遗传学的发展与遗传学教学改革诌议

本文概述了遗传学的最近发展及其对遗传学教学提出的新问题。针对面临的问题,从遗传学教学的目标、要求及几大分支的内容处理等方面的改革提出了作者的观点,根据教学与市场的关系提出教学改革的初步意见。 Abstract：New questions are now put forward to genetics teaching by the advance of genetics recently,and summarized in this discussion. According to relation between market requirement and education,the author suggested tentative proposal of reforming genetics teaching and improving contents of main parts in genetics.     

遗传学双语教学探讨

遗传学双语教学是一个全新的教学研究领域。介绍了几种国外英语原版遗传学教材和教学参考书,并对遗传学双语教学方法进行了探讨。 Abstract:Bilingual teaching of genetics is a new teaching research area.This papper introduces a number of texts of genetics in English,and outlines principles of bilingual teaching of genetics.     

对《医用生物学》(第4版)“遗传与变异”一章若干问题的商榷

本文指出了“遗传与变异”一章的具体内容、语言结构、英文名词、插图表格等方面存在的问题,并提出了相应的修改建议。作者认为：内容具有科学性、语言通顺流畅、英文名词翻译准确、图表应用规范是对教材的基本要求。 Abstract:Some problems of “heredity and variation”in the book Medical Biology are presented in this article.These problems involve in contents,languages,English vocabularies,illustrations and tables,therefore some revisions are suggested.The author feel that it is a general demand that contents are scientific;languages are fluent;English vocabularies are correct; illustrations and tables are standardized.     

遗传学教学中Morgan定律讲解新探

运用广义和狭义的定义模式,对Morgan定律中的几个基本概念做了新的注释,深入地分析了经典三点测交的使用条件,并找出了粗糙脉孢菌的经典三点测交中不相邻两点间的交换值(FC)与其重组值（FR）差的出处。 Abstract:Using the model of broad and narrow way,the paper introduces a new approach in the explaining of a few basic concepts in the Morgan Law.The paper introduces a thorough inquiry into the applying condition of the three-factor crosses,and finds the source of the difference between the crossover frequency (FC) and recombination frequency (FR) of the non-adjacent factors in the three-factor crosses in Neurospora crassa.     

新编人类群体遗传学实验一组

本文介绍了一组新编的人群嗅阈测量实验。该实验既兼顾了培养学生进行人类群体遗传调查的基本方法与技能和调查当地人群的嗅觉相关基因频率与分布两方面,又兼顾了课堂实验与课外研究两方面,是实验教学改革中比较成功的一种类型。 Abstract:This paper presents a group of new experiments on human olfactory threshold measurement.It is a successful educational reform in teaching of genetic experiment.It considered not only training students' skills in the research on population genetics and investigating local population's olfactory allelic frequency,but also class experiments and research out of the class.     

哮喘的分子遗传学研究进展

哮喘病和易感症的遣传学病因是复杂的,现可通过候选基因和易感位点筛选技术来进行研究。本文综述了哮喘易感基因的研究进展,同时讨论了哮喘遗传学研究对哮喘临床的应用前景。 Abstract:The genetics of asthma and atopy is complex,but can be approached by studies of both candidate genes and mapping of susceptibility loci.The progress in susceptibility genes for asthma and atopy is reviewed.New therapeutic approaches to asthma which are based on the study on asthma genetics for future are summarized.     

两个基因座位的遗传平衡原理

由于许多教科书中关于连锁平衡的介绍,多是引用结论或是推导不太严谨,使学生在学习群体遗传学时对理解连锁平衡的原理感到困难。本文从遗传平衡的基本条件出发,通过较严谨的数学推导,介绍了两个基因座的连锁平衡条件、平衡过程等原理,供教师和学生在群体遗传学教学中参考。Abstract: Because linkage equilibrium is introduced by directly quoting the conclusions or imprecise mathematical reasoning in most of textbooks, many students are puzzled with the problem of linkage equilibrium when they learn population genetics. Based on the radical conditions of genetic equilibrium, the principle of linkage equilibrium condition and process, for two gene loci is introduced by precise mathematical reasoning. The article may provide reference to teachers and students in the teaching and learning of population genetics.     

