepted: 24 January 1997 相似文献
17.
Survase SA Jurgens G van Heiningen A Granström T 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》2011,91(5):1305-1313
Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423 was studied using different continuous production methods to give maximum and stable production of isopropanol and
n-butanol. In a single-stage continuous culture, when wood pulp was added as a cell holding material, we could increase the
solvent productivity from 0.47 to 5.52 g L−1 h−1 with the yield of 54% from glucose. The overall solvent concentration of 7.51 g L−1 (39.4% isopropanol and 60.6% n-butanol) with the maximum solvent productivity of 0.84 g L−1 h−1 was obtained with two-stage continuous culture. We were able to run the process for more than 48 overall retention times
without losing the ability to produce solvents. 相似文献
18.
Adnane Bargaz Cherki Ghoulam Mustapha Faghire Hesham Aslan Attar Jean-Jacques Drevon 《Symbiosis (Philadelphia, Pa.)》2011,53(3):157-164
Although recent studies have addressed the effects of phosphorus (P) deficiency on nodule O2 permeability, little attention has been given to the relationship between nodule P status and nodule permeability. To study
these traits, four recombinant inbred lines, namely RILs 34, 83, 115, 147 and one local variety (Concesa) of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were inoculated with RhM11 (a native rhizobial strain from Haouz area of Marrakesh), and grown in hydroaeroponic culture
under P-sufficiency (250 μmol P plant−1 week−1) versus P-deficiency (75 μmol P plant−1 week−1) conditions. At the flowering stage, the biomass of plants and nodules and their P contents was determined after measuring
O2 uptake by nodulated roots (Conr) and nodule conductance to O2 diffusion (gn). The results showed that P-deficiency significantly decreased plant growth and nodulation, though there were differences
between bean genotypes. P-deficiency also induced a decrease in nodule P content (31%) in both sensitive (83, 147) and tolerant
lines (34, 115), a 42 and 27% reduction in shoots of sensitive and tolerant lines, respectively. These decreases were associated
with significant variations in nodule surface and O2 permeability among bean genotypes and P-nutrition. Under P-deficiency, gn increased more for the sensitive (39%) than for the tolerant lines (27%). This increase was linked with a rise both in the
P levels in nodules and shoots, as well as in the efficiency of symbiotic nitrogen fixation as determined by nodule-dependent
biomass production for the sensitive lines. Furthermore, positive correlations were found between O2 permeability, gn and P content both in nodules and shoots (r
2 = 0.94** and r
2 = 0.96**). We conclude that nodule variations in Conr and gn are related to nodule P content, and may contribute to the adaptation of energy metabolism in N2-fixing bean nodules to P-deficiency. 相似文献
19.
A new, simple, and fast method for preconcentration and determination of trace amount of lead from biological samples was
developed by modified silver nanoparticle-based solid-phase extraction technique and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.
In this study, morin was used as a complexing agent. Some factors influencing the recovery of lead including pH, sample flow
rate, type, flow rate, and least amount of the eluent for elution of the lead from silver nanoparticles were studied and optimized.
Under the optimum conditions, the detection limit of this method was 68 ng L−1, and the relative standard deviation was 4.1% (n = 10, c = 20 μg L−1). The developed procedure was validated by the analysis of certified reference material and applied to the recovery and determination
of lead in biological samples. 相似文献
20.
Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cabanac Arnaud; Folkow Lars P.; Blix Arnoldus Schytte 《Journal of applied physiology》1997,82(6):1989-1994
Cabanac, Arnaud, Lars P. Folkow, and Arnoldus Schytte Blix.Volume capacity and contraction control of the seal spleen. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(6):1989-1994, 1997.Volume changes in the spleens of hooded seals(Cystophora cristata) and harp seals(Phoca groenlandica) were measuredplethysmographically in vitro in response to epinephrine,norepinephrine, isoprenaline, phentolamine, and acetylcholine. Dilated spleens contracted forcefullywithin 1-3 min of -adrenoceptor activation with 1.0-5.0µg epinephrine/kg body mass, whereas stimulation of -adrenoceptorsand cholinergic receptors had little effect. The mass of dilated hoodedseal spleens corresponded to 2-4%(n = 7) of body mass, with volume (V;ml) relating to body mass (M; kg) as follows: V = 12.0M + 910 (r2 = 0.96, n = 4). Thus the spleen of a 250-kghooded seal maximally expels 3.9 liters, or 13%, of its estimatedtotal blood volume. Average hematocrit in splenic venous outflow fromdilated spleens was 90 ± 3% (n = 3) in hooded seals and 85% (n = 2) inharp seals. From these data we have estimated that the aerobic divinglimit of a 250-kg hooded seal increases only 105 s, at the most, if complete emptying of the spleen occurs during diving, while the corresponding estimate for a 112-kg harp seal is 80 s. 相似文献