Anthocyanins of the Sterculiaceae: Flavonoid scores and Hennigian phylogenetic systematics

Published results of the distribution of anthocyanins in the Sterculiaceae have been re-interpreted on the basis of the phylogenetic status of the compounds present. A flavonoid score system was less useful than a cladistic interpretation based on Hennigian arguments.     

Anthocyanins of the Fouquieriaceae

Species of the Fouquieriaceae cluster into four groups on the basis of floral anthocyanin content. The four clusters agree with species groupings based on morphological characters. Floral anthocyanins support a close relationship between the Fouquieriaceae and the Solanales.     

Anthocyanins of the bignoniaceae

The pattern of floral anthocyanins exhibits little variation in the family Bignoniaceae. Floral pigments of the genus Paulownia are consistent with an assignment to the Bignoniaceae. No evidence of a pigment syndrome associated with bat pollination could be detected. The 3-desoxyanthocyanidin, carajurin, appears to be unique to the genus Arrabidaea.     

梧桐科分类学研究评述

梧桐科(Sterculiaceae)是锦葵目中的一个多型科,主要分布于热带和亚热带地区,只有少数种可分布到温带地区。由于该科植物的形态特征较为多样化,至今对于它的范围和所包含的属种数目在各国学者间仍没有达成共识。该文从梧桐科的分类地位和系统关系、属的分类地位和亲缘关系以及分类学新特征在梧桐科分类中的应用3个方面入手,分析了梧桐科分类学研究的历史、现状和存在的问题,特别是把来自分子资料的研究结果与传统分类进行了比较分析,试图为梧桐科的分类学研究提供更多的帮助。     

9种梧桐科植物叶表皮特征的扫描电镜研究

用扫描电镜对9种梧桐科植物叶片进行观察研究以明确其叶表皮微形态特征差异.结果显示,绝大部分梧桐科植物的气孔类型和气孔形状相似,但其表皮的毛状体类型、形态以及表皮纹饰等方面有显著差异.结果表明9种梧桐科植物的叶表皮毛和表皮纹饰可作为梧桐科种间分类的特征,且研究结果支持将胖大海归属于胖大海属,将翅子树单独列为翅子树族的分类观点.     

Helicteres ovata (Sterculiaceae), Pollinated by Bats in Southeastern Brazil

The interactions between Helicteres ovata flowers and the bat Glossophaga soricina were observed in south eastern Brazil. During bat visits, pollen is unselectively spread over small areas of the visitors' body (which is uncommon for a bat flower). Seemingly related to this limitation of pollen availability, the variable orientation of the stigma makes it able to pick up grains scattered on almost any part of the bat's body. Day visitors were two hummingbird species which do not pollinate the flowers. Most Brazilian Helicteres species have red flowers with a long androgynophore. The few modifications departing from the bird flower type within the genus suggest, together with the problem of pollen placing and collecting, that H. ovata is a recent derivate from the ornithophilous stock.     

根据DNA的序列资料探讨翅子树族的系统位置

采用DNA分子测序技术对梧桐科5个族30个代表种的rbcL基因及核糖体DNA的内转录间隔区ITS序列(包括ITS1、ITS2和5．8srRNA基因)进行了序列分析。使用PAUP4．0b10软件对序列进行统计和分支分析。用启发式搜索方法寻找最简约树。从严格一致性树来看,梧桐科的全部代表类群主要被分为4支,一支仅为Sterculieae所构成;一支包括Helictereae的全部代表种;一支由Byttnerieae代表种所构成;最后一支由Dombeyeae和单属族翅子树族Pterospermeae所构成。rbcL和ITS系统树的不同仅表现在族内个别代表类群的位置和族的分支方式上。分析结果表明,与Helictereae相比,翅子树属,Pterospermum与Dombeyeae有更近的亲缘关系。然而,在外部形态、内部解剖和胚胎学方面,二者之间又存在诸多差异．故支持将Pterospermum另立为Ptcrospermeae的观点。     

Flavonoid and anthocyanin patterns and the systematic relationships in Collomia

Analyses of extracts among populations of the 14 species of Collomia revealed the occurrence of 13 mono-, di- and triglycosides based on the flavonoids, acacetin, kaempferol, patuletin and quercetin. The glycosides included those having arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose as mono-, bio- or triosides at the 3-, 5-, 3,7- or 7-position. Analyses of floral extracts from ten species revealed the occurrence of two anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin 3-(p-coumarylglucosyl)-5-glucoside. Nearly all the species express distinctive flavonoid patterns, although the differences are based on relatively minor changes in position or type of glycosidic substitution. Use of the minimum biosynthetic step distance (MBSD), an index of similarity, revealed that a mean of 5.6 steps separated the 14 species. The four perennial species of section Collomiastrum showed a high degree of similarity and differed consistently from species of the two annual sections Courtoisia and Collomia by lacking quercetin-5-glucoside and kaempferol-3-arabinosylgalactoside. In contrast, flavonoid patterns among species within sections Courtoisia and Collomia showed a relatively low degree of similarity. The dissimilarity between C. diversifolia and C. heterophylla (section Courtoisia) is consistent with their divergent patterns of pollen morphology and ecological distribution. Three groups of species within section Collomia were defined generally by shared patterns of flavonoids, which are correlated to some degree with floral, pollen and vegetative morphology.     

