光照长度对茴香植株生长及精油含量和组分的影响

采用人工遮光的方法,设计3个光照长度:从15:00遮光、17:00遮光和不遮光,研究不同光照长度对茴香生长和精油含量及组分的影响。结果表明:茴香株高、植株节数、鲜重均以17:00遮光较高,不遮光次之,15:00遮光较低;茴香植株干重、全碳含量、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、类胡萝卜素含量和叶绿素a/叶绿素b均随光照长度的增加而增加;全氮含量、蛋白氮含量随光照长度的增加而减小;精油含量(0.61-1.20mL.(100g)-1DM)、单株精油产量(0.007-0.021mL)随光照长度的增加而增加,且处理间差异显著。精油共鉴定出22种成分,不同光照长度处理的茴香精油成分种类没有差别,且大多数成分的相对含量差异不显著。精油第一主要成分反式-茴香脑含量为47.40%-48.51%,第二主要成分柠檬烯含量为31.69%-33.26%,处理之间差异均不显著。     

Effects of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil compounds,fenchone and limonene,on experimental wound healing

We investigated the wound healing efficacy of the Foeniculum vulgare compounds, fenchone and limonene, using an excisional cutaneous wound model in rats. An excision wound was made on the back of the rat and fenchone and limonene were applied topically to the wounds once daily, separately or together, for 10 days. Tissue sections from the wounds were evaluated for histopathology. The healing potential was assessed by comparison to an untreated control group and an olive oil treated sham group. We scored wound healing based on epidermal regeneration, granulation tissue thickness and angiogenesis. After day 6, wound contraction with limonene was significantly better than for the control group. Ten days after treatment, a significant increase was observed in wound contraction and re-epithelialization in both fenchone and limonene oil treated groups compared to the sham group. Groups treated with fenchone and with fenchone + limonene scored significantly higher than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant compared to the olive oil treated group. Our findings support the beneficial effects of fenchone and limonene for augmenting wound healing. The anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of fenchone and limonene oil increased collagen synthesis and decreased the number of inflammatory cells during wound healing and may be useful for treating skin wounds.     

Improved growth of salinity-stressed soybean after inoculation with salt pre-treated mycorrhizal fungi

Two sets of experiments to determine the effect of mycorrhiza on soybean (Glycine max) growth under saline conditions and to investigate the salt acclimation of mycorrhizal fungi were conducted. In the first experiment, the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus etunicatum on mineral nutrient, proline and carbohydrate concentrations and growth of soybean. Under different NaCl concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200mM) was evaluated. Salinity decreased AM colonization. In both the M and nonAM plants shoot and root proline and shoot Na and Zn concentrations were increased under salinity. Soybean plants inoculated with the AM fungus had significantly higher fresh and dry weight, root proline, P, K and Zn but lower shoot proline and Na concentrations compared to the non inoculated plants. In the second experiment, the AM fungus was pre-treated with NaCl (salt acclimation) then was used as inoculum for soybean plants subjected to 100mM NaCl. Root colonization, fresh and dry weight, root proline, P, K and Zn concentrations were greater in soybean plants inoculated with the salt pre-treated fungus, compared to those inoculated with the nonsalt pre-treated fungus. However, for Na, the situation was the opposite. Based on these results, the AM inoculation helps the growth of soybean plants grown in saline conditions. When the AM fungus was pre-treated with NaCl with a gradual increase of concentration, and then exposed to a sudden salt stress, their efficiency was increased. This may be due to the acclimation of the AM fungus to salinity.     

Improved growth of white clover in hill grasslands by mycorrhizal inoculation

Field trials in a hill grassland area of mid-Wales showed that growth of white clover could be improved by inoculation with selected vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi. After one growing season mycorrhizal inoculation had approximately doubled shoot dry weight, runner number and nodulation at two sites previously improved by adding lime and fertiliser and by replacing the native vegetation mainly with rye-grass and white clover. At a previously unimproved site, limed at the time of planting, mycorrhizal inoculation increased shoot dry weight by up to two and a half times, almost doubled runner formation, and increased nodulation up to five-fold where 90 kg P/ha as basic slag had been applied. Responses to mycorrhiza at this site were smaller with 22-5 kg P/ha as basic slag and were absent where no P was added. After two growing seasons inoculation responses were even more pronounced at this previously unimproved site; where clovers were being overgrown by adjacent native grasses only those given both 90 kg P/ha and mycorrhizal inoculation survived well.     

