意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)与中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana ceraca)的生态位比较

为了明确中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂在皖南山区生态适应性,研究两种蜜蜂的食物生态位、时间生态位和空间生态位及其差异,结果是中蜂与意蜂食物(蜜源植物)资源生态位宽度分别是 0.923、0.765,中蜂对蜜源植物采集喜好性差异小,而意蜂差异大,中蜂对意蜂生态位重迭为0.160,中蜂对意蜂生态位相似性为0.755;油菜花期,中蜂与意蜂时间资源生态位宽度分别是0.879、0.801,枇杷花期,分别是0.760、0.677,中蜂与意蜂的空间资源生态位宽度分别是0.797、0.670.中蜂3种生态位宽度均大于意蜂,中蜂三维生态位值是意蜂的1.61倍和1.57倍.表明中蜂在皖南山区生态适应性比意蜂强.     

蜜蜂（Apis）苹果酸脱氢酶同工酶的研究进展

苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）是糖代谢中重要的酶。在西方蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）中,MDH分为3个区带MDHⅠ、MDHⅡ和MDH Ⅲ。不同级型和不同发育阶段,MDHⅠ和MDH Ⅲ变化不大;MDHⅡ呈现多态现象,由a、b、c3个等位基因编码。东方蜜蜂（A.cerana F.）的MDH由S、F两个等位基因编码,也有报道它是单态性的。MDH在西方蜜蜂研究中应用较多,主要有处女王交配次数;蜂群中的劳动分工;蜜蜂种群遗传组成分析等。MDH和分子生物学的结合研究势必将推动蜜蜂研究的深入和发展。 Research Progress in Malate Dehydrogenase(MDH) of Honeybees LIU Yan-he1,ZHANG Chuan-xi1,XU Bao-hua2,3,CHEN Sheng-lu1 1.Institute of Applied Entomology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029,China; 2.College of Animal Science,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310029,China; 3.College of Animal Sciences,Shandong Agricaltural University,Taian 271018,China Abstract:Malate dehydrogenase(MDH) is an important enzyme in glycometabolism.MDH of Apis mellifera showed three enzyme active zones,MDHⅠ,MDHⅡand MDHⅢ.MDHⅠand MDHⅢ maintained relative stability in different castes and developmental phases,but MDHⅡwas polymorphic,and controlled by three alleles,a,b and c.MDH of Apis cerana was coded by S and F alleles,but some authors reported it is monomorphic.MDH was applied to the studies of A.mellifera,which included several aspects as follows:the number of queen matings,labor division in honeybee societies,the analysis of genetic constitution in honeybee populations and so on.The combination of both MDH and molecular biology will certainly promote honeybee studies. Key words：honeybees;malate dehydrogenase(MDH)     

Purification and characterization of α-glucosidase in Apis cerana indica

Apis cerana indica foragers were used for the isolation of a full-length α- glucosidase cDNA, and for purification of the active nascent protein by low salt extraction of bee homogenates, ammonium sulphate precipitation and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and Superdex 200 c hromatographies. The molecular mass of the purified protein was estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis resolution, and the pH, temperature, incubation, and substrate optima for enzymic activity were determined. Conformation of the purified enzyme as α-glucosidase was performed by BLAST software homology comparisons between matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectroscopy analysed partial tryptic peptide digests of the purified protein with the predicted amino acid sequences deduced from the α-glucosidase cDNA sequence.     

高加索蜂Apis mellifera caucasica Gorb的染色体核型分析

采用常规压片法对高加索蜂单倍体雄蜂的染色体进行分析.实验结果表明高加索蜂单倍体雄蜂染色体数为n=16.根据Levan等提出的染色体划分标准得出高加索蜂:中部着丝粒染色体(m)为12条,亚中部着丝粒染色体(sm)为4条,无端部着丝粒染色体(t)和亚端部着丝粒染色体(st).染色体总臂数(NF)为32,高加索蜂雄蜂的核型公式为n=x=16=12 m+4 sm,属“1A”核型.     