三氧化二砷（As2O3）对蚕豆根尖毒性效应的细胞遗传学研究

本文以蚕豆根尖为材料,研究不同浓度As2O3在不同的处理时间内对蚕豆胚根根尖的细胞遗传学毒性效应。结果表明：不同浓度的As2O3在不同处理时间内均能诱发较高的微核率和染色体畸变率,并能有效地积累中期分裂相,阻止其进入后期与末期。结论是As2O3对蚕豆根尖细胞具有明显的细胞遗传学毒性效应,并具有积累有丝分裂中期细胞的效应。 Abstract:The cytogenetic toxic effects of different concentration of As2O3 within different time on the cell of Vicia Faba root tip were studied.The results indicate that the different concentrations of As2O3 can induce high frequency of micronucleus and chromosome aberration.Besides,it can accumulate the metaphases in mitosis efficiently and prevent the cells from continuing their cell cycle.It shows that As2O3 has marked cytogenetic toxic effect on the root tip cells of Vicia Faba,and effect of accumulating the metaphases in mitosis.     

不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异

本实验以甜瓜“小麦瓜”和“青皮绿肉”品种为试材,经不定胚诱导再生植株。分别调查了不同继代培养时间后形成再生植株的染色体数目,并将之与对照染色体数目相比较,发现通过诱导不定胚所得到的再生植株中存在着一定的变异,而且经过不同继代培养时间后,所得到的不定胚再生植株的变异程度不同,随着时间的增加,染色体数目的变异率从3.3%增加到30%,变异幅度也从2n=23~24增加到2n=13~48。从而得出结论：不定胚再生植株染色体数目变异程度随着培养时间的增加而增加;培养时间在1~2个月内所得到的不定胚再生植株的变异较少。此外,不定胚再生植株的染色体数目变异程度也因品种而异。 Abstract:Chromosomal number of different of somatic embryos regenerated plants were investigated in melon variety “xiaomaigua” and “Qingpilurou”.Certain variations of chromosomal number were found among the regenerated plants compared with normal sample,and range of variation covered from 2n=23～24 to 2n=13～48 with the increase of generation,the rate from 3.3% to 30%.The results indicated that degree of variation in chromosomal number of somatic embryos regenerated melon plants increased with the time of culture,and those cultured in one to two months had the least variation.It was also found that degree of chromosomal number variations varied with melon varieties.     

小麦体细胞无性系Glu-1基因突变体的遗传分析

对 Glu-1基因的Glu-Al和Glu-Bl位点都发生突变的1个小麦体细胞无性系后代的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成进行的分析结果,进一步证实了体细胞无性系发生了基因突变, 且发现同源染色体的等位基因易发生相同突变,突变体多是纯合基因型。认为这是体细胞无性系变异稳定快的遗传根源。 Abstract:Evidence for specific gene mutation has been obtained in our previous research by analyzing high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits(HMW-GS)controlled by Glu-1 gene in wheat somaclons.On the basis of the result,the present study detected in the offspring of a HMW-GS somaclone the mutants at both Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 loci.The occurrence of gene mutation in wheat somaclones was further proved.The results showed that a allele on homologous chromosomes often mutated identically.Genotype of this kind mutation migh be pure.Thie is considered to be genetic reason for quickly stabilizing of somaclonal variation.     

银鹊树胚性愈伤组织继代培养过程中的细胞染色体数目变异

以银鹊树幼嫩的合子胚为外植体诱导胚性愈伤组织,胚性愈伤经增殖后转接到液体培养基中悬浮继代培养,对其多次继代培养的胚性愈伤细胞的染色体数目检测发现:多次继代培养后的胚性愈伤细胞染色体数正常的比例为48.28%(2n=30),部分细胞出现染色体数目2n=15~60的变异,其变异率高达51.72%,其中以亚二倍体变异为主(40.07%).结果表明,在体细胞胚胎诱导形成过程中,胚性愈伤组织细胞在染色体水平上发生部分变异,这可能是体胚形成过程中畸形胚产生的根本原因.     

