燕窝生物活性及质量标准研究进展

燕窝作为一种名贵药材,来自雨燕科若干种金丝燕用唾液筑成的巢穴。随着对燕窝资源需求的持续增长,全面深入地认识燕窝的营养和药用价值十分必要。我们对该领域的相关研究进行了综述,内容涉及燕窝所含的水溶性蛋白、碳水化合物、无机盐、微量元素等化学成分,及它们具有的促有丝分裂、抑制流感病毒、抗凝血、改善骨骼强度等生物活性。目前的研究重点应放在燕窝重要生物活性成分的分离和纯化方面,在深入了解燕窝物质基础的同时通过完善质量标准以保证药材质量安全和可靠。     

云南柠檬草油化学成份研究

采用气—质—计算机联用法对云南柠檬草油进行定性定量分析,分离出22种成份,占全精油含量的98.23%,鉴定了其中的15种成份,其中主要成份是:月桂烯(14.61％),顺-β-罗勒烯(0.61％),芳樟醇(1.98％),香茅醛(0.65％),柠檬烯氧化物(6.43％),反-柠檬醛b(35.24％),顺-柠檬醛a(36.69％)。     

怀集石燕燕窝促细胞分裂活性的研究

1.借助Bio—Gel P—10柱层析法,由怀集石燕燕窝水提物部分纯化得一具有EGP活性的成分EGF-2。 2.在放射标记受体活性测定中,EGF-2与受体的竞争性结合曲线与小鼠EGF标准曲线相平行。EGF-2能显著刺激氚标记的胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷对小鼠3T3成纤维细胞的掺入作用。这种活性不受抗小鼠EGF抗体的抑制。 3.借助Sephacry1-200 Superfine柱层析法,由上述水提物分离得一蛋白质组分(S-200Ⅰ+Ⅱ),对培养的人脐带淋巴细胞有促细胞分裂作用。并对培养的、经Con A转化的淋巴细胞有辅促细胞分裂作用。     

三种桉叶油化学成分研究

通过水蒸汽蒸油试验,发现已贮藏半年多的风干桉叶,仍有较高的含油量。云南省弥勒产的直杆桉(Eucalyptus maidenii)得油率为4.14％,蓝桉(E.globulus)为3.5％,福建省惠安产的窿缘桉(E.exserta)为1.2％,桉叶油生产厂也可以通过贮藏的风干桉叶生产桉叶油。通过气相色谱和质谱分析,从直杆桉叶油中鉴定出44个组份,蓝桉叶油中鉴定出35个组份,窿缘桉叶油中鉴定出26个组份。三种桉叶油单萜部分的组份基本一致,只是相对含量各有不同。桉油素含量,以直杆桉最高为68.02％,其次是蓝桉为67.54％,窿缘桉最低为34.33％。直杆桉、蓝桉可以怍材、油两用树种,窿缘桉不宜作油用树种。     

TaqMan实时荧光定量PCR鉴定燕窝方法的建立

目的:燕窝是一种名贵药材,但目前市场上有很多假冒产品,因此需要建立一种简便可靠的鉴定方法。方法:通过荧光定量PCR对燕窝样品进行检测,对雨燕属、金丝燕属和其他物种细胞色素b基因的序列进行分析。结果:设计了一条特异靶向雨燕属和金丝燕属细胞色素b基因的TaqMan探针,发现此探针具有良好的特异性和灵敏度,可检测痕量的燕窝样品,对其他物种的检测结果为阴性。结论:所设计的TaqMan探针和实时荧光PCR方法可应用于燕窝的真伪鉴别,准确性高、实用性强。     

三种燕窝的蛋白质氨基酸分析

短嘴金丝燕与白腰雨燕燕窝同为云南民间传统入药的燕窝。其蛋白质与氨基酸分析的结果表明可以作为名贵药材的代用品,但从氨基酸组成、蛋白质紫外扫描图谱以及分类地位来看短嘴金丝燕燕窝与商品药材更相似。     

精油化学成份研究方法发展概况

精油由于来源不同(各种类植物和不同的器官),其化学组成差异很大,而且大都非常复杂。它们基本组成包括脂肪类、芳香族,单萜和倍半萜等类化合物,也包含一些含氮和含硫的化合物。这些种类的化合物中有烃类及其含氧化合物,如醇、醛酮、酸、酯、内酯、醚、酚、环氧化合物等。然而精油的主要组成大都是以单萜、倍半萜和它们的含氧化合物为主。     