贵州省东方蜜蜂Apis cerana线粒体DNA遗传多样性研究

为探明贵州省东方蜜蜂Apis cerana遗传多样性及遗传分化现状,对贵州省9个地级市79个样点采集的东方蜜蜂样本线粒体DNA (mt DNA) COI-COII序列进行扩增与测序,分析其遗传多样性、遗传结构及亲缘关系。序列结果显示扩增后COI-COII序列长度约为760 bp,A+T平均含量（82.3%）明显高于C+G（17.7%）,碱基偏移性明显。单倍型分析共发现33个单倍型,其中主体单倍型H1为9个地理群体共有。单倍型多样度分析表明平均单倍型多样度为0.802,其中黔南地区最高,遵义地区最低;平均核苷酸多样度为0.014,其中六盘水地区最高,黔西南及安顺地区最低。中性检验结果表明贵州省部分地区东方蜜蜂可能经历过群体扩张。9个地区样点的平均遗传距离介于0.0012~0.0044之间,其中毕节与黔东南地区间最大,为0.0044,安顺与黔南、遵义地区间最小,均为0.0012。在单倍型系统进化树中,79个样点东方蜜蜂可分为两个类群。研究结果为贵州省东方蜜蜂遗传分化研究、种质资源保护与开发利用提供参考依据。     

Zur spektralen Empfindlichkeit einzelner Sehzellen der Drohne (Apis mellifica ♂)

Summary Intracellular monophasic action potentials were led off from single photoreceptor cells of the compound eye of the drone bee in response to light of wave lengths varying from 318 to 650 m. Measurements of the heights of the peaks of the depolarising potentials showed the presence of two types of receptors with maxima in the sensitivity curves at 340 m, and 447 m, respectively.The optimal sensivity at 447 m, agrees: with the absorption curve of isolated photopigments of the eye of the bee described by Goldsmith, with that of the maximum color sensitivity of the drone eye in visible light as determined by Goldsmith from the ERG, as well as with the curve of the intensity of radiation of the blue sky.

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Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)蛹期呼吸代谢的测定

一、前言 蜜蜂系典型合群性昆虫,蜂群中具有三种类型的成员(或级),即蜂王(?)、雄蜂(?)和工蜂(?)。工蜂是雌性个体,由于性腺不发育,不能进行生殖。蜜蜂不同型的分化基本上皆在蛹期完成,所以比较蜜蜂蛹期的呼吸代谢,以便了解呼吸代谢变化与类型差异的关系。全变态类昆虫在蛹期的呼吸代谢变化多呈现U形曲线。Melampy和 Willis(1939)     

云南中蜂(Apis cerana Fabricius)两个生态型的研究

为尽快地搞清我国中蜂的特征、特性、种下分类及分布情况,为选出地方良种提供可靠的技术资料和科学依据,我们先后对云南省17个州、市的50个县的不同海拔高度的山地、河谷、盆地的5,600群中蜂进行了观察分析,并从其中选测有代表性的中蜂标本1,440个。调查与测量方法系根据全国中蜂蜂种资源研究协作计划中统一的方法进行的。对云南各地中蜂的舌长、右前翅长、右前翅宽、右前翅面积、肘脉指数、翅钩数、第一蜡镜长、第一蜡镜宽、第三背板宽、第三背板长、第四背板宽、第四背板长、第四背板突间     

中蜂（Apis cerana）蛹期脂肪体营养细胞蛋白质颗粒…

本文以差分析法;小角Ｘ－射线散射及偏光显微镜等方法证明,中蜂蛹期脂肪体内营养细胞蛋白质颗粒呈液晶态,表现出结构有序的特征。正交偏光下,“蛋白质颗粒”显示出外区具强双折射的马尔它十字消光现象;以ＤＴＡ等方法测得,液晶态“蛋白质颗粒”在２６℃时可向各向同态转变,且具可逆性,由于“蛋白质颗粒”的大量存在,以ＳＡＸＳ直接测定脂肪体,证实中蜂蛹期体内营养细胞液晶态“蛋白质颗粒”的Ｂｒａｇｇ间距为４４Ａ,属于     

From where did the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) originate?

The native range of the honeybee Apis mellifera encompasses Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, whereas the nine other species of Apis are found exclusively in Asia. It is therefore commonly assumed that A. mellifera arose in Asia and expanded into Europe and Africa. However, other hypotheses for the origin of A. mellifera have also been proposed based on phylogenetic trees constructed from genetic markers. In particular, an analysis based on >1000 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers placed the root of the tree of A. mellifera subspecies among samples from Africa, suggestive of an out-of-Africa expansion. Here, we re-evaluate the evidence for this and other hypotheses by testing the robustness of the tree topology to different tree-building methods and by removing specimens with a potentially hybrid background. These analyses do not unequivocally place the root of the tree of A. mellifera subspecies within Africa, and are potentially consistent with a variety of hypotheses for honeybee evolution, including an expansion out of Asia. Our analyses also support high divergence between western and eastern European populations of A. mellifera, suggesting they are likely derived from two distinct colonization routes, although the sources of these expansions are still unclear.     