Effects of variation in Eucalyptus essential oil yield on insect growth and grazing damage

Summary Levels of insect attack and yields of leaf essential oils in Eucalyptus vary widely within and among species. We tested the hypotheses that 1) metabolic cost of oil detoxification increases with increasing oil yield, resulting in lower herbivore growth rates and, consequently, 2) in lower herbivore damage to plants. Distribution of insect damage, eggs, immature insects and adults and feeding rates, growth and survivorship of insects do not support the hypotheses, although a threshold level of oil may be necessary to influence herbivorous insects. Herbivorous beetles tested do not detoxify essential oils. Levels of leaf nitrogen, rather than oil content, explained differences in insect feeding and growth.     

小茴香果实中总黄酮含量测定方法研究

目的：测定小茴香果实中的总黄酮含量,以利于后续的提取操作。方法：采用分光光度法,以芦丁为标准样品,测定小茴香中的总黄酮含量;通过单因素和正交试验确定果实中总黄酮的最佳提取条件。结果：总黄酮的最佳提取条件为：乙醇浓度70%,提取时间2h,料液比1∶30,提取温度70℃,在此条件下提取率可达2.871。结论：试验结果可能为以后小茴香资源的开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

The effect of inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soybean yield and mineral phosphorus utilization in subtropical-tropical soils

Plant and Soil - Two species of vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fragilis andGlomus fasciculatum) and four subtropical-tropical soils (Taichung moderately acidic silt loam,...     

接种AMF和DSE对蛋白桑提质增产效应的影响

【目的】探究丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,AMF)和深色有隔内生真菌(dark septate endophyte,DSE)对蛋白桑(Morus alba)产量及品质的影响。【方法】采用盆栽试验,以丛枝菌根真菌和深色有隔内生真菌为微生物处理菌剂,通过设置单接种DSE、单接种AMF和联合接种DSE+AMF 3种不同微生物组合研究对蛋白桑生长、产量和品质等影响,探索微生物菌剂对生态饲料作物蛋白桑的经济潜力。【结果】与未接菌处理(CK)相比,3种接菌处理均能显著促进蛋白桑地上部生长,提高地上部生物量,增加幅度为156.4%‒196.6%;接菌微生物提高了蛋白桑的光合速率,增加了植物叶片氮、磷、钾的累积,提高蛋白桑的产量。接种微生物会使蛋白桑叶粗蛋白含量提升,降低饲料纤维营养价值,从而综合改善蛋白桑品质。微生物处理能够显著增加蛋白桑的叶茎比,提升了蛋白桑叶片的比例,优化生长结构,不同微生物处理对蛋白桑叶片各饲用品质指标的影响较其相应茎部更为明显,可以根据桑叶和茎秆的蛋白含量进行合理搭配获得饲料不同品级,从整体水平上提升蛋白桑地上部植株的饲用品质。接种微生物均对蛋白桑饲用品质等级得到极大提升,显著降低了酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量,降低幅度分别为18.4%‒34.6%和41.0%‒45.4%;接菌处理各蛋白桑的相对饲用价值范围在220.0‒241.5,显著提高0.8‒1.0倍,且维生素C含量、含糖量和生物碱含量等均有增加。【结论】采用主成分分析方法,按照对蛋白桑产量和品质的综合影响大小的贡献排序,依次为:AMF+DSE>DSE>AMF>CK,DSE可作为采煤沉陷区生物修复中经济作物蛋白桑的优选微生物菌剂,能促进蛋白桑的产量并提升品质。     

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria improve growth and essential oil yield in Origanum majorana L.

Effects of root colonization by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on biomass, and qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils, were determined in the aromatic crop Origanum majorana L. (sweet marjoram). PGPR strains evaluated were Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Sinorhizobium meliloti, and Bradyrhizobium sp. Only P. fluorescens and Bradyrhizobium sp. showed significant increases in shoot length, shoot weight, number of leaf, number of node, and root dry weight, in comparison to control plants or plants treated with other PGPR. Essential oil yield was also significantly increased relative to non-inoculated plants, without alteration of oil composition. P. fluorescens has clear commercial potential for economic cultivation of O. majorana.     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation and superphosphate application influence plant development and yield of coffee in Brazil