红背桂花化学成份研究

利用色谱技术对云南西双版纳产红背桂花(Excoecaria cochmchmensis Lour.)的化学成分进行分离纯化,从其乙醇提取物分离得到8个化合物,经理化和光谱分析,分别鉴定为:桦木酸(1)、没食子酸(2)、对羟基苯甲醛(3)、β-谷甾醇(4)、胡萝卜甙(5)、豆甾醇(6)、棕榈酸(7)、6-羟基豆甾醇(8).化合物1-8均为首次从红背桂花中分离得到.     

冬季东海太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征

运用地统计学的方法,根据2002年12月东海区121个站位的资源监测调查数据,拟合变异函数最优模型,计算各向同性下的模型参数和不同方向上的分维数,分析了冬季东海北部和南部太平洋褶柔鱼的空间异质性特征,并进一步探讨了其空间格局与环境的关系。结果表明,在各向同性条件下,东海北部和南部具有相似的空间异质性特征,其变异函数均能用球状模型拟合,呈聚集空间格局,空间变程大约为440 km,随机性因素占空间异质性的30%左右,结构性因素占空间异质性的70%左右,处于主导地位。各向异性分析表明,在东海北部,135°和90°方向的分维数最高,分别为1.954和1.893,说明太平洋褶柔鱼在这两个方向上分布较均匀,空间依赖性较小,这与东南-西北方向的黄海暖流和西-东方向的长江冲淡水一致;而在东海南部,45°方向的分维数最高,为1.999,太平洋褶柔鱼在此方向分布上的同质性与西南-东北方向的黑潮主干及台湾暖流相对应。这说明,海流是影响较大尺度生态过程上太平洋褶柔鱼分布的主要环境要素。     

甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系的研究

分析了甘肃省马衔山地区种子植物区系,用主成分分析（Ｐ．Ｃ．Ａ）和信息聚类（Ｉ．Ｃ．Ａ）方法对该区系与国内其它１０个有代表性地区的种子植物区系进行了对比分析。其结果为：１．该区系温带性质十分明显,是一个汇集四大区系成分的过渡带;２．该区系起源于第三纪亚热带亚高山森林植物区系,随青藏高原的隆起和中亚干旱区的形成而分化形成;３．该区系与六盘山植物区的关系最近。该区系隶属于泛北极植物区,中国－日本森林植物     

Cost of reproduction and allocation of food between parent and young in the swift (Apus apus)

We manipulated brood sizes to promote different levels of parentaleffort in the common swift (Apus apus). This provided a powerfulmethod for testing hypotheses regarding parental investmentdecisions concerning optimal allocation strategies between parentsand young. Data were analyzed on a visit-by-visit basis regardingchanges in parental and chick body mass, the mass of prey delivered,and the estimated mass of parental self-feeding. Our resultswere consistent with current theory in that food delivery increasedwith brood size, whereas the food received per chick, and hencemean chick body mass, decreased with brood size. Parental bodymass decreased with brood size and increasing parental effortbut recovered quickly during lower levels of chick feeding immediatelybefore fledging, suggesting some short-term cost of reproduction.Parents feeding at the highest level experienced criticallylow body mass and responded by a temporary cessation of chickfeeding. On any one foraging trip, total mass of prey captureddid not differ between brood sizes, but load mass deliveredto the young was negatively related to the amount of estimatedparental self-feeding. Allocation decisions of parents feedingthemselves and their young matched differential allocation theories,but estimated provisioning efficiency of parents at differentbody masses did not suggest any adaptive advantage from parentalmass loss.     

The expression of sialylated high-antennary N-glycans in edible bird's nest

Edible bird’s nest (EBN) is the nest made from the saliva of Collocalia swift. Recently, we have found that EBN extract could strongly inhibit infection of influenza viruses in a host-range-independent manner [Guo, C. T.; Takahashi, T.; Bukawa, W.; Takahashi, N.; Yagi, H.; Kato, K.; Hidari, K. I.; Miyamoto, D.; Suzuki, T.; Suzuki, Y. Antiviral Res. 2006, 70, 140–146]. Although this antiviral activity might be attributed to O- or N-glycoconjugates, no N-glycan structures have so far been described for EBN. Here, we report the N-glycosylation profile of EBN, in which a tri-antennary N-glycan bearing the 2,3-N-acetylneuraminic acid residues is displayed as a major component. We suggest that the sialylated high-antennary N-glycans of EBN contribute to the inhibition of influenza viral infection.     

