四个嗜热真菌中国新记录种

报道四个嗜热真菌中国新记录种:嗜热子囊菌光孢变种Thermoascus aurantiacus var.levisporus;埃默森篮状菌Talaromyces emersonii;杜邦青霉Penicillium dupontii及丝衣霉状拟青霉Paecilomyces byssochlamydioides,对其进行了描述和讨论。研究标本保存在山东农业大学植物病理学标本室(HSAUP)。     

梵净山自然保护区的一些虫生真菌

本文报道了采自梵净山自然保护区的蛹虫草(Cordyceps militaris),下垂虫草(Co-rdyceps nutans),金龟子虫草(Cordyceps scarabaeicola),蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae),撑拟青霉(Paecilomyces suffultus),爪哇拟青霉(Paecilomyces javanicus)和暗绿拟青霉(Paecilomyces atrovirens)等14种昆虫病原真菌。其中撑拟青霉为国内首次报道的新记录种,暗绿拟青霉为一新种。此新种能以(1)在查氏琼脂上菌落暗绿、生长缓慢;(2)瓶梗基部球顶长颈瓶形;和(3)柱形分生孢子聚集成迭瓦状长链与已知种相区别。     

嗜热拟青霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶条件的优化*

从土壤中筛选出一株高产木聚糖酶的嗜热真菌J18,经鉴定为一种新的拟青霉,暂定为嗜热拟青霉。该菌能够利用几种天然纤维质材料固体发酵产木聚糖酶,小麦秸杆为最佳碳源。单因素优化试验表明：小麦秸杆粒度为0．3mm-0．45mm,初始水分含量83％,初始pH7．0,温度为50℃为最佳产酶条件。在优化后的条件下,培养8d产木聚糖酶的水平高达18,580U／g干基碳源。因此,嗜热拟青霉固体发酵产木聚糖酶将具有很大的工业化应用前景。     

拟青霉属的一个新种

从湖南省桃江县采集的亚香棒虫草(Cordyceps hawkesii Gray)的新鲜子座、单子囊孢子及其寄主,一种蝙蝠蛾(Hepialus sp.)的僵死幼虫,培养获得拟青霉属的一个新种,命名为霍克斯拟青霉(Paecilomyces hawkesii Xiao,T.B.Li et Q.T.Chen,sp.nov.)。本文报道该菌的形态学特征及其与近缘种肉色拟青霉(P.carneus)的关系,并认为它可能是亚香棒虫草的无性阶段。     

淡紫拟青霉研究概况与展望

淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinus(Thom.)Samson属半知菌纲、丝孢菌目、丝孢菌科、拟青霉属.此菌广泛分布于世界各地,具有功效高、寄主广、易培养等优点,特别在控制植物病原线虫方面功效卓著.半个多世纪以来,国内外许多专家学者对此菌进行了广泛而深入的研究,在生物学、生态学、大量培养、控害效能与田间应用等方面取得了一系列研究成果.笔者对有关淡紫拟青霉研究进行综述.     

古尼拟青霉和蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵菌丝体挥发性成分的分析与比较

对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉Paecilomyces hepiali和古尼拟青霉P. gunnii菌丝体的挥发性成分进行了研究,采用同时蒸馏萃取法分别提取两种菌丝体中的挥发性成分,经GC-MS联用仪对挥发性成分进行分离鉴定,分别分析出25种和32种挥发性成分。在蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体挥发性成分中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和1,5-二氢-1-甲基-2H-吡咯-2-酮相对含量较高,分别占65.78%和12.77%;在古尼拟青霉菌丝体中挥发性成分2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚和(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛相对含量较高,分别占62.11%和12.32%。两种菌丝粉共有8种共有成分,分别占蝙蝠蛾拟青霉挥发性成分的71.58%,古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的69.67%;由此可见蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉菌丝体主要挥发性物质的成分是相同的。通过对蝙蝠蛾拟青霉和古尼拟青霉挥发性成分的研究,为我们进一步了解这两种真菌菌丝体的药理作用提供了实验依据。     

中国拟青霉属的两个新记录种

报道了国内拟青霉属的两个新记录种 ,即彭氏拟青霉 [Paecilomycespuntonii (Vuillemin)Nannizzi]和马昆德拟青霉 [Paecilomycesmarquandii (Massee)Hughes],经测定其 10 0g干菌丝维生素A含量分别为 2 13g和 3 14g ;维生素E含量分别为 3 4 5g和 4 6 0g。     