 This paper reports a 6-year field study of the effects of mycorrhizal pre-colonization of coffee seedlings on initial crop development and coffee bean yield in a low-fertility Oxisol amended with superphosphate (P) at planting. The experiment included five P rates (0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g plant^–1 P₂O₅) combined with seven fungal treatments [non-mycorrhizal control, pre-colonization with a mix of Glomus clarum and Gigaspora margarita (CM) and with five isolates of Glomus etunicatum]. Inoculated and non-inoculated outplants were raised under glasshouse conditions, transplanted into the field in January 1989 and monitored until July 1995. Plant height and stem diameter were greatly enhanced by P application and were higher in mycorrhizal seedlings than in controls up to 19 months after transplanting (MAT) but were not different at 26 MAT. Inoculation effects on tree canopy diameter were significant up to 26 MAT, at which time mycorrhizal colonization was high (43–55%), but did not differ amongst plants, regardless of whether or not the plants had been pre-colonized at the nursery stage. Root colonization and spore number in the soil were reduced by high P rates at 26 MAT. The first bean yield (1991) was highly enhanced by P and all pre-colonization treatments (38% increment over control) and these factors showed a significant interaction. Three isolates of G. etunicatum showed yield enhancements above 50%. The P rate for maximal yield was 207 g plant^–1 P₂O₅ for non-pre-colonized and approximately 100 g plant^–1 for pre-colonized plants. For this harvest, the mycorrhizal biofertilizer effect was equal to 254 kg ha^–1 P₂O₅. In subsequent years, pre-colonization effects were reduced and inconsistent. In 1992, 1993 and 1995, yield was affected by P but not by mycorrhizal inoculation. In 1994 there was a P versus mycorrhiza interaction and CM and G. etunicatum-Var gave higher yields than non-precolonized plants. Considering accumulated yield for this 5-year period, P application resulted in high yield increment in all treatments, whereas pre-colonization effects were extremely diminished. However, despite inconsistency amongst mycorrhizal treatments, pre-colonization effects were detected at the fifth harvest in some fungal treatments. Based on the total yield of five harvests, maximal productivity was achieved with CM at 20 g plant^–1 P₂O₅ and with CM and G. etunicatum-Var at the highest P rate. Diminishing mycorrhizal effects over time are related to colonization of non-precolonized seedlings by the indigenous fungi and to the reduced external P requirement of the mature crop. If adequate phosphorus is applied at planting, pre-colonization of outplants with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhances early crop development and productivity of coffee in low-fertility soils of Brazil. Accepted: 3 October 1997     

Effect of seed inoculation,mycorrhizal infection and organic amendment on wheat growth

Summary The effect of seed inoculation withAzotobacter spp. orAzospirillum spp., and garbage amendment (0.5%), on the growth of wheat was studied in a field experiment under sub-tropical conditions. Two levels of N fertilizer were applied, the usual field rate (150 kg N ha^–1) and half this amount. Tillering of plants, dry matter contents and nitrogenase activity were determined 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing. At the end of the experimental period, spore numbers and percentage of mycorrhizal infection were observed in the rhizosphere and root systems of plants. Straw and grain yields were also determined. The results of this study showed that seed inoculation and/or organic amendment stimulated plant growth, nitrogenase activity and mycorrhizal infection. This was more noticeable withAzotobacter than withAzospirillum. Inoculation withAzotobacter together with 1/2 N dose and organic amendment was the most effective application (19.75 and 10.70 t ha^–1 were recorded for straw and grain yield, respectively).     

纳米氧化锌和接种丛枝菌根真菌对大豆生长及营养吸收的影响

纳米氧化锌是应用最广的人工纳米颗粒(nanoparticles,NPs)之一,具有一定生物毒性。丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌能与陆地上80%以上的高等植物形成丛枝菌根共生体,并能改善宿主植物矿质营养,提高其抗逆性。然而纳米ZnO与丛枝菌根的关系尚不清楚。通过温室沙培盆栽试验,研究了施加不同水平纳米ZnO(0、500、1000、2000、3000 mg/kg)和接种AM真菌Acaulospora mellea对大豆生长及营养状况的影响。结果表明,3000 mg/kg的纳米ZnO显著抑制大豆植株生长,表现出植物毒性,在其他水平时没有显著影响。纳米ZnO在施加水平500、1000 mg/kg时没有抑制AM真菌对大豆根系的侵染,但是高施加水平(2000 mg/kg)时对AM真菌产生毒害,几乎完全抑制大豆根系菌根侵染。接种AM真菌仅在500 mg/kg纳米ZnO时显著促进大豆生长,增加大豆植株对P、K、N的吸收,降低根系Zn含量。纳米ZnO可能会持续释放锌离子,并抑制大豆根系对矿质营养元素的吸收,从而产生生物毒性,而AM真菌与大豆根系的共生可起到有益作用。     