食用昆虫蛋白质的提取研究

本研究以家蝇(Musca domestica vicina Maquart)幼虫为材料,采取单一选择试验和正交区组旋转组合设计相结合的方法,筛选出盐提—酸沉淀法作为提取昆虫蛋白质的一种较理想的方法。据实验,此法的提取效率为65.37±0.17%。在单一条件实验的基础上,对蛆浆盐提蛋白过程中的抽提、沉淀分别作4因素和2因素二次正交旋转组合设计,建立4个数学模型,总回归F值均达极显著水平,同时进行了效应分析,通过计算机仿真,获得了盐提—酸沉淀蛋白高产、高效方案。     

A C群脑脊髓膜炎球菌多糖菌苗生产工艺与内毒素含量研究

A群及C群流脑多糖抗原用 10 0 0 0 0×g离心或不经超速离心处理 ,经用鲎试验法测定内毒素含量 ,2种工艺生产的A群及C群流脑多糖抗原的内毒素含量均很低。用未经超速离心处理的A群及C群流脑多糖抗原制成的A C群流脑多糖菌苗 ,经鲎试验法测定 ,内毒素含量也很低 ;经家兔升温法进行热原质试验 ,家兔体温未明显升高。证明A C群流脑多糖菌苗生产工艺不经 10 0 0 0 0×g离心去除内毒素步骤是可行的。所制备的流脑多糖抗原内毒素含量符合要求。     

Electron spin resonance characterization of Chromatium D hemes,non-heme irons and the components involved in primary photochemistry

The combination of redox potentiometry with low temperature electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has led to further characterization of electron transfer components of Chromatium D. These include the readily buffer-soluble cytochromes c₅₅₃ and c′ and the high-potential iron-sulfur protein in the isolated state and associated with the chromatophore membrane. Buffer-insoluble cytochrome c₅₅₃, cytochro—me c₅₅₅, bacteriochlorophyll and the primary electron acceptor have been characterized both in the chromatophore membrane and also in a sodium dodecylsulfate detergent-solubilized subchromatophore preparation. Two iron-sulfur proteins have been revealed which are present in the chromatophore membrane but are released on treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate. They have central g values at 1.90 and 1.94 and have estimated midpoint potentials at pH 7.4 (E_m7·4) at +280 mV and ?100 mV, respectively, when associated with the chromatophore.In the membrane associated state the apparent E_m of cytochrome c′ is approximately 200 mV more positive than the E_m values reported for the free state; this implies either that the reduced form of cytochrome c′ binds to the membrane (or to a component therein) to a degree which is > 10³ times greater than that of the oxidized form or that the E_m shift results from membrane solvation. In the case of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein however, its E_m when associated with the chromatophore membrane is similar to that reported in the isolated state. The light-induced oxidation of the high-potential iron-sulfur protein at room temperature appears to be linked only to the oxidation of cytochrome c₅₅₅; it could serve as an electron pool in equilibrium with cytochrome c₅₅₅ in the cyclic electron flow system.The redox component defined in the reduced state by its g_y = 1.82 and g_x = 1.62 ESR spectrum satisfies the following criteria for its identification as the primary electron acceptor of P883. (a) The E_m7·4 value of the g = 1.82 component is ?120 ± 25mV. (b) At ?70 mV, where the g = 1.82 component is mainly oxidized in the dark, brief illumination at low temperature which causes the irreversible oxidation of one cytochrome c₅₅₃ heme, also induces the permanent reduction of the g = 1.82 component; the extent of reduction after brief illumination, given by the g = 1.82 signal height, is the same as that induced chemically at ?270 mV showing it to be fully reduced by the receipt of a single electron. (c) At more positive potentials where cytochrome c₅₅₃ is oxidized and is not involved in low-temperature reactions, the light-induced low-temperature kinetics of the g = 1.82 signal are reversible; the flash-induced g = 1.82 formation and subsequent dark decay are the same as those for the flash-induced P⁺883 (g = 2) formation and dark decay. We suggest that until a full physical-chemical characterization is completed this g = 1.82 component be designated “photoredoxin”.