中国甘肃东北部地区东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)形态学研究

本研究采集甘肃东北部地区泾川蜂场、庄浪蜂场和平凉蜂场的东方蜜蜂Apis cerana 43群,采样点地貌包括山地、丘陵和平原.运用蜜蜂形态学研究方法对东方蜜蜂40个形态特征指标进行测量分析.运用SPSS13.0对蜜蜂形态数据进行方差分析、主成分分析、聚类分析及环境因子相关性分析.研究结果表明:甘肃东北部地区不同采样点东方蜜蜂形态特征指标存在显著差异,而且与环境因素显著相关.     

意蜂（Apis mellifera）蜂王婚飞交尾机制的初探

通过氯气球悬挂意蜂（Apis mellifera）雌蜂及提取物等方法模拟蜂王婚飞交尾试验,比较不同生理状态的雌蜂及其提取物对雄蜂的性引诱力,结果表明：1．在工峰、处女王与产卵王及其提取物中,以产卵王及其提取物对雄峰性诱最大．平均分别为16只和14．3只雄蜂;2．不同数量的处女王提取物对雄蜂引诱力存在差异．以3只处女王提取物对雄蜂引诱力最大,平均引诱31.3只雄蜂;3．1000烛光以上的光照比400烛光以下的光照更有利于雄蜂的水分,且雄蜂集聚的个性体敏越多,相互激活力越强。     

Toxins induce ‘malaise’ behaviour in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)

To avoid poisoning and death when toxins are ingested, the body responds with a suite of physiological detoxification mechanisms accompanied by behaviours that in mammals often include vomiting, nausea, and lethargy. Few studies have characterised whether insects exhibit characteristic ‘malaise-like’ behaviours in response to intoxication. Here, we used the honeybee to investigate how intoxication produced by injection or ingestion with three toxins with different pharmacological modes of action quinine, amygdalin, and lithium chloride affected behaviour. We found that toxin-induced changes in behaviour were best characterised by more time spent grooming. Bees also had difficulty performing the righting reflex and exhibited specific toxin-induced behaviours such as abdomen dragging and curling up. The expression of these behaviours also depended on whether a toxin had been injected or ingested. When toxins were ingested, they were least 10 times less concentrated in the haemolymph than in the ingested food, suggesting that their absorption through the gut is strongly regulated. Our data show that bees exhibit changes in behaviour that are characteristic of ‘malaise’ and suggest that physiological signalling of toxicosis is accomplished by multiple post-ingestive pathways in animals.     

分离自蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)的三株螺原体的基本特性

【目的】调查我国蜜蜂螺原体的种类,研究它们的基本生物学特性,初步确定其分类地位,为研究螺原体在自然界中的传播途径提供依据。【方法】螺原体的分离、培养方法,应用暗视野显微镜和透射电子显微镜观察螺原体形态,运用分子生物学方法(选16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因进行系统发育分析)和血清学方法(生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验)研究螺原体分离菌株可能的分类地位。【结果】从健康的意蜂(Apis mellifera)体内分离到3株螺原体MF0903、MF0904、MF0905。3株螺原体都呈典型的螺旋状,但菌株MF0905的菌体短小,螺旋数较少;MF0903和MF0904菌落呈规则的圆形,MF0905菌落近圆形、较大;它们都能利用葡萄糖、D-果糖作为碳源,不能利用尿素;菌株MF0903、MF0904能强烈代谢精氨酸、不能利用蔗糖作为碳源,而MF0905不能代谢精氨酸、能利用蔗糖作为碳源;根据16S rDNA、ITS、rpoB基因序列构建系统发育树显示,分离菌株MF0903、MF0904与Spiroplasma melliferum聚类较近,而MF0905与Spiroplasma clarkii聚类较近。生长抑制试验、代谢抑制试验、菌体变形试验结果均表明标准菌株Spiroplasma melliferum CH-1的抗血清对菌株MF0905没有抑制作用,而能抑制菌株MF0903和MF0904生长。【结论】分离菌株MF0903、MF0904属于Spiroplasma melliferum,而MF0905可能是Spiroplasma clarkii,这表明我国蜜蜂中存在的螺原体不仅仅是Spiroplasma melliferum。     

Der Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes auf die Schwereorientierung der Honigbiene (Apis mellifica)