玫烟色拟青霉北京变种

1980年,自北京农家温室内,温室白粉虱(Trialeurodes vaporartorum)上分离到玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus)的若干菌株。用13号菌株的典型培养与本菌的原种做比较,发现在形态上与原种相似,但菌落色泽、生长速度及形成孢梗束的能力不同。故定名为玫烟色拟青霉北京变种(P.fumosoroseus var.beijingensis Fang et Q.T.Chen n.var.)。     

蝉拟青霉孢子粉对小菜蛾的致病性试验

试验采用蝉拟青霉(Paecilomyces cicadae)孢子粉处理小菜蛾Plutella xylostella L.幼虫,结果表明,蝉拟青霉可以在小菜蛾幼虫和蛹上寄生,并导致小菜蛾死亡。室内试验,蝉拟青霉对小菜蛾的致死率高达96.55%;田间试验,1.6×107个/mL浓度的022017#蝉拟青霉防治小菜蛾的校正死亡率可达75.86%。该结果可用于蝉拟青霉新型真菌杀虫剂的研制。     

分离自蜻蜒虫草的拟青霉属一新种

本文描述了拟青霉属(Paecilomyces)一新种—蜻蜓拟青霉(P. odonatae),该菌分离自蜻蜓虫草(Cordyceps odonatae),与其它种的典型区别特征是它具有拟青霉型产孢结构,产椭圆形链状排列的分生孢子和枝顶孢霉型产孢结构,产柱状粘成团排列的分生孢子.     

Typification of Linnaean Datura names (Solanaceae)

The typification of six Linnaean Datura names ( D. stramonium, D. metel, D. arborea, D. ferox, D. fastuosa and D. tatuld ) is discussed. A modification to the typification of D.fastuosa is proposed and a lectotype for D. tatula is designated here.     

Crystal structure of archaeal tRNA(m(1)G37)methyltransferase aTrm5

Methylation of the N1 atom of guanosine at position 37 in tRNA, the position 3'-adjacent to the anticodon, generates the modified nucleoside m(1)G37. In archaea and eukaryotes, m(1)G37 synthesis is catalyzed by tRNA(m(1)G37)methyltransferase (archaeal or eukaryotic Trm5, a/eTrm5). Here we report the crystal structure of archaeal Trm5 (aTrm5) from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii (formerly known as Methanococcus jannaschii) in complex with the methyl donor analogue at 2.2 A resolution. The crystal structure revealed that the entire protein is composed of three structural domains, D1, D2, and D3. In the a/eTrm5 primary structures, D2 and D3 are highly conserved, while D1 is not conserved. The D3 structure is the Rossmann fold, which is the hallmark of the canonical class-I methyltransferases. The a/eTrm5-defining domain, D2, exhibits structural similarity to some class-I methyltransferases. In contrast, a DALI search with the D1 structure yielded no structural homologues. In the crystal structure, D3 contacts both D1 and D2. The residues involved in the D1:D3 interactions are not conserved, while those participating in the D2:D3 interactions are well conserved. D1 and D2 do not contact each other, and the linker between them is disordered. aTrm5 fragments corresponding to the D1 and D2-D3 regions were prepared in a soluble form. The NMR analysis of the D1 fragment revealed that D1 is well folded by itself, and it did not interact with either the D2-D3 fragment or the tRNA. The NMR analysis of the D2-D3 fragment revealed that it is well folded, independently of D1, and that it interacts with tRNA. Furthermore, the D2-D3 fragment was as active as the full-length enzyme for tRNA methylation. The positive charges on the surface of D2-D3 may be involved in tRNA binding. Therefore, these findings suggest that the interaction between D1 and D3 is not persistent, and that the D2-D3 region plays the major role in tRNA methylation.     

Vitamin D: its role in cancer prevention and treatment

Vitamin D, the sunshine vitamin, has been recognized for almost 100 years as being essential for bone health. Vitamin D provides an adequate amount of calcium and phosphorus for the normal development and mineralization of a healthy skeleton. Vitamin D made in the skin or ingested in the diet, however, is biologically inactive and requires obligate hydroxylations first in the liver to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and then in the kidney to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is the major circulating form of vitamin D that is the best indicator of vitamin D status. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D is the biologically active form of vitamin D. This lipid-soluble hormone interacts with its specific nuclear receptor in the intestine and bone to regulate calcium metabolism. It is now recognized that the vitamin D receptor is also present in most tissues and cells in the body. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, by interacting with its receptor in non-calcemic tissues, is able to elicit a wide variety of biologic responses. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D regulates cellular growth and influences the modulation of the immune system. There is compelling epidemiologic observations that suggest that living at higher latitudes is associated with increased risk of many common deadly cancers. Both prospective and retrospective studies help support the concept that it is vitamin D deficiency that is the driving force for increased risk of common cancers in people living at higher latitudes. Most tissues and cells not only have a vitamin D receptor, but also have the ability to make 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. It has been suggested that increasing vitamin D intake or sun exposure increases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which in turn, is metabolized to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) in prostate, colon, breast, etc. The local cellular production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D acts in an autocrine fashion to regulate cell growth and decrease the risk of the cells becoming malignant. Therefore, measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is important not only to monitor vitamin D status for bone health, but also for cancer prevention.     