Sulphur application improves the growth, seed yield and oil quality of canola

Sulphur (S) nutrition is very important for harvesting potential seed and oil yield of rapeseed. This study evaluated response of foliage applied thiourea on the performance of two canola cultivars Shiralee and Dunkeld. Sulphur was applied to soil (40 kg ha^?1) or foliage (500 and 1,000 mg L^?1) at rosette, bud initiation and flowering stages using elemental S or thiourea as source, respectively; no S application was taken as control. Among all the treatments, soil application of S improved the crop growth, yield and oil quality in both cultivars and was followed by foliar application of thiourea at 1,000 mg L^?1 compared with no application. Soil applied S and foliar thiourea (1,000 mg L^?1) delayed the flowering and maturity. Soil and foliar applied S significantly improved leaf area index, crop growth rate, net assimilation rate and chlorophyll contents. Plant height, number of branches, siliqua per plant, seed number per siliqua, 1,000-seed weight, biological and seed yield were also increased by soil applied S and foliage applied thiourea (1,000 mg L^?1). Nonetheless, improvement in harvest index, seed oil, protein and glucosinolate contents was only observed from foliage applied thiourea (1,000 mg L^?1). Response of cv. Shiralee to sulphur application was better than cv. Dunkeld. In conclusion, foliar applied thiourea (1,000 mg L^?1) can have potential to improve growth, yield and oil quality in canola and can be economically viable and attractive alternative source.     

The effect of pretransplant inoculation with VA mycorrhizal fungi on the subsequent growth of leeks in the field

Summary Leek plants were preinoculated with a mixed inoculum ofGlomus caledonium, Glomus fasciculatum andGlomus sp., and transplanted to Dazomet disinfected and untreated field plots of moderate P deficiency. Successive harvests were made until 99 days after transplanting. Preinoculated leeks attained marketable weights 25 days earlier than uninoculated leeks from untreated soil and their final dry matter yields were 5.7 and 1.5 times as high as those of uninoculated leeks from disinfected and untreated soil, respectively. Phosphorus concentration in preinoculated leeks remained highest for at least 22 and 75 days after transplanting in untreated and disinfected soil, respectively. Preinoculation had a similar, although smaller, influence on Cu and Zn concentrations. Infection levels produced by introduced and indigenous VA endophytes in leeks reached plateaus of 90% and 40%, respectively, 47 days after transplanting. It is concluded that VAM is essential to leeks grown in moderately P deficient soils, and the potential for inoculating seedlings in commercial leek production is discussed.     

阴离子对球茎茴香生长和精油含量的影响

分别用 6 0mmol·L-1浓度的HCO-3 、Cl-、SO2 -4复合盐处理定植后的球茎茴香 ,结果Cl-对生长的影响不明显 ,HCO-3 和SO2 -4处理的生长略差些 ,但植株中Na 、Ca2 、Mg2 含量均增加 ,全氮、全磷和K 的含量则都下降。精油含量以Cl-处理的为最高 ,SO2 -4的次之 ,HCO-3 的无变化。Cl-和SO2 -4的精油含量增加主要是烯的增加     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal and phosphatase-producing fungal inoculation on growth and nutrition of white clover supplied with organic phosphorus

In a pot experiment white clover was grown for 50 d in two sterilized low phosphorus soils supplied with organic phosphorus as sodium phytate. Seed inoculation withAspergillus fumigatus, a phosphatase-producing fungus (PPF), and soil inoculation withGlomus mossece, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus resulted in increased shoot and root dry mass and root length, phosphatase activity in soil and shoot concentrations of P and to a lesser extent of Mg. The effects on these parameters were most distinct upon combined inoculation treatment (PPF+VAM). A significant increase in hyphal length density and decrease in Mn concentration was observed only upon PPF+VAM treatment. Shoot concentrations of Cu and Zn were highly enhanced by VAM but not by PPF. Of the total P uptake the PPF contribution accounted for 39–41 %, VAM contributed 41–50 % and their combination resulted in 55–58 %, in comparison to only 38–40 % contribution due to soil microorganisms under unsterilized conditions. The depletion of organic phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil increased in the order (PPF+VAM)>VAM>PPF> unsterilized soil>sterilized soil. The results demonstrate the efficient use of phytate phosphorus byA. fumigatus andG. mosseœ and suggest that dual inoculation is superior to a single one.     

Effects of P-fertilization and inoculation by two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and nodulation ofCalopogonium caeruleum

The growth response ofCalopogonium caeruleum, a leguminous covercrop in plantation agriculture, to inoculation with two vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was investigated in five phosphorus (P)-deficient soils supplied with various levels of rock phosphate. Significant shoot yield increases over the uninoculated controls were obtained in most sterilised or unsterilised soils at all applied P levels, although the inoculant VAM fungi differed in their effectiveness in the soils used. Responses in mycorrhizal root infections, P and nitrogen (N) concentrations in tops and plant nodulation varied. The results are discussed in relation to the edaphic environment of the mycorrhizal association.