对郭德栋主编《遗传学》中若干问题的商榷

本参阅有关献及十多年遗传学教学中所使用的不同版本的教材,对郭德栋主编的《遗传学》教材中的若干问题进行了商榷。     

植物染色体数目及其变异与生境关系初探

染色体是基因的载体 ,基因决定生物的性状 ,一定的性状则适应特定的环境。染色体对生物繁衍后代 ,延续种族起着重要的作用。虽然在一定的生境中 ,植物的染色体是恒定的 ,但是大尺度的生境异质性往往导致染色体水平的变异 ,从而增加了物种的遗传多样性。由于一个物种的稳定性和进化潜力依赖其遗传多样性 ,因此保护遗传多样性成为生物多样性保护的最终目的[1 ] 。近年来 ,由于分子生态学的兴起 ,目前遗传多样性研究多集中于同工酶遗传多样性、蛋白质多样性、ＤＮＡ序列多样性和基因位点多样性的研究[2～8,34～ 36] ,而细胞水平的遗传多样性与…     

The Polymorphy of Fronds and Chromosome Number of Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook

A morphological and cytological study of a population of Ophioglossum petiolatum Hook. from the vicinity of Kunming, Yunnan Province was carried out. The fronds of this species are very variabte in. either size or figure. The outlines of laminae of different plants vary from narrowly lanceolate to ovate or broadly ovate (length: breadth can be from 6:1 to 1:1). The apices of laminae range from taper-pointed to acute or blunt, and the bases of laminae from attenuate to cuneate or nearly truncate. In most cases, the spore mother cells of the species have 480 bivalents at pro-meta- phase I of meiosis. The spores produced after normal meiosis are seemingly available. It shows that the species is an octoploid and probably sexual In few plants, many univalents at metaphase I of meiosis have also been seen, but we have failed to count their exact chromosome numbers. However, it reveals that there is a second cytotype in the population. From the fact that O. petiolatum has the great morphological variability and approximately constant chromosome number in a single population, the ecological conditions may not be the main reason of morphological variations of the Species. The high level of polyploidy and probable inbreeding system, the subterranean gametophytes must be hard to outcross, may give it a great ability of genetic lead which increases the genetic heterogeneity. and morphological varibility of populations. The voucher specimens are deposited inthe Herbarium of our Institute (PE). I am grateful to Prof. W. M. Chu of Yunnan University for his helpful suggestion and discuss.     

基因组学中几个遗传学问题的探讨

新兴的基因组学(genomics)极大地发展了基因与单倍型等遗传学的经典概念,但还有许多概念原理尚需进一步探究和规范.就基因组学中几个遗传学问题进行了探讨,如现代基因的概念与分类,交换、Lod值和作图群体,单倍型和单倍型块等.     

对郭德栋主编的《遗传学》中若干问题的商榷

本文参阅有关文献及十多年遗传学教学中所使用的不同版本的教材 ,对郭德栋主编的《遗传学》教材中的若干问题进行了商榷。     

《遗传学》课程的建设与优化

《遗传学》是本科教学的主干课程之一。文章从《遗传学》课程的特点出发,分析了《遗传学》课程教学中存在的一些问题。讨论了《遗传学》精品课程建设中教学内容的更新、教学方法的改进、计算机辅助课件的创建、电子版教材的编写、教学质量的评估、实验项目的创新以及教学效果的提高等方面的一些思路和方法。     

狗尾草属野生近缘种的染色体鉴定

对来自多个国家和地区的10个种(青狗尾草S.viridis,法氏狗尾草S.faberii,轮生狗尾草S.verticillata、S.verticillifor-mis,金色狗尾草S.glauca、S.pumila、S.grisebachii、S.leucopila、S.parviflora、S.queenslandica等)50份狗尾草材料进行了染色体计数及倍性鉴定。发现狗尾草属中的青狗尾草均为二倍体,金色狗尾草S.glauca有四倍体和八倍体,轮生狗尾草S.verticillata有二倍体和四倍体,法氏狗尾草S.faberii为四倍体,S.pumila有二倍体和四倍体,S.grisebachii为二倍体,S.leucopila为二倍体,S.queenslandica为四倍体。本研究中对S.grisebachii、S.leucopila、S.queenslandica3个种是首次染色体倍性观察。发掘近缘种的有益基因是作物育种的重要途径之一,本研究搜集的谷子近缘野生种对谷子远缘杂交育种和谷子起源进化分析有重要意义。