The second to fourth digit ratio and variation in the androgen receptor gene

The second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic, with lower mean values in males compared to females. It has been suggested that the sex difference in 2D:4D is determined prenatally, 2D:4D is negatively related to prenatal testosterone and positively to prenatal oestrogen, and that 2D:4D is a marker for levels of sex steroids during brain organisation. There is growing evidence that many sex-dependent behaviours are correlated with 2D:4D. However, there is no direct evidence for an effect of prenatal sex steroids on the digit ratio. The response to prenatal testosterone is dependent on the amount produced and the foetal sensitivity to the hormone. Variation in the X-linked androgen receptor gene (AR) determines sensitivity to testosterone. Alleles of AR with low numbers of CAG triplets respond to testosterone with high transactivational activity, while high numbers of CAG's are associated with increased insensitivity to testosterone. We show in a sample of 50 men (49 Caucasian subjects, 1 Caucasian/Chinese subject) that 2D:4D is a phenotypic correlate of AR structure. Right-hand 2D:4D was positively correlated with CAG number and individuals with low 2D:4D in their right hand compared to left hand had AR alleles with low CAG numbers. We discuss the implications of our findings for our understanding of the aetiology of 2D:4D, its relationships with sex-dependent behaviours, and the evolutionary implications of variation in 2D:4D and AR.     

A longitudinal study of digit ratio (2D:4D) and other finger ratios in Jamaican children

It has been hypothesised that the ratio between the length of the 2nd and 4th digits (2D:4D) is a correlate of prenatal sex steroids, and this relationship is strongest for the right hand. Furthermore, it has been suggested that 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic, the dimorphism is determined early, and 2D:4D among children is stable with growth. Here, we present the first longitudinal study of right and left hand 2D:4D. Our sample was 108 (54 males) Jamaican children. The first measurements were made in 1998 when mean age was 9.68 +/- 1.39 years, and a second set of measurements were made in 2002. We found that: (i) there was a small increase in 2D:4D with age which was lowest in the right hand; (ii) 2D:4D was sexually dimorphic, the means for males and females differed in the same direction in the 1998 and 2002 samples, and the sex difference was significant in the 1998 but not in the 2002 sample; (iii) the correlation between the 1998 and 2002 measurements of 2D:4D was high, indicating that rank order of the ratio was stable across year groups; and (iv) the rate of change in 2D:4D did not differ significantly across year groups. We conclude that 2D:4D increases slightly with age in children with the effect less marked for the right hand (i.e. the hand which is likely to show the strongest association with prenatal steroids), 2D:4D is sexually dimorphic from an early age, and the rank order of 2D:4D is stable in children. We discuss the implications of our findings for the status of 2D:4D as a correlate of prenatal sex steroids. The patterns of change in other finger ratios are also considered.     

D5 dopamine receptor regulation of phospholipase D

D(1)-like receptors have been reported to decrease oxidative stress in vascular smooth muscle cells by decreasing phospholipase D (PLD) activity. However, the PLD isoform regulated by D(1)-like receptors (D(1) or D(5)) and whether abnormal regulation of PLD by D(1)-like receptors plays a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension are unknown. The hypothesis that the D(5) receptor is the D(1)-like receptor that inhibits PLD activity and serves to regulate blood pressure was tested using D(5) receptor mutant mice (D(5)(-/-)). We found that in the mouse kidney, PLD2, like the D(5) receptor, is mainly expressed in renal brush-border membranes, whereas PLD1 is mainly expressed in renal vessels with faint staining in brush-border membranes and collecting ducts. Total renal PLD activity is increased in D(5)(-/-) mice relative to congenic D(5) wild-type (D(5)(+/+)) mice. PLD2, but not PLD1, expression is greater in D(5)(-/-) than in D(5)(+/+) mice. The D(5) receptor agonist fenoldopam decreases PLD2, but not PLD1, expression and activity in human embryonic kidney-293 cells heterologously expressing the human D(5) receptor, effects that are blocked by the D(5) receptor antagonist SCH-23390. These studies show that the D(5) receptor regulates PLD2 activity and expression. The hypertension in the D(5)(-/-) mice is associated with increased PLD expression and activity. Impaired D(5) receptor regulation of PLD2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.     