Summary The misdirection (Mißweisung) which indicates a definite direction in the bee's dance is correlated to daily variations of the total intensity (F) of the earth's magnetic field (EMF). It depends on the orientation of the dancing place with regard to the EMF coordinates. The distance of the feeding place, however, is insignificant. There exists a positive correlation between the efficiency ofF and a progressive tilting of the comb toward the horizontal position. No difference is observed in the intensity and exactness of the bees' dancing whether they are dancing on the lower side of the oblique comb in a somewhat hanging attitude or on the upper side. The efficiency ofF is comparable on both sides of the comb. Bees dancing on a horizontal comb orient primarily to the main first-order directions of the EMF and, to a lesser extent, to the second-order directions regardless of the direction of the feeding place.The vector of the permanent EMF is without significance. The only important factors are the dynamic variation of field intensity and the position of the comb in relation to the EMF coordinates. The phenomenon of misdirection is described in terms of a mathematicophysical equation which fits misdirection for variable positions of the comb. Misdirection is characterized as a phenomenon of hysteresis.Compensation of the EMF turns the misdirection to zero. It becomes more prominent, however, following amplification of natural field strength or may be altered by artificial magnetic fields. The upper limit of physiologic efficiency is an amplification factor of about 5 to 8 compared to natural field strength. Fields of alternating current differing as to frequency, type of oscillation, and direction of the vector prove ineffective in this respect. Nothing is yet known about the mechanism of reception. From the results presented, paramagnetic effects are discussed.

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Professor K. v. Frisch zum 90. Geburtstag gewidmet

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Mit Unterstützung der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur zu Mainz, der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk und der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft     

不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响

【目的】为了研究不同类型蜂箱对中华蜜蜂Apis cerana cerana Fabricius生产性能的影响。【方法】我们在综合考虑甘肃南部地区中华蜜蜂饲养模式、规模、当地环境等因素的基础上,选用标准蜂箱、原始蜂箱和生态蜂箱3种类型蜂箱在当地主要流蜜期进行蜂蜜生产试验。【结果】结果发现,蜂箱类型对蜂群的年产蜜量、存蜜量和取蜜次数存在显著影响(P<0.05),其中标准蜂箱在4个试验点的年产蜜量最高,原始蜂箱的存蜜量最高,而生态蜂箱在这2个指标上表现适中,标准蜂箱的年取蜜次数稍多。本研究中海拔和蜜源植物对蜂群生产性能没有明显影响。【结论】采用何种类型蜂箱进行中华蜜蜂养殖,应根据当地的环境状况、蜜源条件、文化及养蜂基础等多种因素综合考虑。     

Why acquiesce? Worker reproductive parasitism in the Eastern honeybee (Apis cerana)

Most societies are vulnerable to rogue individuals that pursue their own interests at the expense of the collective entity. Societies often protect themselves from selfish behaviour by ‘policing’, thereby enforcing the interests of the collective over those of individuals. In insect societies, for example, selfish workers can activate their ovaries and lay eggs, exploiting the collective brood rearing system for individual benefit. Policing, usually in the form of oophagy of worker‐laid eggs, controls selfish behaviour. Importantly, once an effective system of policing has evolved, the incentive for personal reproduction is lost, and ‘reproductive acquiescence’ in which ovary activation is rare or absent is predicted to evolve. Studies of social Hymenoptera have largely supported the prediction of worker ‘acquiescence’; workers of most species where policing is well developed have inactive ovaries. However, the eastern honeybee Apis cerana appears to be an exception. A. cerana colonies are characterized by highly efficient policing, yet about 5% of workers have active ovaries, even when a queen is present. This suggests that the evolution of acquiescence is incomplete in A. cerana. We regularly sampled male eggs and pupae from four A. cerana colonies. Workers had high levels of ovary activation overall (11.7%), and 3.8% of assignable male eggs and 1.1% of assignable male pupae were worker‐laid. We conclude that workers with active ovaries lay their eggs, but these rarely survive to pupation because of intense policing. We then used our findings as well as previously published data on A. cerana and A. mellifera to redo the meta‐analysis on which reproductive acquiescence theory is based. Including data on both species did not affect the relationship between effectiveness of policing and levels of worker reproduction. Their inclusion did, however, seriously weaken the relationship between relatedness among workers and levels of worker reproduction. Our work thus suggests that relatedness among workers does not affect the probability that workers will attempt to reproduce, but that it is coercion by peers that limits worker reproduction.     

L'enregistrement thermique continu dans les populations d' «Apis mellifica», au cours de l'hivernage

Conclusion Les trois points importants que j'ai pu mettre en évidence sont les suivants:1^o Il n'existe pas de rythme journalier deLammert, mais la température de la grappe hivernale est sous la dépendance directe de la température extérieure;2^o Il existe des «colonies froides» et des «colonies chaudes», et leurs courbes thermiques respectives ne sont pas en rapport avec la force de la grappe d'abeilles ou l'état des provisions de la ruche.3^o Les courbes thermiques enregistrées dans un panier de paille et dans une ruche à cadres mobiles présentent de grandes différences. Dans le panier, les courbes sont plus groupées, et la courbe correspondant au centre de la grappe présente de moins grandes variations que la même courbe enregistrée dans la ruche à cadres.

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Mémoire déposé en 1953.