Anthocyanins in the genus Erica

3-Glucosides, 3-galactosides and 3-arabinosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin and pelargonidin have been identified as major floral pigments in Erica (Ericaceae). Unidentified 3-biosides are present as minor pigments in some species. A comparison is made with floral anthocyanins occurring in the related family Epacridaceae.     

Anthocyanins of holly fruits

Anthocyanin distribution in the fruits of Ilex closely followed an accepted taxonomic classification. Within the evergreen subgenus Aquifolium, species belonging to section Lioprinus produced only cyanidin pigments while in section Aquifolium, pelargonidin was the major anthocyanin. Likewise, in the deciduous subgenus Prinos, species of section Prinoides contained cyanidin pigments and those of section Euprinus had pelargonidin compounds. Exceptions to this pattern and the bearing of pigment studies on breeding are discussed.     

Lectotypification of Cacao guianensis Aublet (Sterculiaceae)

Hitherto “suppressed,”Cacao guianensis, based on a mixture of elements that can be referred to three currently recognized species (i.e.,Theobroma cacao, T. subincanum, andT. velutinum), is lectotypified by Aublet's illustrations of its flowers. This makesC. guianensis a taxonomic synonym ofT. cacao and encourages nomenclatural stability by permitting the continued use ofT. subincanum andT. velutinum.     

Floral anthocyanins of some malesian Hibiscus species

In 14 Malesian species of Hibiscus (sensu lato) the most common floral anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-sambubioside. Cyanidin 3-glucoside was found     

中国梧桐科二新种和粗齿梭国罗的补充记载

描述了国产梧酮科植物２新种,并对梭罗属的粗齿梭罗作了花的补充描述。     

Anthocyanins of the Melastomataceae,Myrtaceae and some allied families

Acylated anthocyanins were found to be abundant in the Melastomataceae but were not found in closely allied families. Their distribution may help in placing Memecylon. Anthocyanins of Barringtonia support the separation of the Lecythidaceae from the Myrtiflorae.     

Nutraceutical Activity of Anthocyanins from the Edible Berries of Rhamnus pompana

We present the inhibitory properties of the R. pompana anthocyanin fraction (RPAF) and its major constituents on alpha-glucosidase (AG), pancreatic lipase (PL), HMG-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). The effect of RPAF was also evaluated in ICR male mice subjected to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and hypercaloric/atherogenic diet for 30 days. RP-HPLC/MS profiling revealed that RPAF contained five major anthocyanins and induced slight inhibition on PL and HMG-CoA reductase (IC₅₀, 245–338 μg mL⁻¹) whereas strong activity on AG and ODC (IC₅₀, 130–133 μg mL⁻¹) was observed. Kinetic studies and molecular docking with pelargonidin-3-O-rutinoside (P3R) on ODC, revealed changes in K_m (0.9514–0.9746 mM) and V_max (1.96–2.32 μmol mg⁻¹ min⁻¹) suggesting mixed inhibition and molecular interaction with two active sites of ODC. P3R showed antiproliferative activity (IC_50, 46.5 μM) and decreased polyamine accumulation in DLD-1 cells. The results of OGTT confirmed that RPAF regulates postprandial glucose levels in diabetic animals which experienced a significant glucose depletion (30 %; p<0.001) from 30 to 120 min post-treatment. Prolonged supplementation of RPAF caused significant decrease (p<0.001) in plasma glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-c and triglycerides as well as significant increase (p<0.001) of HDL-c compared with normoglycemic untreated animals.     

叶片花色素苷对植物光合作用影响的研究进展

近年来,花色素苷在彩叶植物呈色机制的研究中备受关注,但目前有关其对彩叶植物光合特性影响的机制仍缺乏系统的评述。本文简单介绍了花色素苷的基本特性,并基于国内外相关研究进展,综述了叶片花色素苷对植物光合特性的影响机制及其对叶片光合机构的保护意义,对彩叶植物光合作用的研究方向提出了建磷。     

新疆棕色棉纤维中花色苷的提取及初步鉴定

以新疆深棕色棉品系‘棕86’的成熟纤维为材料,用甲醇溶液(VMeOH∶VHCl=99∶1)避光冷浸提取15d后,浓缩成浸膏.用适量蒸馏水溶解浸膏,乙酸乙酯萃取除杂,水相用HP-20大孔树脂纯化色素组分;采用紫外-可见吸收光谱分析,并结合高效液相色谱方法,对天然彩色棉纤维色素组分进行鉴定,为彩色棉花新色彩的分子改良提供参考.结果显示,棕色棉纤维提取液中含有花色苷,且至少含有4种不同的花色苷成分.对棕色棉纤维提取液中花色苷的降解分析显示,棕色棉中的色素物质很不稳定.研究表明,花色苷是棕色棉纤维色素中的一种重要组成成分,进一步补充了彩棉色素的物质基础.     

Anthocyanins from Cornus mas

Cyanidin-3-rhamnosylgalactoside, a new anthocyanin, was isolated and identified from the berries of Cornus mas L. Cyanidin-3-galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside were also identified.