Parallel expression of alternate forms of psbA2 gene provides evidence for the existence of a targeted D1 repair mechanism in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803

The D1 protein of Photosystem II (PSII) is recognized as the main target of photoinhibitory damage and exhibits a high turnover rate due to its degradation and replacement during the PSII repair cycle. Damaged D1 is replaced by newly synthesized D1 and, although reasonable, there is no direct evidence for selective replacement of damaged D1. Instead, it remains possible that increased turnover of D1 subunits occurs in a non-selective manner due for example, to a general up-regulation of proteolytic activity triggered during damaging environmental conditions, such as high light. To determine if D1 degradation is targeted to damaged D1 or generalized to all D1, we developed a genetic system involving simultaneous dual expression of wild type and mutant versions of D1 protein. Dual D1 strains (nS345P:eWT and nD170A:eWT) expressed a wild type (WT) D1 from ectopic and a damage prone mutant (D1-S345P, D1-D170A) from native locus on the chromosome. Characterization of strains showed that all dual D1 strains restore WT like phenotype with high PSII activity. Higher PSII activity indicates increased population of PSII reaction centers with WT D1. Analysis of steady state levels of D1 in nS345P:eWT by immunoblot showed an accumulation of WT D1 only. But, in vivo pulse labeling confirmed the synthesis of both S345P (exists as iD1) and WT D1 in the dual strain. Expression of nS345P:eWT in FtsH2 knockout background showed accumulation of both iD1 and D1 proteins. This demonstrates that dual D1 strains express both forms of D1, yet only damage prone PSII complexes are selected for repair providing evidence that the D1 degradation process is targeted towards damaged PSII complexes. Since the N-terminus has been previously shown to be important for the degradation of damaged D1, the possibility that the highly conserved cysteine 18 residue situated in the N-terminal domain of D1 is involved in the targeted repair process was tested by examining site directed mutants of this and the other cysteines of the D1 protein. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: Keys to Produce Clean Energy.     

中国介蕨属孢子形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对国产介蕨属Dryoathyrium 14种植物及宁陕蛾眉蕨Lunathyri- um ningshenense 的孢子形态进行了观察。介蕨属孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为半 圆形或肾形。根据其周壁褶皱隆起形成的表面纹饰,介蕨属孢子可分为3种类型：第一种类型的周壁 具有网状或拟网状脊状纹饰,具此类型的种有翅轴介蕨D．pterorachis,中华介蕨D．chinense,朝鲜介蕨 D．coreanum;第二种类型的周壁具有裂片状、弯裂片状或瘤状突起,具此类型的种有介蕨D．boryanum, 陕甘介蕨D．confusum,无齿介蕨D．edentulum,鄂西介蕨D.henryi,华中介蕨D．okuboanum,川东介 蕨D．stenopteron,刺毛介蕨D．setigerum,绿叶介蕨D．viridifrons;第三类型的周壁具有刺状、不规则 棒状或乳头状突起,具此类型的种有直立介蕨D．erectum,镰小羽介蕨D．falcatipinnulum,蛾眉介蕨D． unifurcatum。宁陕蛾眉蕨的孢子形态与朝鲜介蕨D．coreanum 十分相似,支持将前者作为后者的异名的分类处理。     

Molecular, morphological and behavioural data reveal the presence of a cryptic species in the widely studied Drosophila serrata species complex

The Drosophila serrata species complex from Australia and New Guinea has been widely used in evolutionary studies of speciation and climatic adaptation. It is believed to consist of D. serrata, D. birchii and D. dominicana, although knowledge of the latter is limited. Here we present evidence for a previously undescribed cryptic member of the D. serrata species complex. This new cryptic species is widespread in far north Queensland, Australia and is likely to have been previously mistaken for D. serrata. It shows complete reproductive isolation when crossed with both D. serrata and D. birchii. The cryptic species can be easily distinguished from D. serrata and D. birchii using either microsatellite loci or visual techniques. Although it occurs sympatrically with both D. serrata and D. birchii, it differs from these species in development time, viability, wing size and wing morphology. Its discovery explains patterns of recently described mitochondrial DNA divergence within D. serrata, and may also help to clarify some ambiguities evident in early evolutionary literature on reproductive incompatibility within the D. serrata species complex.