植物Whirly蛋白调控叶片衰老的研究进展

植物衰老是植物细胞生长发育的最后一个阶段,其启动的早晚对植物生物量和品质的形成有很大影响。叶片衰老是植物衰老的主要形式,受到内外环境因素的诱导,并被多种转录因子介导的信号传导途径所调控。对叶片衰老调控机制的研究一直是植物衰老研究中的重点。Whirly蛋白作为一类广泛存于植物中的特异转录因子小家族,能与单链DNA分子结合,双定位于细胞器(线粒体或叶绿体)与细胞核中,在植物细胞核和细胞器中发挥多种功能,参与对植物叶片衰老的调控。本文概述了植物Whirly蛋白的结构和定位,重点阐述了Whirly蛋白的功能与细胞衰老关系及其对叶片衰老调节机理的研究进展等,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

器官间关系对叶片衰老的影响

叶片衰老是整个植株生理特性的敏感表现,受根系、茎、生殖器官和其他叶片等器官的影响。器官间关系影响叶片衰老可能是通过竞争体内营养、水分等物质、竞争环境因子、源库关系、激素等信息系统调节等机制实现的。从整株水平上加强叶片衰老的生理机制和控制技术研究,将为生产上控制衰老、减少叶片异常衰老造成的产量和品质损失提供有效的技术途径。     

器官间关系对叶片衰老的影响

叶片衰老是整个植株生理特性的敏感表现,受根系、茎、生殖器官和其他叶片等器官的影响。器官间关系影响叶片衰老可能是通过竞争体内营养、水分等物质、竞争环境因子、源库关系、激素等信息系统调节等机制实现的。从整株水平上加强叶片衰老的生理机制和控制技术研究,将为生产上控制衰老、减少叶片异常衰老造成的产量和品质损失提供有效的技术途径。     

叶片衰老过程中的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶

衰老是受遗传程序严格控制的植物个体发育过程中的一个必经阶段,由特殊发育信号通过一定的信号传导路径来启动和控制。研究发现,蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶所介导的可逆磷酸化反应在叶片衰老信号传递和衰老的启动和进程控制过程中发挥了重要作用。本文对近年参与叶片衰老调控的蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶基因的分离鉴定及功能研究进行了综述。     

花生叶片衰老过程中某些酶活性的变化

人们对花生叶片衰老的现象早就有所认识 ,认为叶片变黄脱落、叶斑病加重是花生叶片衰老的主要特征 ,但真正对花生叶片衰老的研究较少且意见不一。Ｋｖｉｅｎ和Ｏｚｉａｓ Ａｋｉｎｓ( 1 991 )认为花生播后1 46ｄ(饱果期 )叶片仍未表现衰老迹象 ,叶中Ｎ含量仍保持 2 8ｍｇ/ｇ的较高水平 ;Ｓａｈｒａｗａｔ等 ( 1 987)研究发现 ,随着花生叶片的衰老 ,叶片中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ的含量逐渐降低 ,而叶片中Ｍｇ的含量有增加趋势 ,Ｃａ的含量随衰老明显升高。Ｎａｒａｙａｎａｎ和Ｃｈａｎｄ( 1 986)研究指出 ,花生主茎上、下叶片叶比重 …     

蚕豆叶片发育与衰老过程中超氧物歧化酶活性与丙二醛含量变化

蚕豆植株叶片随茎节自上而下表现出明显的发育与衰老顺序,可作为衰老特征的是叶绿素和蛋白质含量明显下降。蚕豆叶中SOD活性主要定位于12 000× g离心后所得的上清液和叶绿体组分。衰老叶片的SOD总活性和叶绿体组分的相对活性都有所下降,SOD同工酶谱也发生了改变。O_2~ 产生速率随叶龄增大而稍上升;而MDA含量在叶片外观表现枯黄衰老征兆前就急剧上升。可能因为衰老叶片过氧化氢酶活性大幅度下降与SOD之间的不平衡,致使O_2~ 代谢中间产物累积而引起膜的损伤.     

水稻衰老调控机制研究取得重要进展

正植物的衰老受发育年龄和体内信号因子精确调节。脱落酸(ABA)是植物五大激素之一,参与众多的生物学过程,如促进种子休眠、提高耐逆性、调节气孔开关、促进叶片衰老等。在植物衰老时,体内ABA含量急剧升高,外源ABA也可诱导叶片衰老,因此,ABA被认为是一重要的衰老促进激素。然而,水稻中ABA合成和信号传导相关基因的突变体并未表现出延迟衰老的表型。因此,人们一直困惑ABA是如何参与调控植物的衰老进程。     

光质对设施葡萄叶片衰老与内源激素含量的影响

以设施延迟栽培条件下叶片衰老速度不同的意大利和无核白鸡心2个葡萄品种为试材,分别进行补充红光和蓝光处理,研究不同光质对叶片衰老过程中叶绿素含量、净光合速率和内源激素含量的影响.结果表明: 与未补光对照相比,红光能够显著提高叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,降低了内源赤霉素(GA₃)含量,但明显减缓了脱落酸(ABA)含量的增加和玉米素核苷(ZR)总含量的减少,从而显著提高了(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值,延缓叶片衰老.叶片衰老前期,蓝光处理叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值均低于对照,加速了植株的衰老进程;但在叶片衰老后期,蓝光处理叶绿素含量、净光合速率和(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值逐渐高于对照,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老.植物内源激素生长素(IAA)则表现出叶片衰老前期促进叶片生长发育、叶片衰老后期加速衰老的双重作用.意大利叶片衰老速度较无核白鸡心慢.在本试验条件下,红光处理效果最好,有效延缓了叶片衰老进程,延长了叶片的生理功能期.     

叶片衰老原因新探

叶片变黄是叶器官衰老的最明显的症状之一,叶绿素迅速降解和类胡萝卜素的相对稳定是叶片变黄的主要原因。不少研究者认为,叶绿素降解起因于叶片光合受阻和叶绿体内氧自由基的累积,也有的人则认为与叶绿素降解酶系统的协调作用有关。 1.叶绿素酶系统对叶片衰老的作用 叶绿素酶是参与叶绿素降解的第一种蛋白,催化叶绿素解体形成叶绿酸和游离叶绿醇。     

SAUR72在拟南芥叶片衰老调控中的作用机制

植物激素在叶片衰老过程中起着重要的调控作用。本课题组在前期利用拟南芥cDNA文库筛选叶片衰老负调节因子SSPP互作组分的过程中,发现一个生长素响应基因家族成员SAUR72可能与SSPP发生互作。本文首先利用酵母双杂交技术对SAUR72和SSPP之间的蛋白互作进行了验证,并进一步发现SAUR72基因的表达受到衰老诱导和SSPP过表达抑制;过表达SAUR72基因不但造成拟南芥成苗叶片早衰,还能促进幼苗下胚轴和主根伸长、根系等部位pH值下降,暗示着这一生长素响应基因是拟南芥叶片衰老的正调节因子,并可能通过抑制特殊磷酸酶活性、间接促进H~+-ATPase的活性上升而发挥作用。上述研究结果的取得,为明确生长素在叶片衰老调控中的功能奠定了基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.